Loyalists and Patriots Debate the American Revolution

About this Collection

As C. Bradley Thompson notes in the Liberty Fund edition of Adams Revolutionary Writings: Upon his return from the Continental Congress in the fall of 1774, Adams was met with a series of powerful and lucid essays in the Massachusetts Gazette defending the principles and policies of British officialdom and challenging the claims of the American Whigs. Writing over the pseudonym Massachusettensis, Daniel Leonard argued that the constitutional authority of Parliament did and must extend to the colonies. Theoretically, the colonies must be under the sovereignty of Parliament, Leonard insisted, because two supreme or independent authorities cannot exist in the same state. Such an imperium in imperio was absurd and a contradiction in terms. According to Leonard, there could be no possible medium between absolute independence on the one hand, and subjection to the authority of Parliament on the other. Historians have long recognized the importance of Adamss Novanglus letters to the Revolutionary cause. They were not only a close, point-by-point refutation of Leonards argument, but they represent the most advanced Patriot argument against British imperial policy. The Novanglus letters were a systematic attempt by Adams to describe the origins, nature, and jurisdictional boundaries of the imperial British constitution. The central question that sparked Adams to write was clear and simple: Does the authority of Parliament extend to the colonies? In exhaustive and sometimes painstaking detail, Adams plumbs the depths of English and colonial legal history to demonstrate that the provincial legislatures are fully sovereign over their own internal affairs, and that the colonies are connected to Great Britain only through a modified feudal allegiance with the person of the King.

Key People

Titles & Essays

THE READING ROOM

A Friend to the Revolution: Mercy Otis Warren and the Ordinary Virtues of Republicanism
If, as the saying goes, you can judge a man by the company he keeps, then Mercy Otis Warren ought to be more highly regarded.

THE READING ROOM

Abigail Adams’ Patriotism
A Gallop poll shows a worrisome decline in patriotism among younger Americans. A mere half of Americans 35 and younger report being proud of their country. A generational shift is occurring that will have far-reaching consequences…

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“A perpetual jealousy, respecting liberty”: John Dickinson on Fundamental Rights
Although few Americans today have heard of John Dickinson, he was a central figure of the Founding era. Writing more for the American cause than any other figure, he was America’s first celebrity, known around the Atlantic World as…

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Benjamin Franklin and American Union
Under the dateline Philadelphia, May 9 [1754], Franklin’s The Pennsylvania Gazette printed an item based on dispatches from Major George Washington which detailed French advances and British losses along the Monongahela River. The…

THE READING ROOM

Benjamin Franklin at the Constitutional Convention
At 81, Benjamin Franklin was the senior statesman at a convention of young men. He was three times the age of the Convention’s youngest delegate (Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey, aged 26), and twice the average age for all delegates…

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Benjamin Franklin at the Constitutional Convention, Part 2
In 1776, Benjamin Franklin served as President of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention that produced the most radically democratic constitution of any of the colonies/states. Among the provisions of Pennsylvania’s constitution…

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Benjamin Rush: Founding Father of America & Psychiatry
Franklin isn’t the only Founding Father named Benjamin. Benjamin Rush, an American physician, politician, and educator also played an important role in America’s founding. Benjamin Rush was both a historical luminary and a brilliant…
The Claim of the American Loyalists

Joseph Galloway (author)

Having lost his valuable estate in Pennsylvania during the American Revolution, the Loyalist Galloway spent the rest of his years in exile in Britain lobbying the government for compensation and writing books like this one to…

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Common Sense with Thomas Paine
What does it mean to be an American? I don’t mean, “What are the legal requirements to be an American citizen?” but something more like, “What are the characteristics that make someone a part of the American people?” After all,…

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Deborah Sampson: American Warrior
Today, over 1.4 million women serve as active-duty members of the American military. While today’s acceptance of women in warfare is relatively new (women were allowed full participation in the Armed Forces with the Women’s Armed…

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Dolley Madison: Queen of America
One of the animating questions of the women’s movement in America has long been how much or even whether women should use the qualities and skills traditionally associated with their sex or whether they should try to overcome those…

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Ethan Allen, Individualism, and Deism
It is extraordinarily telling that Ethan Allen returned at the end of his life to the project of his teens, the manuscript he started with Thomas Young decades earlier. He completed it in 1785 and struggled to find a publisher to…

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Ethan Allen: Yankee Extraordinaire
In many ways, Ethan Allen is the quintessential Yankee. A farmer, he speculated in land and involved himself in colonial politics regarding land. He plunged into the War of Independence and became its first hero. Captured by the…

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Exceptionalism: The Birth of the Idea of America
The term is not politically correct, today, but there should be little doubt that “exceptionalism” applies to the Enlightenment in America. We know that thanks to the Pulitzer Prize–winning history by Harvard University professor…

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Founding Mother Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton…Remember Me!
When the wife, mother or sister of a famous man is invoked, the first inclination is to wonder how that woman might have influenced her celebrated male counterpart. It is a reasonable question. The next question is whether that…

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“Farmer Refuted”
Hamilton: An American Musical features an epic standoff between young, fiery Hamilton and bold, preachy Samuel Seabury in “Farmer Refuted.” In their musical sparring match, Hamilton “tears the dude apart,” with his defense of the…

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George Mason: Father of Inalienable Rights
George Mason was born on December 11, 1725, in Fairfax County, Virginia. His parents died in a boating accident when he was 10, and he was taken in by John Mercer, an uncle, who was both a lawyer and a voracious reader. In 1736,…

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George Washington: America’s Founding Father
George Washington was born in Pope's Creek, Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. Most of his childhood was spent on Ferry Farm, which he inherited at age 11, along with 10 slaves. At Ferry Farm, Washington informally…

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Get Back!…to Madison: More Reasons to Read Madison
From: Hans EicholzDate: June 14, 2022To: G. Patrick LynchCc: OLL
Subject: Get Back!...to Madison…More Reasons to read Madison

THE READING ROOM

Gouverneur Morris on the Word “Liberty”: An Empty Sound?
Is it enough for a nation to have a constitution purporting to guarantee liberty and justice? Gouverneur Morris would say emphatically no: a consistent theme in his writings is that a constitution must be suited to the people it…

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How to Read a Constitution…Hamilton Style
To continue the Beatles analogy, if James Madison was the George Harrison of his day, certainly Alexander Hamilton was a lead vocalist of the caliber of John Lennon, and there are very good reasons why he resonates so well today…

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Is Madison’s Federalist Theory Still Relevant Today?
From: Colleen Sheehan
Date: June 16, 2022
To: G. Patrick Lynch, Hans Eicholz
Cc: OLL
Subject: Is Madison’s Federalist Theory Still Relevant Today?

THE READING ROOM

James Monroe: The Anti-Imperialist President and Founding Father
Although James Monroe didn’t sign the Declaration of Independence, he is remembered as a crucial part of American History: the last of the “Founding Father” presidents. Beyond the doctrine named after him, Monroe is also known for…

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James Wilson and the New Nation
In 2007, Gary L. Gregg and I asked more than one hundred history, politics, and law professors who was the most important but forgotten of all American founders. There was widespread agreement that this honor, if it can be called an…

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Jefferson and the Principle of Natural Equality
Not long after his debates with Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln was invited by Henry L. Pierce and a group of Boston-area Republicans to a festival honoring Thomas Jefferson’s birthday. Unable to attend, on April 6, 1859, Lincoln…

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John Dickinson and the Moderation of Constitutional Balance in The Letters of Fabius
Some might be tempted to remember John Dickinson only as the man who at the last hour refused to support American independence. That would be an error. Among those American founders fallen into relative obscurity, few deserve…

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John Dickinson: The “Timid” Founder
Did John Adams described John Dickinson in 1774 as “very modest, delicate, and timid”? Adams, who previously met with Dickinson during the proceedings of the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, was much more complimentary,…

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John Hancock: The First U.S. President
He is the answer to the trick question: Who was the first president of the United States? His role as the initial president of the Continental Congress makes John Hancock, not George Washington, the correct answer. Known perhaps…

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John Jay: Legal and Constitutional Framer
John Jay (1745–1829) was one of the most significant members of the founding generation, but his reputation hasn’t kept pace with that reality. Most Americans, if they wrack their brains, might be able to come up with vague…

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John Leland: Theologian of the First Amendment
Evangelicals today are often accused of supporting political figures who seem to contradict their values and beliefs. But why do such coalitions exist in American politics? To answer that question, Americans should look back not to…

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John Marshall, the Great Chief Justice
There is only one judge in American history for whom the epithet “the Great” has been commonly used: John Marshall (1755–1835), the fourth chief justice of the United States. Yet in a strange way, his outsized reputation, built on…

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John Witherspoon: A Presbyterian’s Impact on America’s Founding
John Witherspoon was born in Scotland and educated in Edinburgh. He was a leading Presbyterian, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and a member of the Continental Congress. He came to America in 1768 to become president of…

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Judith Sargent Murray: A Woman Between Worlds
In 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft published her famous work The Vindication of the Rights of Woman. To this day, this work is considered one of the origin points of western feminism. While Wollstonecraft enjoys great continuing fame, few…
A Letter to a Member of Parliament, Wherein the Power of the British Legislature, And the Case of the Colonists, Are Briefly and Impartially Considered

A Gentleman in London (author)

Published in 1765, this 32-page political pamphlet was written at a pivotal moment of tension between Britain and its American colonies — the same year the Stamp Act was passed. The work examines the scope of Parliament’s authority…

A Letter to G. G.

L. At Richmond (author)

The essay argues against Parliament’s taxation of America, contending that “subordinate states,” whether Wales or the “palatinates of Chester and Durham” or the colonies, can only be taxed by representatives of their own choosing…

A Letter to the Rev. Mr. John Wesley, Occasioned by His Calm Address to the American Colonies

Americanus (author)

It is widely accepted that the pseudonym Americanus was used here to protect the identity of Caleb Evans, the Welsh Baptist theologian and educator. The pamphlet examines the contested matter of British taxes on the American…

THE READING ROOM

Martha Washington: First in the Heart of the President
At George Washington’s funeral, General Henry Lee said of the great man that he was “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.” These are some of the most famous words spoken regarding Washington,…
Massachusettensis

Daniel Leonard (author)

A legalistic defense of the Loyalist opposition to the right of the American colonies to seek independence from Britain. This work was the subject of John Adam’s lengthy rebuttal in “Novanglus”.

THE READING ROOM

Mind Your Manners: Mercy Otis Warren on the Character of the American People
Why should we care about Mercy Otis Warren’s political writings today? Just because she’s a woman? No, but then again, maybe yes.
Even if we keep sex and gender out of it, Warren was impressive in her own right. At an early age,…

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Patrick Henry: America’s Founding Orator
Patrick Henry was born on May 29, 1736, in Hanover County, Virginia. He tried his hand at running a store at 15 but was unsuccessful. In 1754, at age 18, he married Sara Shelton and was given 6 slaves and 300 acres of land as a…
Plain English: A Letter to the King

Anonymous (Sincerus) (author)

This text is among the most entertaining responses to Samuel Johnson and reveals a powerful link between a sense of natural justice on the one hand and pragmatic common sense on the other. Siding with the Americans in their right to…

Revolutionary Writings

John Adams (author)

This volume contains the principal shorter writings in which Adams addresses the prospect of revolution and the form of government proper to the new United States. There are pieces on the nature of the British Constitution and the…

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Richard Henry Lee: Founding Revolutionary and Anti-Corruption Advocate
Richard Henry Lee was born at Stratford Hall in Westmoreland, Virginia, on January 20, 1732. At age 16, Lee moved to Yorkshire, England, for his formal education at Wakefield Academy. In 1750, when he was 18, both of Lee’s parents…

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Roger Sherman and the Creation of the American New Republic
In 1777, John Adams described Connecticut’s Roger Sherman as “that old Puritan, as honest as an angel, and as firm in the cause of American Independence as Mt. Atlas.” Late in life, Patrick Henry remarked that Sherman and George…

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Samuel Adams…Much More Than a Beer
Millions of Americans today are concerned about social justice. Issues ranging from abortion to environmental devastation to racial disparities in income, education, convictions, and imprisonment roil our nation. Similarly, more…
Select Letters on the Trade and Government of America; and the Principles of Law and Polity, Applied to the American Colonies. Written by Governor Bernard, at Boston, in the Years 1763, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8

Francis Bernard (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

Sequel to Common Sense: Or, the American Controversy considered in two points of view hitherto unnoticed. First, that Parliaments cannot be supreme in all cases whatsoever, without being infallible also. Second, that Colonies, when they find themselves…

Theophilus Philadelphus (author)

This essay denies any claim to unlimited supremacy. Such a view asserts an infallibility that belongs only to God, “not Parliaments.” The writer then extends the point to insist that colonies may go so far as to separate, when they…

A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts

Jonathan Shipley (author)

Preaching before the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in February of 1773, Jonathan Shipley, Bishop of St. Asaph, sought to ease tensions between Britain and her colonies by reminding both sides of their common Christianity,…

Shall I Go to War with My American Brethren? A Discourse from Judges the xxth and 28th. Addressed to All Concerned in Determining That Important Question

John Erskine (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

A Short and Friendly Caution to the Good People of England

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1766 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

A Short History of the Conduct of the Present Ministry, with Regard to the American Stamp Act

Gentleman in town (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

A Short View of the Political Life and Transactions of a Late Right Honourable Commoner. To Which Is Added, a Full Refutation of an Invidious Pamphlet, Supposed to Be Published under the […] of a Very Popular Nobleman…

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1766 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

Some Observations; Which May Contribute to Afford a Just Idea of the Nature, Importance, and Settlement, of our New West-India Colonies

William Young (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

Some Strictures on the Late Occurrences in North America

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1766 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

Some Thoughts on the Method Of Improving and Securing the Advantages Which Accrue To Great-Britain From The Northern Colonies

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1765 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

A Speech Never Intended to Be Spoken, in Answer to a Speech Intended to Have Been Spoken on the Bill for Altering the Charter of the Colony of Massachuset’s Bay. Dedicated to the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of St. A-.

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1774 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

Speech of Edmund Burke, Esq. On Moving His Resolution for Conciliation with the Colonies

Edmund Burke (author)

In this speech, Burke argued that Americans were Englishmen who had carried with them the most ardent sentiments in favor of liberty, and, however contradictory, even those who held slaves, were among the most ardent of all. He made…

Speech of Edmund Burke, Esq; On American Taxation

Edmund Burke (author)

The speech “On American Taxation” given by Edmund Burke in the House of Commons on April 19, 1774, argues for the repeal of the Townshend Acts which had created the taxes that spurred the Boston Tea Party. To do otherwise would cause…

The Speech of the Right Honourable the Earl of Chatham, in the House of Lords, upon Reading the Amendments in the Quebec Bill, on Friday, the 17th of June, 1774. Together with His Lordship’s Speech on the Third Reading, in the House of Lords…

William Pitt (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

A speech, intended to have been spoken on the bill for altering the charters of the colony of Massachusett’s Bay

Jonathan Shipley (author)

This text shows a strong familiarity with religious and legal thought, referencing England’s constitutional development, including the relationship of Parliament to Ireland as well as the evils arising from the management of India by…

State of the Constitution of the Colonies

Thomas Pownall (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

THE READING ROOM

Studying the Founders: A Summary and Downloadable Collection
Over this past Summer, we invited scholars into the Reading Room to share their views on the Founding Fathers and Mothers and why we should read and understand them today. They explored the likes of George Mason, Deborah Sampson,…
A Succinct View of the Origin of Our Colonies, with Their Civil State, Founded by Queen Elizabeth, Corroborated by Succeeding Princes, and Confirmed by Acts of Parliament

William Bollan (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

Taxation no Tyranny; An Answer to the Resolutions and Address of the American Congress

Samuel Johnson (author)

Written in 1775 in response to the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, Samuel Johnson’s Taxation no Tyranny is a defense of Parliamentary Sovereignty, particularly the right to tax. One of the greatest English…

The Pamphlet, Entitled, “Taxation no Tyranny,” Candidly Considered, and it’s Arguments, and Pernicious Doctrines, Exposed and Refuted

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1775 (author)

This response to Johnson’s Taxation no Tyranny emphasizes the concord which had existed between Great Britain and the colonies in previous times. Now, though, “The Tories have forced us into a situation which threatens shipwreck.”…

Taxation, Tyranny, Addressed to Samuel Johnson

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1775 (author)

This 1775 pamphlet was published as an anonymous response to Samuel Johnson’s Taxation No Tyranny. Johnson’s towering reputation as a man of letters appears to enrage rather than intimidate this anonymous author, who takes Johnson to…

The Evidence of the Common and Statute Laws of the Realm; Usage, Records, History, with the Greatest and Best Authorities Down to the 3d of George the 3rd, in Proof of the Rights of Britons Throughout the British Empire Addressed to the People

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1775 (author)

This essay presents one of the strongest responses to the claim of Parliamentary supremacy over the colonies. It is indicative of a robust revival of Old Whig ideas in England on the question of limited government, a revival that…

THE READING ROOM

The Last King of America: A Review
When it comes to Enlightenment-era monarchs, we generally think the worst of one in particular, especially when it comes to progress – King George III of England. Too often, we think of him as the king who lost the American…

THE READING ROOM

The Paranoia of Patrick Henry
“Guard with jealous attention the public liberty. Suspect everyone who approaches that jewel.” Those are the words of Patrick Henry to the Virginia Ratifying Convention in 1788.

THE READING ROOM

The Written Legacy of Gouverneur Morris: Constitutional Wisdom We Cannot Afford to Forget
We the People. It is a phrase that shows up everywhere, on the banners of protestors on both sides of an issue, as the name of an expletive-laden song by Kid Rock, in the title of many books, many art exhibitions, and, of course, on…

THE READING ROOM

The “Pamphlet Wars” Climax in the American Revolution and Ratification Debate
You cannot read many biographies of men who engaged the American separation from Britain, declaration of an independent nation, and shaping and winning ratification of the Constitution without encountering—repeatedly—references to…
Things Necessary to Be Settled in the Province of Quebec, Either by the King’s Proclamation, or Order in Council or by Act of Parliament

Francis Masères (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

THE READING ROOM

Thinking About Government with John Adams
In philosophy classes, students sometimes wonder why we continue to read long-dead thinkers like Plato or Descartes, and there are two sorts of answers I usually give. One is that, for better or worse, their ideas set the stage for…

THE READING ROOM

Thomas Jefferson’s Last-Minute Flip-Flop on the Future of American Democracy
As Thomas Jefferson neared his death—which came on July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence—he composed some of the most famous and optimistic lines ever to emerge from his pen. He…
The Thoughts of a Traveller upon Our American Disputes

William Draper (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

Thoughts on the Act for Making More Effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1774 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

Thoughts on the Origin and Nature of Government. Occasioned by the Late Disputes between Great Britain and Her American Colonies, Written in the Year 1766

Allan Ramsay (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

An Examination of the Rights of the Colonies upon Principles of Law

Gentleman at the bar (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

The True Constitutional Means for Putting an End to the Disputes between Great-Britain and the American Colonies

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1769 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

A True History of a Late Short Administration

Charles Lloyd (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

The True Interest of Great Britain, with Respect to Her American Colonies, Stated and Impartially Considered.

A merchant of London (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

A True State of the Proceedings in the Parliament of Great Britain, and in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Relative to the Giving and Granting the Money of the People of That Province, and of All America, in the House of Commons, in Which They…

Arthur Lee (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

Two Chapters of the Lost Book of Chronicles: Six Letters to the Good People of England; and Several Other Pieces, Relative to the Dispute between Englishmen in Europe and in America. By an Old English Merchant, and a Friend to the King

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1774 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

Two Papers, on the Subject of Taxing the British Colonies in America. The First Entitled, “Some Remarks on the Most Rational and Effectual Means That Can Be Used in the Present Conjuncture for the Future Security and Preservation of the Trade of…

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1767 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

THE READING ROOM

Two Reasons to Read Jefferson
We live in a world where attention spans are short and partisan posturing is expected, so why should students bother with reading works by the American Founders, a group of men that did not include philosophers but did include…
Tyranny Unmasked: An Answer to a Late Pamphlet Entitled Taxation no Tyranny

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1775 (author)

Written in response to Samuel Johnson’s Taxation no Tyranny, this pamphlet dismisses Johnson’s arguments as unworthy of response, except for the fact that they are “irritating to Englishmen.” The author makes much of Johnson’s…

A very short and candid appeal to free born Britons.

An American (Anonymous) (author)

This text is notable for its reading of the Declaratory Act and the specific phrase, “in all cases whatsoever.” contending that such could only refer to constitutional means. It made the point that not every act of government…

A Vindication of Rights of The Americans

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1765 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

A Vindication of the Conduct of the Late Great C——r. Addressed to Every Impartial Englishman

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1766 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

What Should Be Done: Or, Remarks on the Political State of Things. Addressed to the Present Administration, the Members of the House of Commons, and the Good People of England. Inscribed to Sir Joseph Mawbey, Bart., Member in Parliament for the…

Anonymous Pamphleteer 1766 (author)

This pamphlet is a part of The Pamphlet Debate on the American Question in Great Britain, 1764-1776: A Digital Collection, edited by Jack P. Greene.

THE READING ROOM

Which Beatle is James Madison?
If we think about the most prominent of the American Founding Fathers as the Beatles, then Jefferson, Washington and Hamilton have gotten most of the attention from folks, much like Paul McCartney, John Lennon and Ringo Starr. They…

THE READING ROOM

Who are the Real Federalists? Why we should read John Francis Mercer
Who qualifies as a Founder? Who is a Framer? These are questions about which we often assume general agreement, but the reality is otherwise.
“Founders” can sometimes refer to anyone who supported or participated in the American…

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Why George Mason Matters
There is an unfortunate tendency among students of the American founding to focus on the accomplishments of a few “famous founders” while ignoring the salient contributions of an expansive fraternity of “forgotten founders.” One…
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Notes About This Collection

For additional information about the American Founding see the following: