Literature

About this Collection

Serious discussions of liberty are not limited to academic works. Poets, playwrights, and novelists have had much to contribute as well.

Key People

Titles & Essays

THE READING ROOM

A Dinner Party for Your Thanksgiving

By: OLL Editor

One of the most famous dinner parties in literature occurs in Book Five of Milton's Paradise Lost. Eve is busily preparing the evening meal when Adam comes running to tell her that the Angel Raphael is arriving to join them. Adam…

THE READING ROOM

A Dirty, Filthy, Book Review

By: Tracey S. Rosenberg

Book review: A Dirty, Filthy Book: Sex, Scandal, and One Woman's Fight in the Victorian Trial of the Century, by Michael Meyer, Penguin UK
Publication date: February 8 2024

THE READING ROOM

A Modified Proposal: The Man of Law’s Tale

By: Nathaniel Birzer

There is a third theme which weaves its way through the first few of Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, building up to its use in one of the most famous Tales, the Wife of Bath’s Tale. This is the theme of a good woman.

THE READING ROOM

A Novel Education

By: Caroline Breashears

From: Caroline Breashears
Date: 5 March, 2022
To: Garth Bond
Cc: OLL
Subject: Dangerous Reading Room Liaisons

THE READING ROOM

A Proposition Critiqued: The Miller’s Tale

By: Nathaniel Birzer

An earlier post explored the rigorous ‘dialogue’ elicited by the Knight’s Tale between the other pilgrims. The Miller is the first to push back, using a two-pronged attack against the ideas of high philosophy and courtly romance in…

THE READING ROOM

A Response to Lovecraft: A Review of “1899”

By: Nathaniel Birzer

Imagine you wake up alone on a boat, surrounded by a vast expanse of water with no land in sight. You have no memory of how you got there, what land the boat sailed from or where it is going, or even if you are on an ocean or a…

THE READING ROOM

A Tale of Two Antonios

By: Lucie Alden

The Merchant of Venice and Twelfth Night both end in double marriages, featuring the kind of comedy Disney would later seize upon: boy meets girl, boy marries girl, boy and girl live happily ever after. But what of the other boy?…

THE READING ROOM

Adaptation as Dilution: A Review of Amazon’s Wheel of Time show

By: Nathaniel Birzer

The adaptation of The Wheel of Time on Amazon Prime is probably one of the best examples of the current media trend of adaptation, and its reception by fans of the original book series is equally indicative of the negatives and…

THE READING ROOM

Addison’s Cato: How a Dead Roman Brought Two Parties Together

By: Caroline Breashears

In his Dictionary (1755), Samuel Johnson famously defines "Tory" as "One who adheres to the antient constitution of the state, and the apostolic hierarchy of the church of England." For the rival "Whig" party, he could summon only…
The Aeneid (Dryden trans.)

Virgil (author)

Virgil’s epic poem, The Aeneid, has been of continuing importance to Western literature. Although it was commissioned by the emperor Augustus, the poem is more than early imperial propaganda. It proclaims the divine mission of Aeneas…

THE READING ROOM

Alexander Pope (1688-1744) : The Dr. Seuss of the Diss

By: Heather King

What would happen if Dr. Seuss started throwing shade? To the untrained ear, it might sound something like the satiric barbs of Alexander Pope, diss-master of the Enlightenment. Consider his dismissal of Lord Hervey, referred to…

THE READING ROOM

An Overweening Purpose: Tolkien on Adapting Middle-Earth

By: Nathaniel Birzer

Much can and has already been said regarding Amazon’s The Lord of the Rings: the Rings of Power’s merits and flaws, both in the show’s relation to Tolkien’s universally acclaimed world The Tolkien Societybuilding and established…

THE READING ROOM

Ancient Perspectives on the Value of Poetry

By: Alexander Schmid

As one begins to read Homer’s Iliad, one might naturally wonder at who the thea, or goddess, from the first line of the poem really is. μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω ἈχιλῆοςRage, goddess, sing of the son of Peleus, Achilleus (Il.1.1)

THE READING ROOM

Antigone: From the Liberty Fund Rare Book Room

By: Sarah Skwire

Antigone is one of the greatest literary debates about freedom and responsibility in human history, and one of our most enduring works of literature as well. Pierre Goodrich's 1900 edition of Antigone is clearly well loved, and…

THE READING ROOM

April is the Cruellest Month: A Reading List on Taxation

By: Sarah Skwire

We thought this week would be an appropriate time to bracket off a few readings from the OLL on the timely, and most despised, topic of taxation.

THE READING ROOM

Arabian Nights and Commercial Culture

By: Garth Bond

The classic collection of middle eastern stories known as The Arabian Nights is not in the Online Library of Liberty, which is perhaps understandable given its emphasis on irresponsible liberties taken and arbitrary exercises of…
Areopagitica (1644) (Jebb ed.)

John Milton (author)

This is Milton’s famous defense of freedom of speech and the press, in an edition based upon Sir Richard Jebb’s lectures at Cambridge in 1872, with extensive notes and commentaries. Mlton’s work was a protest against Parliament’s…

THE READING ROOM

Areopagitica: Milton on the Tyranny of Licensing Books

By: Caroline Breashears

In 1638, John Milton left England for a Grand Tour of Europe, traveling through cities such as Paris, Nice, and Genoa. In Florence, he writes, "I found and visited the famous Galileo grown old, a prisoner to the Inquisition, for…
Autobiography

Edward Gibbon (author)

Shortly after Gibbon finished his magnum opus on the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire he wrote the first draft of his autobiography in 1788. It is an important chronicle of intellectual life in the late 18th century.

The Babylonian Story of the Deluge and the Epic of Gilgamesh

Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge (author)

This book attempts to reconstruct two ancient Sumerian stories from photographs of the stone tablets on which they were originally written: one story concerns an ancient account of a deluge (or flood) which destroyed much of…

THE READING ROOM

Banning Shylock

By: Carol McNamara

“One would have to be blind, deaf, and dumb not to recognize that Shakespeare’s grand, equivocal comedy, The Merchant of Venice, is a profoundly anti-Semitic work.” This is the pronouncement with which Shakespeare scholar, Harold…
The Barber of Seville, or the Useless Precaution

Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (author)

The first of 3 plays Beaumarchais wrote about a master-servant relationship, Count Almaviva and Figaro, during the social upheavals on the eve of the French revolution.

THE READING ROOM

Beaumarchais and “The Barber of Seville”

By: Gary McGath

If people today have heard of Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, it’s usually as the author of the source material for two famous operas, Rossini’s The Barber of Seville and Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro. He deserves to be far…
Beowulf (original lang.)

Beowulf (author)

An edition of the tale in the original Old English with an extensive glossary. Beowulf is one of the first literary masterpieces of the English language, written in Old English in the eleventh century. The story itself is thought to…

THE READING ROOM

Beyond the Hate: George Orwell’s 1984

By: Caroline Breashears

Readers across the political spectrum love George Orwell's 1984His concepts of the "Ministry of Truth" and "Newspeak" permeate discussions about political rhetoric, while "the Hate" is a ritual that viewers of news programs might…
The Bhagvat-Geeta, or Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon

Charles Wilkins (translator)

The Bhagavad Gita is perhaps the greatest and most beautiful of the Hindu scriptures. It is mainly in the form of a dialogue between the warrior Prince Arjuna and his friend Krishna (the earthly incarnation of the god Vishnu). The…

BOLL 51: Percy Bysshe Shelley, “On Liberty” (1810-22)

Percy Bysshe Shelley (author)

This is part of “The Best of the Online Library of Liberty” which is a collection of some of the most important material in the OLL. This collection…

BOLL 69: John Thelwall, “Political Songs” (1795)

John Thelwall (author)

This is part of “The Best of the Online Library of Liberty” which is a collection of some of the most important material in the OLL. A thematic list…

THE READING ROOM

Bridges Across the Void in H.P. Lovecraft’s Mythos

By: Nathaniel Birzer

“All my stories,” wrote H.P. Lovecraft, “unconnected as they may be, are based on the fundamental lore or legend that this world was inhabited at one time by another race who, in practising black magic, lost their foothold and were…

THE READING ROOM

Brought to the Scaffold": Pepys, Smith, and Voltaire on Public Executions

By: Sarah Skwire

In early October of 1660, the diarist Samuel Pepys got up in the morning and headed out to Charing Cross to spend a pleasant day with friends and
to see Major-general Harrison hanged, drawn, and quartered;
Candide, ou l’Optimisme; traduit de l’Allemand de M. le Docteur Ralph

Voltaire (author)

Voltaire’s “philosophic tale” is a clever satire of France in the mid-18th century. He makes fun of religious intolerance, the destructiveness of war, and the foibles of mankind. He concludes with a plea that we should all “cultivate…

THE READING ROOM

Candide: Published in Exile, Denounced, Banned, and a Classic

By: Walter Donway

In 1759, when Voltaire published Candide, at first anonymously, he was sixty-five years of age. He had been imprisoned in the Bastille, exiled to England in lieu of further incarceration, banished from Paris by King Louis XV (in…
Cato. A Tragedy (1713 ed.)

Joseph Addison (author)

The first printed edition of Addison’s play which also contains 4 short pamphlets on Cato the historical figure and analyses of Addison’s play by anonymous authors.

Cato: A Tragedy and Selected Essays

Joseph Addison (author)

First produced in 1713, Cato, A Tragedy inspired generations toward a pursuit of liberty. Liberty Fund’s new edition of Cato: A Tragedy, and Selected Essays brings together Addison’s dramatic masterpiece along with a selection of his…

THE READING ROOM

Causes of the Trojan War: Agamemnon’s Grisly Choice

By: Alexander Schmid

The final cause of the Trojan War was Agamemnon's choice to sacrifice Iphigeneia at Aulis after the goddess Artemis bound the troops there due to a perceived slight. The goddess insisted that the blood of Atreus be spilt, or no…

THE READING ROOM

Character Description in the Prologue: Chaucer’s Challenge and Threat to England’s Religious

By: Nathaniel Birzer

That Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales has suffered periods of censorship and banning since its first publication should be of little surprise to anyone who has read any of it. Banned in the latter half of the 19th century in America…
Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, 3 vols.

Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury (author)

The Liberty Fund edition of Characteristicks presents the complete 1732 text of this classic work of philosophy and political theory. Also included are faithful reproductions of the stirring engravings that Shaftesbury created to…

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, vol. 1

Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury (author)

The Liberty Fund edition of Characteristicks presents the complete 1732 text of this classic work of philosophy and political theory. Also included are faithful reproductions of the stirring engravings that Shaftesbury created to…

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, vol. 2

Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury (author)

The Liberty Fund edition of Characteristicks presents the complete 1732 text of this classic work of philosophy and political theory. Also included are faithful reproductions of the stirring engravings that Shaftesbury created to…

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, vol. 3

Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury (author)

The Liberty Fund edition of Characteristicks presents the complete 1732 text of this classic work of philosophy and political theory. Also included are faithful reproductions of the stirring engravings that Shaftesbury created to…

Chaucer’s Life by Walter Skeat

Related Links in the Goodrich Seminar Room:

Geoffrey Chaucer

Related Links:

Geoffrey Chaucer

Source: The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, edited from numerous manuscripts by the Rev. Walter W. Skeat (2nd ed.) (Oxford:…

THE READING ROOM

Childhood Myth-Making and Horror in the works of Stephen King

By: Nathaniel Birzer

It might seem weird to be including renowned horror novelist Stephen King in this essay series on classic pulp fiction. For one thing, he’s still alive, and for another thing, he’s not exactly known for pulp magazine short stories.…
The Chinese Classics

Confucius (author)

Legge provides lengthy introductions to leading Chinese philosophical works and is own translations.

THE READING ROOM

Christmas Tales From the Liberty Fund Rare Book Room

By: Sarah Skwire

Aside from the Bible story, it would be hard to find a more traditional and beloved Christmas tale than Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol, so it was no surprise to find a copy in Pierre Goodrich's book collection. The cheery red…
The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume I - Autobiography and Literary Essays

John Stuart Mill (author)

Vol. 1 of the 33 vol. Collected Works contains Mill’s autobiography and some literary essays mostly from the 1830s.

The Colloquies 2 vols.

Desiderius Erasmus (author)

In the guise of a school textbook on sound Latin prose Erasmus is able to mix sound language teaching, homilies on Christian ethics, and social criticism of some of the injustices and follies of his day.

The Comedies of Aristophanes, 2 vols.

Aristophanes (author)

A two volume collection of the Comedies of Aristophanes. Vol. 1 contains The Archanians, Knights, Clouds, Wasps, Peace, and Birds. Vol. 2 contains Lysistrata, The Thesmophoriazusae, Frogs, Ecclesiazusae, and Plutus.

The Comedies of Aristophanes, vol. 1

Aristophanes (author)

Vol. 1 of a two volume collection. It contains the plays The Archanians, Knights, Clouds, Wasps, Peace, and Birds.

The Comedies of Aristophanes, vol. 2

Aristophanes (author)

Vol. 2 of a two volume collection. It contains the plays Lysistrata, The Thesmophoriazusae, Frogs, Ecclesiazusae, and Plutus.

The Complete Poetical Works of Alexander Pope

Alexander Pope (author)

This collection includes Pope’s poems, translations of Ovid and Homer, An Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock, An Essay on Man, and his Moral Essays.

The Complete Works of William Shakespeare Part 1 (The Oxford Shakespeare)

William Shakespeare (author)

The 1916 Oxford University Press edition of all of Shakespeare’s plays and poems. It was published on the 300th anniversary of Shakespeare’s death in 1616. Because of the large size of this file the book has been split into 2 parts.…

The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (The Oxford Shakespeare)

William Shakespeare (author)

The 1916 Oxford University Press edition of all of Shakespeare’s plays and poems.

The Tempest

William Shakespeare (author)

Thought to be one of Shakespeare’s latest plays, The Tempest is haunted by magic and by images of humans at their best and their worst. Many critics read Prospero’s farewell to his books at the play’s end as conveying, in some way,…

The Two Gentlemen of Verona

William Shakespeare (author)

Possibly Shakespeare’s earliest, and definitely one of his least popular plays, Two Gentlemen of Verona winds its way through young love, betrayal, violence, treachery, and even pirates before settling on a happy ending. This edition…

The Merry Wives of Windsor

William Shakespeare (author)

Theatrical tradition (probably spurious) has it that Shakespeare wrote Merry Wives of Windsor in response to Queen Elizabeth’s demand to see a play with Falstaff in love. This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford University Press…

Measure for Measure

William Shakespeare (author)

Measure for Measure considers questions of law, justice, and the nature of promises and vows. Like The Merchant of Venice it is one of Shakespeare’s legal plays, with a trial scene at the peak of the action. This edition comes from…

The Comedy of Errors

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors is a comic farce about two identical sets of twins and their misadventures. This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford University Press edition of all of Shakespeare’s plays and poems.

Much Ado About Nothing

William Shakespeare (author)

Charles I famously crossed the title Much Ado About Nothing off his copy of the play and replaced it with “Beatrice and Benedick.” But entertaining and moving as these two bantering lovers are, it is the dangerous, near-tragic…

Love’s Labour’s Lost

William Shakespeare (author)

Written for an educated, courtly audience, performed for Elizabeth I, Love’s Labour’s Lost is one of Shakespeare’s most linguistically spectacular comedies. This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford University Press edition of all of…

The Merchant of Venice

William Shakespeare (author)

The Merchant of Venice famously depicts the bargain between Antonio and Shylock to secure a monetary loan with the promise of “a pound of flesh” if the loan is not repaid. In doing so, it explores the complex issues of religion,…

As You Like It

William Shakespeare (author)

The physical action of As You LIke It, where Rosalind and Celia are exiled from their home into the forest mirrors the psychological action, as characters find their way through confusion and pain to love and happiness. This edition…

The Taming of the Shrew

William Shakespeare (author)

The Taming of the Shrew and its story of an overbearing husband taming a shrewish wife may not have aged particularly well, but critics have long debated how seriously it is meant to be taken, and whether or not Kate may be in on the…

All’s Well that Ends Well

William Shakespeare (author)

All’s Well that Ends Well has defied categorization for centuries. The winning of a reluctant husband by an over-eager bride, and the subsequent bed-trick that secures their continued marriage are morally complicated in ways that…

Twelfth-Night: or, What You Will

William Shakespeare (author)

Complicated, merry, and slightly mad, the convoluted disguises and secret identities of Twelfth Night capture the pains and comic madness of love. This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford University Press edition of all of Shakespeare…

The Winter’s Tale

William Shakespeare (author)

Like Much Ado About Nothing and Othello, the plot of The Winter’s Tale turns on false accusations against a faithful woman. This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford University Press edition of all of Shakespeare’s plays and poems.

The Life and Death of King John

William Shakespeare (author)

The contest for the crown at the center of King John is a bloody and violent one, with a surprising hero in the figure of the illegitimate Richard Plantagenet. This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford University Press edition of all…

The Tragedy of King Richard the Second

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Richard II is a puzzling play about a puzzling historical figure. Is Richard II a weak king who is shamefully deposed? Is he a noble king who chooses to abdicate to spare his people the horrors of war? This edition…

The First Part of King Henry the Fourth

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s King Henry IV, Part One focuses not only on powerful political drama, but on the way that political drama is echoed in the relationship of a father and son. Henry IV has risked everything, including his soul, to take…

The Second Part of King Henry the Fourth

William Shakespeare (author)

Henry IV, Part Two continues the complicated political and family dynamics that marked Henry IV, Part One. This play, though, provides a lesson in the power of diplomacy in the place of battle. This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford…

The Life of King Henry the Fifth

William Shakespeare (author)

One of Shakespeare’s most popular plays, Henry V has spoken to generation after generation because its complex view of military action has allowed for each generation of readers to interpret the play’s stance on war according to…

The First Part of King Henry the Sixth

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s three plays about Henry VI trace the tumultuous years of the Wars of the Roses, as the houses of York (whose symbol was a white rose) and Lancaster (symbolized by a red rose) battled for the crown of England. This…

The Second Part of King Henry the Sixth

William Shakespeare (author)

One of the plays in the 1916 Oxford University Press edition of all of Shakespeare’s plays and poems.

The Third Part of King Henry the Sixth

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s three plays about Henry VI trace the tumultuous years of the Wars of the Roses, as the houses of York (whose symbol was a white rose) and Lancaster (symbolized by a red rose) battled for the crown of England. This…

The Tragedy of King Richard the Third

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Richard III is a compelling portrait of the lengths to which ambition can drive a man. But is the play–despite its popularity–merely Tudor propaganda? This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford University Press edition of…

The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eighth

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Henry VIII may be best known not for its plot or poetry, but because during one of its earliest performances a cannon, shot for special effects, caught the theater’s thatched roof on fire, and the Globe burned to the…

Troilus and Cressida

William Shakespeare (author)

Troilus and Cressida sits uneasily somewhere between comedy and tragedy. The tale of young lovers, set against the backdrop of the Trojan War is often driven by satire and humor, but the play’s end is unsettlingly dark. This edition…

Coriolanus

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Coriolanus is a dramatic tragedy about a hero who is famously resistant to theatricality and performance as a part of political life. It takes on the question of whether one’s deeds should be enough to secure one’s…

Titus Andronicus

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus is famously the bloodiest and most violent of Shakespeare’s often bloody and violent tragedies.Its horrors reflect the collapse and decay of the Roman empire and the fear that failure inspired in…

Romeo and Juliet

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet may be his most familiar play. Its tragic story of young love gone awry in a world of family conflict is a perennial favorite, and has inspired endless imitators. This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford…

Timon of Athens

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens is a study in misanthropy. The generous Timon believes that his gifts to his nation and his friends will secure him their faithfulness and support, but he is deserted at every turn. At last, he deserts…

Julius Cæsar

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is the best known and most widely read of his Roman plays. Its portraits of ambition, loyalty, and treachery remain evergreen. The funeral orations by Brutus and Mark Antony remain some of Shakespeare’s…

Macbeth

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Macbeth explores questions of fate, free will, and tyranny. This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford University Press edition of all of Shakespeare’s plays and poems.

Hamlet Prince of Denmark

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Hamlet is one of the great English language tragedies. It wrangles with themes of revenge, despair, indecision, and mortality and questions about the place of the individual human being in the sweep of larger events.…

King Lear

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s King Lear may be his greatest tragedy. It presents a dark picture of aging, of an uncaring universe, and the dangers of an unstable king struggling to understand his own power. This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford…

Othello the Moor of Venice

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Othello has always been an interesting play, but its considerations of race, rank, and romance may have become more interesting as our cultural contexts have changed around it. This edition comes from the 1916 Oxford…

Antony and Cleopatra

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra is a famously difficult play to stage. It’s complicated plot and constant shifting of scenes make the action hard to follow. It may be as well known for the flop starring Elizabeth Taylor, and for…

Cymbeline

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Cymbeline is one of his least-performed plays. Its retelling of a famous tale from Boccaccio explores themes of marriage, seduction, trust, and women’s honor that are frequent focuses of other plays, like Othello and

Pericles Prince of Tyre

William Shakespeare (author)

Pericles, Prince of Tyre is unique among Shakespeare’s plays, as it imports a famous medieval poet, John Gower, to serve as the narrator and interpreter of the play’s events. Neither a tragedy nor a comedy, but combining elements of…

The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, 7 vols.

Geoffrey Chaucer (author)

A monumental scholarly work by the leading Chaucer scholar of the late 19th century. Filled with copious notes.

The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, vol. 1 (Romaunt of the Rose, Minor Poems)

Geoffrey Chaucer (author)

The late 19th century Skeat edition with copious scholarly notes and a good introduction to the texts.

The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, vol. 2 (Boethius, Troilus)

Geoffrey Chaucer (author)

The late 19th century Skeat edition with copious scholarly notes and a good introduction to the texts.

The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, vol. 3

Geoffrey Chaucer (author)

The late 19th century Skeat edition with copious scholarly notes and a good introduction to the texts.

The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, vol. 4 (The Canterbury Tales)

Geoffrey Chaucer (author)

The late 19th century Skeat edition with copious scholarly notes and a good introduction to the text. The Tales are in their original Middle English.

Notes to the Canterbury Tales (Works vol. 5)

Geoffrey Chaucer (author)

Skeat’s copious scholarly notes to his edition of The Canterbury Tales make up all of vol. 5 of The Works of Chaucer.

The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, vol. 6 (Introduction, Glossary, and Indexes)

Geoffrey Chaucer (author)

The late 19th century Skeat edition with copious scholarly notes and a good introduction to the texts.

The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, vol. 7 (Supplement: Chaucerian and Other Pieces)

Geoffrey Chaucer (author)

The late 19th century Skeat edition with copious scholarly notes and a good introduction to the texts.

Complete Works, 4 vols. (1777)

Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (author)

A 4 volume collection of the Works of Montesquieu.

THE READING ROOM

Conducting Oneself and Others in Tár

By: Garth Bond

Todd Field’s Tár, nominated for six Oscars, is a beautiful but densely constructed film that expects much of its audience and explains little. The movie assumes a familiarity with the world of classical music, and viewers must…

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Considering The Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys

By: Renee Wilmeth

“It was a beautiful place – wild, untouched, above all untouched, with an alien disturbing, secret loveliness. And it kept its secret. I’d find myself thinking, ‘What I see is nothing – I want what it hides – that is not nothing.”…
Critical and Historical Essays contributed to the Edinburgh Review, 3 vols.

Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (author)

Collected in these three volumes are essays and book reviews Macaulay wrote between 1825 and 1841 for the Edinburgh Review.

Critical and Historical Essays, Vol. 1

Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (author)

Essays which appeared in the Edinburgh Review between 1825-1831. They are on such topics as Milton, Machiavelli, Southey, Johnson, and other topics.

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“Call me Schnitzel”: Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Anti-Satan

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

One of the surprise cultural hits of this past summer was the three-part Netflix docu-series Arnold, which has scored a 96% “fresh” rating on Rotten Tomatoes and which has been lauded by critics and audiences alike.

THE READING ROOM

    1. Lawrence and Tabloids of Compressed Liberty

By: Scott W. Klein

“Knowledge is, of course, liberty,” said Mattheson.“In compressed tabloids,” said Birkin, looking at the dry, stiff little body of the Baronet. Immediately Gudrun saw the famous sociologist as a flat bottle, containing tabloids of…

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Daniel Defoe: Religious Liberty in An Age of Militant Sectarianism

By: Walter Donway

The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe made a lasting impression on me as a boy. But I seem to have missed the theme, which historians view as religious salvation—“deliverance”—and religious tolerance.
Nor did I get around, back then, to…

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Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe “Gets Religion”

By: Walter Donway

After a frenetic and tirelessly productive career, including advocacy of religious liberty that landed him in prison, Daniel Defoe, age 59, began the writing that made him one of history’s unforgettable novelists--known to us all.

THE READING ROOM

Dante and the Symbolic Meaning of the Colors of Christmas

By: Alexander Schmid

Though the Christmas season is rapidly approaching, and Christmas trees, both artificial and natural, are adorning the homes of many individuals, it is far less likely that the denizens of those homes understand the origin of their…

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Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room series on The Divine Comedy
Virgil, overhearing Dante’s doubts that he might be unworthy for this journey, chides Dante for his cowardice, and tries to reassure him that it will indeed be worthwhile for Dante to…

THE READING ROOM

Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room SeriesThis year marks the 700th anniversary of Dante’s death. Numerous events have been planned throughout the world, especially in Dante’s native Italy, to celebrate the supreme poet’s legacy. But by far the best way…

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Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life : Inferno, Canto IV: Escaping Limbo

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room series on The Divine Comedy
Dante is awoken by a loud clap of thunder. He gets up to his feet, looks around, and tries to comprehend where he is. He is standing on the edge of a deep, dark, misty valley reverberating…

THE READING ROOM

Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life : Inferno, Canto V: Be Discerning in Love

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room series on The Divine Comedy
Dante and Virgil leave Limbo and make their way into the second circle of Hell. This circle is smaller in size than the first (Dante’s Hell is shaped like an upside-down cone, so that…

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Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life, Inferno: Canto I

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room series on The Divine ComedyLast week we saw how Dante wrote about his journey through hell, limbo, and paradise as if it were a real journey that he really undertook (beginning, in his recounting of it, on Good Friday…

THE READING ROOM

Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life, Introduction Part Two

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room blog series on The Divine ComedyLast week we began our introduction to Dante’s Divine Comedy with the first three of the seven overarching lessons that we can learn from the immortal Italian about work, art, love,…

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Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life: Canto One

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room series on The Divine Comedy
Last week we began our epic journey with Dante by accompanying him as he is lost in the woods, before meeting his literary idol Virgil and agreeing to set forth with Virgil upon another…

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Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life: Inferno Canto V Part 2: Be Discerning in Your Reading

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room series on The Divine Comedy
Dante makes out three individual “carnal malefactor” shades coming toward him, lamenting and being born along by the relentless hurricane. “Master,” he asks Virgil. “Who are these people,…

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Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life: Inferno, Canto I: The Importance of Imagination

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room blog series on The Divine Comedy
Last week we concluded our introduction to Dante’s Divine Comedy by presenting the seven cardinal lessons that the epic poem can teach us today. If you missed this introduction you…

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Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life: Inferno, Canto III, Part 2: The Fallacy of Neutrality e:

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room series on The Divine Comedy
As Dante and Virgil enter the antechamber of Hell, Virgil tells Dante that all the agonized wailing he’s hearing are the voices of those who “lived without infamy or praise”—those who…

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Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life: Inferno, Canto III: Dante Alighieri, Rhapsodist of Liberty

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room series on The Divine Comedy
Dante is at last ready to enter Hell—or so he thinks. As he reaches the entrance of Hell he reads an inscription on the gates which, he tells Virgil, makes him pause:

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Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life: Inferno, Canto IV, Part 2

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room seriesDante and Virgil continue onwards through a forest—a forest of “thick-crowded ghosts.” Not very far into this forest Dante sees a fire blazing in the darkness. Even though they are still somewhat distant from…

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Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life: Inferno, Canto VI, Part 2: How Far Do Our Civic Duties Extend?

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room series on the Divine Comedy
Continuing through the third circle of Hell, we pass with Dante and Virgil through countless shades of the souls of the dead that are lying in the filthy puddles, apparently able to tread…

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Dante at 700: What the Supreme Poet can teach us about work, love, art, and life: Inferno, Canto VI: Why is Gluttony a Sin?

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A Reading Room SeriesWe are now in the third circle of Hell with Dante. Everywhere he looks he sees new torments. It is raining—a cold, heavy, non-ending rain, ever-renewing in strength and accursedness. Huge pellets of hail and…

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Dante’s Paradiso: Illusions and the Sphere of the Moon

By: Alexander Schmid

In the first Sphere of Paradise, the Moon, we encounter our first cadre of difficult philosophical questions. In addition to those “simple” ones of how one moves in Paradise, and how a body would move in it (it couldn’t—just like a…
De Monarchia

Dante Alighieri (author)

The great Italian poet turns his hand to political thought and defends the reign of a single monarch ruling over a universal empire. He believed that peace was only achievable when a single monarch replaced divisive and squabbling…

December 2022: Classical Tragedy and the World of Ideas

Please join us in December 2022 for a Virtual Reading Group with Aeon Skoble.

Pre-registration is required, and we ask you to register only if you can be present for ALL sessions. Most readings are available online; one book must be…

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Dickens as an Adapter of Dante

By: Alexander Schmid

Today, I turn to Susan Colón’s work “Dickens’s HARD TIMES and Dante’s INFERNO,” in which she makes the case that Dickens’s work Hard Times includes imagery, descriptions, and “moral analysis” of his characters in a way suggestive of…

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Did Dickens Read Dante? Charles Dickens’s Adaptation of Dante’s The Divine Comedy in his A Christmas Carol

By: Alexander Schmid

Stephen Bertman has observed several structural similarities between Dickens’s A Christmas Carol and Dante’s entire Divine Comedy, including their shared tripartite structure, exploration of religious themes, and notions of…

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Discussing Milton

By: Sarah Skwire, Garth Bond, and Steven Pincus

I recently had a chance to host a book discussion with Reading Room blogger, Garth Bond, and our friend Steve Pincus about Nicholas McDowell's new book Poet of Revolution: The Making of John Milton, which considers the question of…
The Divine Comedy, in 3 vols. (Langdon trans.)

Dante Alighieri (author)

Dante’s masterwork is a 3 volume work written in Italian rather than Latin. Vol. 1 (Inferno (Hell) describes what happens to the souls of the wicked who are condemned to suffer the torments of Hell. Vol. 2 Purgatorio (Purgatory)…

The Divine Comedy, Vol. 1 (Inferno) (Bilingual edition)

Dante Alighieri (author)

Dante’s masterwork is a 3 volume work written in Italian rather than Latin. It embraces human individuality and happiness in a way which suggests the beginning of the Renaissance. This edition contains a side-by-side English and…

The Divine Comedy, Vol. 1 (Inferno) (English trans.)

Dante Alighieri (author)

Dante’s masterwork is a 3 volume work written in Italian rather than Latin. It embraces human individuality and happiness in a way which suggests the beginning of the Renaissance. This edition contains the English translation only.…

The Divine Comedy, Vol. 1 (Inferno) (Italian and Notes)

Dante Alighieri (author)

Dante’s masterwork is a 3 volume work written in Italian rather than Latin. It embraces human individuality and happiness in a way which suggests the beginning of the Renaissance. This edition contains the Italian original and the…

The Divine Comedy, Vol. 2 (Purgatorio) (Bilingual edition)

Dante Alighieri (author)

Dante’s masterwork is a 3 volume work written in Italian rather than Latin. It embraces human individuality and happiness in a way which suggests the beginning of the Renaissance. This is a bilingual Italian and English edition. Vol.…

The Divine Comedy, Vol. 2 (Purgatorio) (English only trans.)

Dante Alighieri (author)

Dante’s masterwork is a 3 volume work written in Italian rather than Latin. It embraces human individuality and happiness in a way which suggests the beginning of the Renaissance. This is a bilingual Italian and English edition. Vol.…

The Divine Comedy, vol. 3 (Paradiso) (Bilingual edition)

Dante Alighieri (author)

Dante’s masterwork is a 3 volume work written in Italian rather than Latin. It embraces human individuality and happiness in a way which suggests the beginning of the Renaissance. This is a bilngual Italian and English edition. Vol.…

The Divine Comedy, vol. 3 (Paradiso) (English trans.)

Dante Alighieri (author)

Dante’s masterwork is a 3 volume work written in Italian rather than Latin. It embraces human individuality and happiness in a way which suggests the beginning of the Renaissance. This voume contains the English translation only.…

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Doing Justice to John Wick

By: Caroline Breashears

The John Wick franchise is better known for its award-winning stunts than its screenplays. The plots seem thin as a garotte, while the dialogue focuses on guns and Wick's ability to kill with a mere pencil. Yet the March release of…

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Down for the Count: Restoring Dracula’s Message about Liberty

By: Caroline Breashears

Karl Marx famously observed, "Capital is dead labour which, vampire-like, lives only by sucking living labour, and lives the more, the more labour it sucks." His comments have inspired critics such as Franco Moretti to interpret…

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Dragons, Hoards, and Theft: Beowulf and The Hobbit

By: Anna Leman

Among the many works that influenced and shaped J.R.R Tolkien’s Middle Earth, none is more evident than Beowulf. This 10th Century Anglo-Saxon poem speaks of mighty kings, demonic beasts, and dragon-slaying heroes. One such hero is…

LIBERTY MATTERS

The Water Truce

By: Anika Prather

LIBERTY MATTERS

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LIBERTY MATTERS

Elements of Criticism, 2 vols.

Henry Home, Lord Kames (author)

A two volume work on the “science of criticism” by one of the leading figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. Kames argues that criticism of art and literature is a rational science as well as a matter of taste. In volume 1 he…

Elements of Criticism, vol. 1

Henry Home, Lord Kames (author)

Volume 1 of a two volume work on the “science of criticism” by one of the leading figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. Kames argues that criticism of art and literature is a rational science as well as a matter of taste. In volume…

Elements of Criticism, vol. 2

Henry Home, Lord Kames (author)

Volume 2 of a two volume work on the “science of criticism” by one of the leading figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. Kames argues that criticism of art and literature is a rational science as well as a matter of taste. In volume…

English Works of Thomas Hobbes, 11 vols.

Thomas Hobbes (author)

An 11 volume collection of the English works of Thomas Hobbes which includes his best known work of philosophy and history as well as his notable translations of Thucydides and Homer.

The English Works, vol. X (Iliad and Odyssey)

Homer (author)

Hobbes’s translation of Homer’s epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad is about the warriors and heroes who are involved in the Trojan war, what happens to men in combat, and the consequences of pride, ambition, and failure.…

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Enheduana: The New Oldest Author

By: Erik Rostad

In the 2300s B.C., Sargon the Great united a disparate collection of city states located in Sumer in the southern portion of modern-day Iraq. By doing so, he created the world’s first empire, the Akkadian Empire. Having solidified…

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Essays of Elia: From the Liberty Fund Rare Book Room

By: Sarah Skwire

Finals week is upon us, and students everywhere are reviewing notes, writing papers, sitting exams, and hoping to remember enough of what they've read to succeed. Pierre Goodrich's copy of Charles Lamb's Essays of Elia opens a…
Essays of Montaigne, in 10 vols.

Michel de Montaigne (author)

This is a 10 volume collection of Montaigne’s famous essays in the 17th century English translation by Charles Cotton.

Essays of Montaigne, Vol. 1

Michel de Montaigne (author)

Volume 1 of a 10 volume collection of Montaigne’s famous essays in the 17th century English translation by Charles Cotton.

Essays of Montaigne, Vol. 2

Michel de Montaigne (author)

Volume 2 of a 10 volume collection of Montaigne’s famous essays in the 17th century English translation by Charles Cotton.

Essays of Montaigne, vol. 3

Michel de Montaigne (author)

Volume 3 of a 10 volume collection of Montaigne’s famous essays in the 17th century English translation by Charles Cotton.

Essays of Montaigne, vol. 4

Michel de Montaigne (author)

Volume 4 of a 10 volume collection of Montaigne’s famous essays in the 17th century English translation by Charles Cotton.

Essays of Montaigne, vol. 5

Michel de Montaigne (author)

Volume 5 of a 10 volume collection of Montaigne’s famous essays in the 17th century English translation by Charles Cotton.

Essays of Montaigne, vol. 6

Michel de Montaigne (author)

Volume 6 of a 10 volume collection of Montaigne’s famous essays in the 17th century English translation by Charles Cotton.

Essays of Montaigne, vol. 7

Michel de Montaigne (author)

Volume 7 of a 10 volume collection of Montaigne’s famous essays in the 17th century English translation by Charles Cotton.

Essays of Montaigne, vol. 8

Michel de Montaigne (author)

Volume 8 of a 10 volume collection of Montaigne’s famous essays in the 17th century English translation by Charles Cotton.

Essays of Montaigne, vol. 9

Michel de Montaigne (author)

Volume 9 of a 10 volume collection of Montaigne’s famous essays in the 17th century English translation by Charles Cotton.

THE READING ROOM

Exploring Sandman at the OLL

By: Sarah Skwire

Neil Gaiman’s Sandman, transformed from a comic book into a Netflix series, premieres today. Comic fans have long been aware of the complex narrative and the genre bending mix of horror, fantasy, myth, and family drama that comprise…

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Faust: From the Liberty Fund Rare Book Room

By: Sarah Skwire

This visit to the Liberty Fund rare book room is for the mid-century modern design fans. Pierre Goodrich's 1941 copy of Goethe's Faust, published by Knopf, is a perfect example of the charms of mid century book design, as well as…

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Female Friendship and Grady Hendrix’s Horror

By: Sarah Skwire

I’ve never really been a fan of horror fiction. With the exception of spooky Victorian gothic novels, a long-standing affection for Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and the occasional particularly creepy Neil Gaiman moment, I just don’t…
Fifteen Sonnets of Petrarch

Francesco Petrarch (author)

A collection of Petrarch’s sonnets translated by Thomas Wentworth Higginson.

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Folks is Folks

By: Christy Lynn Horpedahl

Sarah Skwire doesn’t say YOU MUST READ SHAKESPEARE…but if you do, you’ll probably learn from him. And then you can reread him later to learn more and different things. In this hour-long conversation with Sabine El-Chidiac at The…

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Francis Spufford’s Red Plenty and the Question of Historical Fiction

By: Garth Bond

Francis Spufford’s Light Perpetualwas released last May to considerable praise, unsurprising given the multiple awards received by its predecessor, Golden Hill. This new book is regularly referred to—by the author himself, as well…

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Frankenstein and the Wonder of Horror

By: Caroline Breashears

At Halloween, the monsters gather at our doors for tribute. We expect the caped figures with fangs askew, the werewolves growling for candy, the square-headed toddler with bolts glued to his neck. We are not afraid, because we are…
The Georgics

Virgil (author)

A bi-lingual edition with facing Latin and English pages.

Goethe’s Works, 5 vols.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (author)

A five volume collection of Goethe’s works. This edition is sumptuously illustrated. and includes a life of Goethe in vol. 1.

Goethe’s Works, vol. 1 (Poems)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (author)

Volume 1 of a five volume collection of Goethe’s works. This edition is sumptuously illustrated. Vol. 1 contains Goethe’s poems and a life of Goethe by Dr. Boyesen.

Goethe’s Works, vol. 2 (Faust 1 and 2, Egmont, Natural Daughter, Sorrows of Young Werther)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (author)

Volume 2 of a five volume collection of Goethe’s works. This edition is sumptuously illustrated. Vol. 2 contains Goethe’s plays.

Goethe’s Works, vol. 3 (Goetz von Berlichingen, Iphigenia in Tauris, Tarquato Tasso, etc)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (author)

Volume 3 of a five volume collection of Goethe’s works. This edition is sumptuously illustrated. Vol. 2 contains Goethe’s plays.

Goethe’s Works, vol. 4 (Recreations of the German Emigrants, Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (author)

Volume 4 of a five volume collection of Goethe’s works. This edition is sumptuously illustrated. Vol. 4 contains Goethe’s Recreations of the German Emigrants, Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship).

Goethe’s Works, vol. 5 (W. Meister’s Travels; Elective Affinities)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (author)

Volume 5 of a five volume collection of Goethe’s works. This edition is sumptuously illustrated. Vol. 5 contains Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister’s Travels and Elective Affinities.

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Hamlet: “The best counsellors are the dead.”

By: Joanne Paul

“The best counsellors are the dead.”
So the long-serving Elizabethan and Stuart courtier, Sir Francis Bacon, concluded in his essay “On Counsel” in 1612. Bacon was not the first to use this maxim, often appearing in the Latin as “…

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Harriet Martineau’s Autobiography, 2 vols.

Harriet Martineau (author)

Thinking she was close to death Martineau wrote her autobiography in 1855 but lived for another 20 years. She recounts her activities in various mid-19th century reform movements, her struggle to become a professional writer, and her…

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Hearts and Flowers

By: Sarah Skwire

Valentine’s Day is all but guaranteed to inspire some kind of case of the feels. Some of us love the hearts, flowers, and the unbridled romance of it. Some of us can’t stand it and flee like a vampire exposed to light. Some of us…
The Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings, 3 vols.

Snorre Sturlason (author)

The Heimskringla presents the German mythical god, Odin, as an actual historical figure and the first Norse king. Sturluson traced the history of sixteen famous Nordic kings from this ancient figure through Halvdan the Black (ca.…

The Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings, vol. 1

Snorre Sturlason (author)

Vol. 1 of 3. The Heimskringla presents the German mythical god, Odin, as an actual historical figure and the first Norse king. Sturluson traced the history of sixteen famous Nordic kings from this ancient figure through Halvdan the…

The Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings, vol. 2

Snorre Sturlason (author)

Vol. 2 of 3. The Heimskringla presents the German mythical god, Odin, as an actual historical figure and the first Norse king. Sturluson traced the history of sixteen famous Nordic kings from this ancient figure through Halvdan the…

The Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings, vol. 3

Snorre Sturlason (author)

Vol. 3 of 3. The Heimskringla presents the German mythical god, Odin, as an actual historical figure and the first Norse king. Sturluson traced the history of sixteen famous Nordic kings from this ancient figure through Halvdan the…

THE READING ROOM

Homer’s Iliad and the Causes of the Trojan War, Part. I

By: Alexander Schmid

Many first-time readers of Homer’s Iliad are aghast at the fact that the “most famous” parts of the story do not even happen in the narrative of the Iliad. Achilleus never has his epic duel with Memnon, son of the Dawn. Achilleus is…

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Homer’s Iliad and the Causes of the Trojan War: Kidnapping Helen

By: Alexander Schmid

In the first part of Causes of the Trojan War, we discussed the Apple of Eris incident and who was truly at fault. Was it Eris, the goddess of Discord's, fault for throwing the apple marked kallisti in the first place?

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Homer’s Iliad The Relationship between Gods and Mortals

By: Alexander Schmid

The situation at the beginning of Book Three of Homer’s Iliad is this: a truce had been called between the Trojans and the invading Achaians after nine long years of war in order to allow for a single-combat, winner-take-all, fight…

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Homer’s Odyssey: Blindness, Allegory, and Insight in the House of Hades

By: Alexander Schmid

Homer’s House of Hades is a dark, unsightly place, but is part of the invisible nature of Hades due to the fact that one might understand it not literally, but allegorically? Let us look to the opening lines of Book XI of Homer’s…

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Homer’s Odyssey: Reason vs. Desire

By: Alexander Schmid

Today, we will consider appearance vs. reality in Homer's Odyssey. When Odysseus returns home to Ithaka after his ten year long journey, he does so in disguise. He comes as a beggar, a dismal vagabond, and though he is a war-hero, a…

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How Homer Foretold the Perils of Big Government

By: Vance Ginn

In the tapestry of human history, one recurring thread stands out – the need for limited power in leadership.

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How To Live Amid Falling Walls

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

During the past few weeks, as Jews in America, Europe, and Israel have been experiencing an upsurge an antisemitism unlike anything the world has seen since the Holocaust—an increase in Jew-hatred so alarming that it prompted Senate…

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In Praise of the Long Read

By: Sarah Skwire

Despite persistent cultural insistence that February is the shortest month, it is obvious to even the most casual observer that it is, in fact, the longest. Its 28 (and sometimes 29) days of damp, cold, enveloping gray mushiness…

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Inception in Ilion: Agamemnon’s Dream

By: Alexander Schmid

Long before Christopher Nolan was wowing audiences with expensive CGI and notions of thoughts being placed into minds via dreams, epic Greek literature was doing much the same. For those who need a brief refresher on the concept…

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Jane Austen and the Perks of Imperfection

By: Caroline Breashears

After Jane Austen died, her brother Henry penned a "Biographical Notice of the Author" verging on hagiography. The restrained author he depicts--"as she never deserved disapprobation . . . she never met reproof"--evokes a lady who…

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Jane Austen’s Smackdown of the Cult of Sensibility

By: Caroline Breashears

In Jane Austen's "Love and Freindship [sic]," a young man declares that he will not marry the lady his father has chosen: "No never exclaimed I. Lady Dorothea is lovely and Engaging; I prefer no woman to her; but know Sir, that I…

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John Stuart Mill, Fashion, and Seinfeld’s “Bra-less wonder”

By: Caren S. Oberg

While purporting to be a show about nothing, Seinfeld is, of course, a show about everything. Furthermore, it is a show that is very particularly about the difficulty of explaining why we are inclined to blindly accept the norms of…

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Jonathan Swift’s Resolutions

By: OLL Editor

In 1699, Jonathan Swift, one of our favorite writers, made a list of resolutions for his life. While they weren't technically New Year's resolutions, we present them here for the entertainment and edification of our readers.

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Justice and Marriage in Shakespeare’s As You Like it

By: Jonathan Den Hartog

When As You Like It opens, the political world of its unnamed duchy is truly out of joint. At both the familial and ducal level, injustice is ascendent. What marks the play as a comedy—rather than one of Shakespeare’s blood-thirsty…

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Justice in Hell and Liberal Rationales of Punishment

By: John Alcorn

Dante plumbs the depths of the human condition by recounting his existential journey through hell, purgatory, and paradise; a journey punctuated by poignant encounters with myriad souls. His journey is impelled by a midlife crisis…

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Kalidasa and The Good Life

By: Peter Carl Mentzel

The Sanskrit poet Kalidasa lived and wrote in northern India during the Gupta dynasty (319-467 C.E.). Generally regarded as India’s greatest author, sometimes called the “Indian Shakespeare,” his work is known not only for its…

Kalidasa: Life and Works

Source: Introduction to Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works, by Arthur W. Ryder (London: J.M. Dent, 1920).

INTRODUCTION . KALIDASA—HIS LIFE AND WRITINGS

Kalidasa probably lived in the fifth century of the Christian era.…

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Kingship, Legitimacy, and War in Henry V

By: Paulina Kewes

Henry V (1599), Shakespeare’s last Elizabethan history play, is framed by two regime changes. It opens at the accession of Henry V, a man reformed who has left behind his wild ways and degenerate companions such as Falstaff. It…

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Lear: a King and Play in Exile

By: Lucie Alden

King Lear is a graphic, grotesque, visceral play. Blow after blow strikes Lear and the audience as we see a great man transformed from King of England to homeless, mad wretch, worse than the blind Gloucester and the raving Poor Tom.…

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Lewis’s Anti-Capitalist Dogma

By: Eric Mack

We have seen that Sandefer’s case for the Rand-Sandefur thesis that Lewis broadly condemns all modern statist regimes is weak. I turn here to the textual case for a different reading of the political message of It Can’t Happen Here.…

Life of Goethe

Related Links:

Goethe

Source: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe’s Works, illustrated by the best German artists, 5 vols. (Philadelphia: G. Barrie, 1885). Vol. 1. The Life of Goethe BY HJALMAR H. BOYESEN, PH.D.

Copyright:…

The Little Clay Cart

King Shudraka (author)

One of the earliest Indian plays written in Sanskrit. It is a comedy set in a royal court in which love and mistaken identity play a part.

The Lives of the Twelve Caesars

Suetonius Tranquillus (author)

Suetonius’ most famous work of the lives of the 12 Caesars along with his shorter biographies of famous grammarians, rheoticians and poets.

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Loci Amoeni: Pleasant Places and the Golden Ages in Ancient Poetry: Part One

By: Alexander Schmid

A common motif throughout ancient poetry from the near-East to the West is that of the tranquil and sacred garden. In particular, gardens play a preeminent role in describing paradise for near-Eastern and Western cultures. In fact,…

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Loci Amoeni: Pleasant Places and the Golden Ages in Ancient Poetry: Part Two

By: Alexander Schmid

In the second part of the study of loci amoeni, the pleasant places of the ancient world, we will continue to examine Homer’s Odyssey, now focusing on the location of one of its semi-divine antagonists. We will then conclude our…

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Loki, Marvel, and Snorre Sturlason: The Weirdness of the World

By: Sarah Skwire

With Marvel's Eternals out in the theaters, and Garth Bond's post this week on the Eternals and Euhemerism, I'm thinking a lot about Marvel's other recent releases, and getting ready to rewatch their Disney+ series Loki. When Loki…

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Looking at The Spectator

By: Heather King

Before denizens of the web could pass hours wandering down rabbit holes like McSweeney’s Internet Tendency or The Onion, what did well-read, culturally au currant folks do for amusement?

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Love and Change: Antony and Cleopatra

By: Carol McNamara

Shakespeare’s telling of the tale of Antony and Cleopatra is at once a story of erotic love and political transformation. Shakespeare understands erotic love as a disruptive force that compels and, just as often, reacts to change.…

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Luxury and Literature in Shakespeare and Mandeville: Too Much of a Good Thing

By: Sarah Skwire

Whenever economic times get tough, the debate over luxury--what defines it and how much of it is too much--reappears as part of public discourse. Photos from this year’s Met Gala, and the recent return of “maximalism” and its “too…
The Lyrical Dramas of Aeschylus

Aeschylus (author)

A collection of the major plays of the great Athenian playwright Aeschylus.

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Macbeth in Early Social Media

By: Susan Carlile

In London between 1700 and 1750 one in six theatrical performances was a Shakespearean play. In fact, the most popular comic dramatists of the time, Arthur Murphy, declared, “With us islanders, Shakespeare is a kind of established…

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Macbeth on Film

By: Garth Bond

Joel Coen’s The Tragedy of Macbeth, scheduled for theatrical release on Christmas and streaming on Apple TV+ three weeks later, offers as good an excuse as any to reflect on earlier film productions of Shakespeare’s classic…

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Many Myths, One Hero, A Review of Spiderman: No Way Home

By: Nathaniel Birzer

As with the Ancient Greeks and their myths, so now with our modern superheroes there are many retellings of new and different and even contradicting stories about our present-day mythic heroes, some good, many mediocre, and several…

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Marlowe’s Machiavels and Malta’s Broken Markets

By: Lucie Alden

It is hard to think of a theorist more straw manned and vilified than Niccolò Machiavelli, though Adam Smith and Karl Marx might give him a run for his money. Machiavelli’s writings, published in 1532 Italy, quickly became the stuff…
The Marriage of Figaro (or the Follies of a Day)

Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (author)

The second of 3 plays Beaumarchais wrote about a master-servant relationship, Count Almaviva and Figaro, during the social upheavals on the eve of the French revolution. In this play they become rivals for the affections of Suzanne.

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Marriage, Cake, and the Paradox of Twelfth Night

By: Lucie Alden

It shouldn’t be surprising chez Shakespeare, but whenever I pick up Twelfth Night, I am amazed by the continual invitation to play – the ludic dare to experiment with gender, sexuality, crossdressing, feasting, drinking, and social…

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Marvel’s Eternals and Miltonic Euhemerism: Making Gods

By: Garth Bond

The Eternals, the latest installment in the Marvel cinematic universe, premiered this weekend. While the Marvel universe has not been incorporated into the Online Library of Liberty—surely a temporary oversight—one of the film’s…

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Mavericks: Soaring to New Heights with Pete Mitchell and David Hume

By: Caroline Breashears

This summer's Top Gun: Maverick blasted past other films in U.S. theaters and continues its path around the globe. There are many reasons for its financial success—it's now the ninth-highest grossing film in domestic box office…

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Measure for Measure: Duke Vincentio as Impartial Spectator

By: Lucie Alden

A trusted legal system with recognized property rights is one of, if not the, most critical precondition for national wealth accumulation, causing musings over private and public interests to quickly seep from economic into legal…
A Midsummer-Night’s Dream

William Shakespeare (author)

A Midsummer Night’s Dream is one of Shakespeare’s most performed comedies.Fairy magic, feuding pairs of lovers, and a bumbling amateur theater troupe combine to produce comedy, romance, and a little mayhem. This edition comes from…

THE READING ROOM

Milton’s Poetry and Prose: From the Liberty Fund Rare Book Room

By: Sarah Skwire

Given that today is the birthday of one of the greatest writers of English prose and poetry, John Milton, I pulled a few of Milton's works from the shelves of Pierre Goodrich's collection in Liberty Fund's rare book room. The first…

Milton, John (1608-1674)

Related Links:

Works by John Milton

Source: Areopagitica, with a Commentary by Sir Richard C. Jebb and with Supplementary Material (Cambridge at the University Press, 1918).

LIFE OF MILTON1

Milton’s life falls into these…

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Miltonheimer

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

For the past few weeks the conversation about movies in America—and around much of the rest of the world, for that matter—has been dominated by two films that have turned out to be two of the biggest hits in years: Christopher Nolan…

THE READING ROOM

Miltonheimer Two, The Sequel

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

In Paradise Lost, Raphael makes an account to Adam about the war between the good angels and the rebel angels that took place in Heaven prior to his and Eve’s creation. The archangel tells Adam that Satan, frustrated by his…
The Miscellaneous Writings of Lord Macaulay, in 2 vols.

Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (author)

A two volume collection of Macaulay’s essays. The first volume contains his essays from Knight’s Quarterly Magazine written during the mid-1820s. The second volume contains essays published in the Edinburgh Review in the 1830s and…

Miscellaneous Writings, vol. 1

Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (author)

The first volume of a two volume collection of Macaulay’s essays. The first volume contains his essays from Knight’s Quarterly Magazine written during the mid-1820s. The second volume contains essays published in the Edinburgh Review…

Miscellaneous Writings, Vol.2

Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (author)

The second volume of a two volume collection of Macaulay’s essays. The first volume contains his essays from Knight’s Quarterly Magazine written during the mid-1820s. The second volume contains essays published in the Edinburgh…

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Misguided Perception and Self-Righteous Judgment in Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing

By: David V. Urban

Like so many of Shakespeare’s comedies, Much Ado About Nothing comes perilously close to becoming a tragedy before being rescued by the mitigating graces of providential serendipity and human forgiveness. A series of entirely…

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Misreading Dostoyevsky on Moral Responsibility

By: Richard Gunderman

A 2018 article in the American Medical Association’s Journal of Ethics entitled, “Clinicians’ Need for an Ecological Approach to Violence Reduction” presents an illuminating example of moral overreach, apparently inspired by a line…

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Moll Flanders and the Pursuit of Happiness

By: Caroline Breashears

Among Daniel Defoe's masterpieces is Moll Flanders, published in 1722 with a long eighteenth-century title that seems to reveal everything but the protagonist's petticoat:
The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders,…

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Nefarious Letters: the Rhetoric of the Diabolic in “Nefarious”

By: Nathaniel Birzer

The comparison of the new movie “Nefarious” and the book it is based on, The Nefarious Plot, to C.S. Lewis’ TheScrewtape Letters is hardly original. It is, however, largely superficial, by which I mean that most reviews do not…

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No Such Thing as a Free Salad Chez Shakespeare

By: Lucie Alden

Though William Shakespeare may have wished it otherwise, there was no such thing as a free lunch or, in Jack Cade’s terms, a “sallet” in the bard’s garden. Conversations of self-interest and social distribution pervade Henry VI,…

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Obfuscating John Milton’s Paradise Lost

By: David V. Urban

As Caroline Breashears has recently discussed, John Milton (1608-74) was a prominent champion of the freedom of the press, something he most famously exhibited in his 1644 tract Areopagitica. But Milton’s own writings were and…

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Odysseus’s Descent into the Underworld

By: Alexander Schmid

Approximately halfway through his journey home from Troy, Odysseus is told that he must descend into the Underworld. Curiously, when Odysseus is told this, his first reaction is to cry (Ody.10.496-500). One might interpret this as…
Oeuvres complètes d’Éstienne de la Boétie

Etienne de la Boétie (author)

A late 19th century colletcion of Boetie’s Works with a long introductory essay. It contains Boétie’s best known work, the “Discourse of Voluntary Servitude” where he explores why the majority too often willingly capitulates to the…

An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic

Gilgamesh (author)

The book contains two fragments of a Babylonian version of the Gilgamesh epic, the Pennsylvanian tablet” and the “Yale table”, with translation, commentary and images of the tablets.

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OLL’s August Birthday: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (August 28, 1749 – March 22, 1832)

By: Peter Carl Mentzel

August’s featured birthday is Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. A true polymath, he was a playwright, poet, novelist, scientist, and statesman who had an impact in all of those fields and emerged as probably the most influential writer in…

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OLL’s December Birthday: John Milton (December 9, 1608 – November 8, 1674)

By: Peter Carl Mentzel

December’s OLL Birthday essay is in honor of the poet, statesman, and political philosopher John Milton, considered by many to be the most important author in the English language. His deeply idiosyncratic personal, political, and…

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OLL’s July Birthday: Francesco Petrarch (July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374)

By: Peter Carl Mentzel

July’s featured birthday is Francesco Petrarca, usually rendered into English as Petrarch. A scholar, poet, and churchman, he is regarded as one of the first humanists and is sometimes even called the “Father of the Renaissance.”…

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OLL’s June Birthday: Harriet Martineau

By: Peter Carl Mentzel

June’s birthday is the British liberal social theorist, writer, and political activist Harriet Martineau (born June 12, 1802). Often described as the first female sociologist, Martineau wrote on a wide variety of subjects such as…

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OLL’s May Birthday: Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803-April 27, 1882)

By: Peter Carl Mentzel

May’s OLL Birthday essay is dedicated to the American essayist and poet, Ralph Waldo Emerson. Through his life of lecturing and writing, Emerson was a tireless supporter of the dignity and freedom of every individual.

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OLL’s September Birthday: Samuel Johnson (September 18, 1709 – December 13, 1784)

By: Peter Carl Mentzel

September’s OLL Birthday essay is in honor of Samuel Johnson, essayist, lexicographer, poet, moralist, and critic who has been called “the most distinguished man of letters in English history” and “The Great Cham of Literature.”

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On Dante’s Paradiso: Venus, Predestination, and Art

By: Alexander Schmid

In the eighth canto of Dante’s Paradiso, now in the third sphere of Venus, one witnesses a discussion of how Nature, or the embodied Spirit or Will of God, does not actually distinguish between the individuality of people. It sees…

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On Geryon’s Spiral Flight: Fraud

By: Alexander Schmid

Behold the beast who bears the pointed tail,who crosses mountains, shatters weapons, walls!Behold the one whose stench fills all the world!

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On Revisions and Revenge: The Films of Quentin Tarantino

By: Nathaniel Birzer

Tales of bloody vengeance are among the oldest of all stories. Look no further than Orestes, Hamlet, or any number of Norse Sagas. Laws against vengeance and blood feuds exist as far back as the earliest recorded law, the Code of…

One Fell Swoop: Reading All of Shakespeare’s Plays

Our new series of Shakespeare Virtual Reading Groups will explore all of Shakespeare's plays over the course of about 3 years. We'll look at one play a month, with Liberty Fund's Sarah Skwire leading one 90 minute discussion for each…

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One Way Out–Andor’s Critique of Fascism

By: Thomas David Bunting

What is the nature of power and accountability in a fascist regime? The new Star Wars television show Andor is interested in interrogating this question and especially the ways that unaccountable power undermines itself.

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“Out, damned spot.” Out Shakespeare.

By: Lucie Alden

When it comes to why Thomas Bowdler felt the need to “censor” Shakespeare’s Macbeth in 1807, the answer is pretty easy: it features a lady cursing.

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Paradise Lost, Perhaps the Greatest English Poem. Banned for 216 Years

By: Walter Donway

Paradise Lost, published more than 350 years ago (1667), is still almost routinely characterized as the greatest poem in English. More guardedly, it is called “the greatest epic poem.” (Yes, there are others, such as Beowulf,…
The Book of Job (KJV)

Job (author)

Job is the central character in an ancient story written down as the Book of Job in either the fifth or sixth century B.C. This work is acclaimed as one of the great masterpieces of early literature and a fundamental commentary on…

The Book of Psalms (KJV)

King David (contributor)

A collection of 150 songs, prayers, and other compositions which make up the 19th book of the Old Testament. Traditionally ascribed to King David, the Psalms have played an important role for millennia in religious ceremonies in…

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Passion and Virtue in Edgar Rice Burroughs’ Martians

By: Nathaniel Birzer

Of the most famous and influential of the early pulp writers, Edgar Rice Burroughs is now, sadly, probably the least known, despite his vast influence on major science-fiction pop culture figures such as George Lucas and Ray…

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Perverse Machinations, Providential Results: Autolycus in Shakespeaere’s The Winter’s Tale

By: David V. Urban

Shakespeare’s romance The Winter’s Tale depicts the consequences of unfounded mistrust and accusation, the healing results of charity and forgiveness, and the overarching notion that the world is governed by a benevolent Providence…

Petrarch

Related Links:

Petrarch

Source: Introduction to Some Love Songs of Petrarch, translated and annotated with a Biographical Introduction by William Dudley Foulke (Oxford University Press, 1915).

INTRODUCTION AND BIOGRAPHY

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Phillis Wheatley: A First

By: Susan Love Brown

Being first holds a significant place in American culture, for Americans love being Number One, being winners, being the First. For African Americans, being a first has a somewhat different meaning – it signifies another barrier…
The Philosophical Works of David Hume, vol. 3 (Essays Moral, Political, and Literary) (1828 ed.)

David Hume (author)

An 1828 edition of the Essays, Moral, Political and Literary.

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Pilgrim’s Progress: From the Liberty Fund Rare Book Room

By: Sarah Skwire

I have, I must confess, romantic and childish notions about John Bunyan's great 1678 allegorical novel, The Pilgrim's Progress. Undoubtedly my notions date from my reading of Little Women when I was a teen. Louisa May Alcott adapts…

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Play—in the Classics?

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

When we think of the classics, we usually think of long, sober epic works of literature that address very serious themes—war, individual and societal turmoil, vengeance, treachery, and tragedy.
The Poems and Glossary (Oxford ed.)

William Shakespeare (author)

This section contains Shakespeare’s major poems such as Venus and Adonis, The Rape of Lucrece, A Lover’s Complaint, The Passionate Pilgrim, and the Phoenix and the Turtle, as well as the Sonnets.

The Poems and Fragments

Hesiod (author)

A collection of Hesiod’s poems and fragments, including Theogony which are stories of the gods, and the Works and Days which deals with peasant life.

The Poetical Works of John Milton

John Milton (author)

A modern edition of the major poems of Milton. It contains the shorter poems, Paradise Lost and Regained, and Samson Agonistes.

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Political Animals: Hesiod’s Hawk and Nightingale

By: Sarah Skwire

Recently, I was putting together a course on George Orwell's Animal Farm. Naturally, I got distracted and began researching the beast fables that provided Orwell with some of the background literary inspiration for his work. I had…

Pope, Alexander: A Biographical Sketch

Related Links:

Alexander Pope

Source: The Complete Poetical Works of Alexander Pope. Cambridge Edition, ed. Henry W. Boynton (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1903). BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.

Copyright: The text is…

Posthumous Poems (1824)

Percy Bysshe Shelley (author)

A volume of poems published after Shelley’s death in 1822 with a preface by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley.

Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley in 2 vols. (1906)

Percy Bysshe Shelley (author)

A 2 volume collection of prose writings. Vol. 1 includes 2 youthful prose romances, the Refutation of Deism, his Declaration of Rights, an essay on electoral reform, and other short pieces. Vol. 2 includes A Defence of Poetry, On a…

Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley vol. 1 (1906)

Percy Bysshe Shelley (author)

Vol. 1 of a 2 volume collection of prose writings, including 2 youthful prose romances, the Refutation of Deism, his Declaration of Rights, an essay on electoral reform, and other short pieces.

Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley vol. 2 (1906)

Percy Bysshe Shelley (author)

Vol. 2 of a 2 volume collection of prose writings. Vol. 2 includes A Defence of Poetry, On a Future State, Speculations on Metaphysics, and Letters from Italy.

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“Put money in thy purse”: Shakespeare and Investment

By: Lucie Alden

Much like Prince Hal in Henry IV, Part I, Shakespeare understood that with reward, comes risk and with individual risk and reward, come certain inequities. Shakespeare’s status as a rational, cautious investor distinguished him from…
The Ramayana and the Mahabharata

Mahabharata (author)

A condensed version (in verse) of two Indian classics of religious poetry.

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Reading A Room of One’s Own: Parts 1&2

By: Janet Bufton

Everyone wants to have read Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own. Nowhere near as many have read it. I got to it (finally) in 2021. Read along with me, it’s past time.

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Reading A Room of One’s Own: Parts 3&4

By: Janet Bufton

Returning to A Room of One’s Own, we find ourselves in the home—the room—of Woolf’s narrator, Mary. Having made her observations out in the world, she returns here to tease out and develop her thoughts. Disappointed with her trip to…

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Reading A Room of One’s Own: Parts 5&6

By: Janet Bufton

In the concluding chapters of A Room of One’s Own, Woolf returns her narrator, Mary, to the present. Woolf then, finally, lends her own voice to the piece.

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Realism and Liturgy: Robert Eggers’s The Northman

By: Nathaniel Birzer

Robert Eggers’s newest film, The Northman, is a phenomenal movie…provided you know what you are in for. The film’s advertising, apparently, did not, selling it as another gritty and gray ‘realistic’ medieval movie. The film’s…
The Representation of Business in English Literature

John Blundell (foreword)

In The Representation of Business in English Literature, five scholars of different periods of English literature produce original essays on how business and businesspeople have been portrayed by novelists, starting in the eighteenth…

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Ridley Scott’s The Last Duel and Kurosawa’s Rashomon

By: Nathaniel Birzer

Many popular articles have noted the similarities in structure between Ridley Scott’s The Last Duel and the classic Kurosawa film Rashomon, and a few articles have addressed the historical truths which informed the movie and the…

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Robert Burns and the Theory of Moral Sentiments

By: Walter Donway

As a young man, Robert Burns read Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments and expressed his reaction in the strongest terms in his “commonplace book”—a personal journal not intended for publication, but obviously not destroyed by…

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Romantic Women Writers

By: Tracey S. Rosenberg

Biography can be an excellent introduction to writers who have fallen into obscurity, and whose work is difficult to obtain or too slight to be a collected body of work. Kudos to Lucasta Miller and Frances Wilson for reconstructing…
The Sacred Books of China: The Texts of Confucianism. Part I

Confucius (author)

Part of a collection of volumes dealing with the works of the Confucian School. This volume contains collections of historical documents, the poetry known as the Shih King, and the classic of filial piety.

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Santa Claus in Purgatory

By: Alexander Schmid

Though Dante Alighieri is well known for his Inferno and the fact that he was happy to include bishops, popes, and kings in it, it would surprise many readers to hear that he included Santa Claus in his infernal masterpiece too.

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Scandalous Fictions, Novel Liaisons

By: Garth Bond

From: Garth BondDate: Tuesday, February 15, 2022 at 8:06 PMTo: Caroline Breashears
Cc: OLLSubject: Dangerous Reading Room Liaisons

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Scandalous Liaisons: Narratives about One Class for the Instruction of Others

By: Caroline Breashears

Sex scandals are rarely just about sex. From the Mary Anne Clarke affair of 1809 to the recent trial of Ghislaine Maxwell, the real issue is power. What are the elite really doing? How do they abuse their position and wealth at the…

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Schiller’s Ode to Joy, and Beethoven’s

By: Gary McGath

On December 24 and 25, 1989, Leonard Bernstein led concerts celebrating the fall of the Berlin Wall. They included Ludwig van Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, in which solo singers and a chorus present part of Friedrich Schiller’s “An…
Schiller’s Works Illustrated by Great German Artists, Vol. 1

Johann Georg Fischer (editor)

A lavishly illustrated English edition of Schiller’s poems and plays.

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Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18

By: Alexander Schmid

William Shakespeare’s 18th sonnet begins with one of the strongest one-two punches in lyric poetry. The first line asks the question, “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”

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Shakespeare’s The Rape of Lucrece

By: Freya Johnston

Disturbed and compelled by the power of storytelling that it exemplifies, The Rape of Lucrece gives its heroine not only physical beauty and chastity but formidable rhetorical skills.

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Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

A facsimile edition of the complete plays of Shakespeare, taken from the First Folio edition of 1623 and with a modern introduction by the Shakespeare Scholar Sidney Lee.

Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

Sir Sidney Lee (editor)

A facsimile edition of the complete plays of Shakespeare, taken from the First Folio edition of 1623 and with a modern introduction by the Shakespeare Scholar Sidney Lee.

The Tempest (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Thought to be one of Shakespeare’s latest plays, The Tempest is haunted by magic and by images of humans at their best and their worst. Many critics read Prospero’s farewell to his books at the play’s end as conveying, in some way,…

The two Gentlemen of Verona (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Possibly Shakespeare’s earliest, and definitely one of his least popular plays, Two Gentlemen of Verona winds its way through young love, betrayal, violence, treachery, and even pirates before settling on a happy ending. This is a…

The Merry Wives of Windsor (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Theatrical tradition (probably spurious) has it that Shakespeare wrote Merry Wives of Windsor in response to Queen Elizabeth’s demand to see a play with Falstaff in love. This is a facsimile edition of the play from the First Folio…

Measure for Measure (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Measure for Measure considers questions of law, justice, and the nature of promises and vows. Like The Merchant of Venice it is one of Shakespeare’s legal plays, with a trial scene at the peak of the action. This is a facsimile…

The Comedy of Errours (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors is a comic farce about two identical sets of twins and their misadventures. This is a facsimile edition of the play from the First Folio edition of 1623.

Much adoo about Nothing (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Charles I famously crossed the title Much Ado About Nothing off his copy of the play and replaced it with “Beatrice and Benedick.” But entertaining and moving as these two bantering lovers are, it is the dangerous, near-tragic…

Loves Labour lost (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Written for an educated, courtly audience, performed for Elizabeth I, Love’s Labour’s Lost is one of Shakespeare’s most linguistically spectacular comedies. This is a facsimile edition of the play from the First Folio edition of…

Midsommer Nights Dreame (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

A Midsummer Night’s Dream is one of Shakespeare’s most performed comedies.Fairy magic, feuding pairs of lovers, and a bumbling amateur theater troupe combine to produce comedy, romance, and a little mayhem. This is a facsimile…

The Merchant of Venice (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

The Merchant of Venice famously depicts the bargain between Antonio and Shylock to secure a monetary loan with the promise of “a pound of flesh” if the loan is not repaid. In doing so, it explores the complex issues of religion,…

As you Like it (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

The physical action of As You LIke It, where Rosalind and Celia are exiled from their home into the forest mirrors the psychological action, as characters find their way through confusion and pain to love and happiness. This is a…

The Taming of the Shrew (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

The Taming of the Shrew and its story of an overbearing husband taming a shrewish wife may not have aged particularly well, but critics have long debated how seriously it is meant to be taken, and whether or not Kate may be in on the…

All is well, that Ends well (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

All’s Well that Ends Well has defied categorization for centuries. The winning of a reluctant husband by an over-eager bride, and the subsequent bed-trick that secures their continued marriage are morally complicated in ways that…

Twelfe Night, or what you will (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

One of Shakespeare’s comedies. A facsimile edition of the play from the First Folio edition of 1623.

The Winters Tale (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Like Much Ado About Nothing and Othello, the plot of The Winter’s Tale turns on false accusations against a faithful woman. This is a facsimile edition of the play from the First Folio edition of 1623.

The Life and Death of King John (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

The contest for the crown at the center of King John is a bloody and violent one, with a surprising hero in the figure of the illegitimate Richard Plantagenet. This is a facsimile edition of the play from the First Folio edition of…

The Life and Death of Richard the Second (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Richard II is a puzzling play about a puzzling historical figure. Is Richard II a weak king who is shamefully deposed? Is he a noble king who chooses to abdicate to spare his people the horrors of war? This is a…

The First part of King Henry the fourth (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s King Henry IV, Part One focuses not only on powerful political drama, but on the way that political drama is echoed in the relationship of a father and son. Henry IV has risked everything, including his soul, to take…

The Second part of King Henry the fourth (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Henry IV, Part Two continues the complicated political and family dynamics that marked Henry IV, Part One. This play, though, provides a lesson in the power of diplomacy in the place of battle. This is a facsimile edition of the play…

The Life of King Henry the Fift (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

One of Shakespeare’s most popular plays, Henry V has spoken to generation after generation because its complex view of military action has allowed for each generation of readers to interpret the play’s stance on war according to…

The First part of King Henry the Sixt (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s three plays about Henry VI trace the tumultuous years of the Wars of the Roses, as the houses of York (whose symbol was a white rose) and Lancaster (symbolized by a red rose) battled for the crown of England. This is a…

The Second part of King Henry the Sixt (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

One of Shakespeare’s history plays. A facsimile edition of the play from the First Folio edition of 1623.

The Third part of King Henry the Sixt (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s three plays about Henry VI trace the tumultuous years of the Wars of the Roses, as the houses of York (whose symbol was a white rose) and Lancaster (symbolized by a red rose) battled for the crown of England. This is a…

The Life and Death of Richard the Third (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Richard III is a compelling portrait of the lengths to which ambition can drive a man. But is the play–despite its popularity–merely Tudor propaganda? This is a facsimile edition of the play from the First Folio edition…

The Life of King Henry the Eight (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Henry VIII may be best known not for its plot or poetry, but because during one of its earliest performances a cannon, shot for special effects, caught the theater’s thatched roof on fire, and the Globe burned to the…

Troylus and Cresida (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Troilus and Cressida sits uneasily somewhere between comedy and tragedy. The tale of young lovers, set against the backdrop of the Trojan War is often driven by satire and humor, but the play’s end is unsettlingly dark. This is a…

The Tragedy of Coriolanus (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Coriolanus is a dramatic tragedy about a hero who is famously resistant to theatricality and performance as a part of political life. It takes on the question of whether one’s deeds should be enough to secure one’s…

Titus Andronicus (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus is famously the bloodiest and most violent of Shakespeare’s often bloody and violent tragedies. ts horrors reflect the collapse and decay of the Roman empire and the fear that failure inspired in…

Romeo and Juliet (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet may be his most familiar play. Its tragic story of young love gone awry in a world of family conflict is a perennial favorite, and has inspired endless imitators. This is a facsimile edition of the play…

Timon of Athens (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

One of Shakespeare’s tragedies. A facsimile edition of the play from the First Folio edition of 1623.

The Life and Death of Julius Caesar (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is the best known and most widely read of his Roman plays. Its portraits of ambition, loyalty, and treachery remain evergreen. The funeral orations by Brutus and Mark Antony remain some of Shakespeare’s…

The Tragedy of Macbeth (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Macbeth explores questions of fate, free will, and tyranny. This is a facsimile edition of the play from the First Folio edition of 1623.

The Tragedy of Hamlet (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Hamlet is one of the great English language tragedies. It wrangles with themes of revenge, despair, indecision, and mortality and questions about the place of the individual human being in the sweep of larger events.…

King Lear (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s King Lear may be his greatest tragedy. It presents a dark picture of aging, of an uncaring universe, and the dangers of an unstable king struggling to understand his own power. This is a facsimile edition of the play…

Othello, the Moore of Venice (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Othello has always been an interesting play, but its considerations of race, rank, and romance may have become more interesting as our cultural contexts have changed around it. This is a facsimile edition of the play…

Anthony and Cleopatra (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra is a famously difficult play to stage. It’s complicated plot and constant shifting of scenes make the action hard to follow. It may now be as well known for the flop starring Elizabeth Taylor, and…

Cymbeline King of Britaine (facs. 1st Folio 1623)

William Shakespeare (author)

Shakespeare’s Cymbeline is one of his least-performed plays. Its retelling of a famous tale from Boccaccio explores themes of marriage, seduction, trust, and women’s honor that are frequent focuses of other plays, like Othello and…

Shakespeares Sonnets (facs. ed. 1609 )

William Shakespeare (author)

A facsimile of the original 1609 edition of all of Shakespeare’s sonnets and A Lover’s Complaint accompanied by a lengthy scholarly introduction.

Shakespeare’s Plutarch, 2 vols.

Sir Thomas North (translator)

A 2 volume selection of the works of Plutarch which Shakespeare used in the writing of Julius Caesar, Anthony and Cleopatra, and Coriolanus.

Shakespeare’s Plutarch, Vol. I (containing the main sources of Julius Caesar)

Sir Thomas North (translator)

Vol. 1 of a 2 volume selection of the works of Plutarch which Shakespeare used in the writing of Julius Caesar, Anthony and Cleopatra, and Coriolanus. Vol. I contains the main sources of Julius Caesar.

Shakespeare’s Plutarch, Vol. 2

Sir Thomas North (translator)

Vol. 2 of a 2 volume selection of the works of Plutarch which Shakespeare used in the writing of Julius Caesar, Anthony and Cleopatra, and Coriolanus. Vol. 2 contains the main sources of Anthony and Cleopatra and of Coriolanus.

Shakespeare’s Sonnets And A Lover’s Complaint

William Shakespeare (author)

A good modern edition of all of Shakespeare’s sonnets and A Lover’s Complaint accompanied by a scholarly introduction and notes on the poems.

THE READING ROOM

Shelley’s “Ode to Liberty” Infuriated Reviewers—but Made J. S. Mill Weep

By: Walter Donway

It was dangerous age to publish poetry. Imagine a poem, today, attacked as subversive and “as wicked as anything that ever reached the world”—a poem by a poet who today is in the pantheon of English Romantic poetry. Any poet of our…
The Shi King, the Old “Poetry Classic” of the Chinese

Confucius (author)

The Shih Ching (The book of poetry) predates Confucius by some three centuries, although he is often credited with arranging it into its current form sometime around 520 B.C. This work is a compilation of some three hundred verses of…

THE READING ROOM

Shooting from Mercury to Venus: On Dante’s Paradiso

By: Alexander Schmid

How can just vengeance itself receive a just punishment? This is the major question in the seventh canto of Dante’s Paradiso. In this second sphere of heaven, named Mercury, those who sought worldly fame and the active life at the…

THE READING ROOM

Shylock on Rats and Rational Choice

By: Lucie Alden

Written less than a decade after Marlowe’s Jew of Malta, Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice explores many of the same themes.
Some Love Songs

Francesco Petrarch (author)

A collection of 49 poems, mostly love poems to his friend Laura.

THE READING ROOM

Something New for Shakespeare at the OLL

By: Sarah Skwire

We don’t actually know for sure what day Shakespeare was born. We know that he was baptized on April 26, 1564, and since infants were generally baptized within three days of birth, he was probably not born any earlier than April…
The Story of Burnt Njal

Rasmus B. Anderson (editor)

A translation of the Icelandic saga, the main character of which is Burnt Njal, which was first written down in the 13th century.

THE READING ROOM

Symbolism in Homer’s Odyssey: On the Blindness of Polyphemos

By: Alexander Schmid

During Book IX of Homer’s Odyssey, Odysseus tells the so-called “cyclops episode.” Odysseus gets himself into trouble looking for a "guest-gift" from a man with a savage and wild nature, who also happens to be a giant, man-eating…

THE READING ROOM

T.S. Eliot’s Merging of the Classical and the Christian in Drama

By: Nathaniel Birzer

T.S. Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral is perhaps one of the best mergings of the Classical and the Christian traditions in dramatic form that I have ever encountered. Though the subject matter is indisputably Christian, the form of…
The Tale of Beowulf, sometime King of the Folk of the Weder Geats

Alfred John Wyatt (translator)

An English translation of the tale. Beowulf is one of the first literary masterpieces of the English language, written in Old English in the eleventh century. The story itself is thought to have been originally composed sometime…

THE READING ROOM

Teleporting From the Moon to Mercury: Dante’s Paradiso

By: Alexander Schmid

Today we consider Cantos 5-6 from Dante’s Paradiso and finish Dante's time with the Oath Breakers and Unfulfilled vowers from the Sphere of the Moon (Constance and Piccarda). We will then shoot up "like an arrow that strikes the…

THE READING ROOM

The Banning of the Bard

By: Gary McGath

William Shakespeare’s plays have been performed in many ways. They’ve been translated into nearly every language on Earth and at least one “alien” language (Klingon). Sometimes they have undergone serious changes. Legal requirements…

THE READING ROOM

The Birth of English (and Roman) Tragedy: Camilla, Diana, and The Aeneid

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

A few weeks ago we were all witnesses to history when we watched the longest heir-to-the-throne-in-waiting in British history finally ascend the throne in his seventy-fourth year of life. But it wasn’t only King Charles III who made…

THE READING ROOM

The Carnival of the Soul in Ray Bradbury’s Tales of the Macabre

By: Nathaniel Birzer

“THE OCTOBER COUNTRY …that country where it is always turning late in the year. That country where the hills are fog and the rivers are mist; where noons go quickly, dusks and twilights linger, and midnights stay. That country…

THE READING ROOM

The Deadweight Loss of the Magi

By: Sarah Skwire and Amy Willis

Last year, Sarah Skwire and Amy Willis got together to discuss two famous Christmas stories by Charles Dickens. This year, they did some thinking about the equally classic Christmas story, "The Gift of the Magi," by O. Henry. It's a…

THE READING ROOM

The Duke’s Deceit in Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure

By: David V. Urban

In Act 4, Scene 1 of Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure, Duke Vincentio of Vienna, disguised as a friar, succeeds in his aim to convince Mariana, the jilted fiancée of his self-righteous and hypocritical deputy Angelo, to trick…

THE READING ROOM

The Education of Coriolanus Snow

By: Caroline Breashears

Frankenstein's monster evokes little wonder in the fall when he lurches across our television screens or stands on our front porches demanding candy. We expect Mary Shelley's creature around Halloween. What is startling is to find…

THE READING ROOM

The Enlightenment of Robert Burns

By: Walter Donway

Many a literary critic classifies the (unofficial) national bard of Scotland, Robert Burns, as a poet of the Romantic Movement. It is easy to see why. His poetry deals with nature and those living and working close to it; embraces…

THE READING ROOM

The Fairy Godmother and the Invisible Hand: Jane Marcet’s Economic Tales

By: Caroline Breashears

Fairy tales have long conveyed lessons about morality, survival, and even success. Charles Perrault's "Cinderella; or, The Little Glass Slipper" (1697), for instance, illustrates the values of not only kindness and grace but…

THE READING ROOM

The First Walpurgis Night

By: Gary McGath

Concert music from before the twentieth century that sympathetically treats pagan religions suffering from Christian persecution is rare. Felix Mendelssohn’s cantata based on Goethe’s Die erste Walpurgisnacht (the first Walpurgis…

THE READING ROOM

The Flame and Cycle of Civilization in Robert E. Howard’s Weird Fiction

By: Nathaniel Birzer

“His knowledge was a reeking blasphemy which would never let rest…He had looked on ultimate foulness, and his knowledge was a taint because of which he could never stand clean before men again or touch the flesh of any living thing…

THE READING ROOM

The Freedom of Poets 2: Thomas Wyatt and Petrarch

By: Garth Bond

Shannon Chamberlain, in her Reading Room post on the character of Thomas Wyatt in Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Halltrilogy, offers a lovely reading of the historical Wyatt’s brilliant sonnet, “Whoso List to Hunt.”

THE READING ROOM

The Freedom of Poets: Thomas Wyatt as a Character in Wolf Hall

By: Shannon Chamberlain

Sir Thomas Wyatt, a Tudor courtier, the first English translator of Petrarch’s sonnets, and a famous poet in his own right, is a supporting but important character in Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Hall novels. Mantel first introduces him…

THE READING ROOM

The Green Knight: Romance isn’t Dead

By: Garth Bond

David Lowery’s film adaptation of the 14th Century alliterative romance, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, is a thoughtful and provocative response to its source, at once more faithful and more innovative than previous film versions.…

THE READING ROOM

The Knight’s Tale and its Critics: Chaucer’s Response to Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy

By: Nathaniel Birzer

At the heart of Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales lies the Challenge, the thing which draws out the innermost being of each of the characters, revealing a piece of their souls to their fellow pilgrims and sparking the wide-ranging…

THE READING ROOM

The Law and the Lady: A Book Discussion

By: Sarah Skwire

The Law and the Lady is a much neglected Victorian legal gothic novel. Written by one of Charles Dickens's closest friends, Wilkie Collins, the novel is a forerunner of today's popular detective and legal thriller genres. In fact,…

THE READING ROOM

The Leaders We Need, or the Leaders We Deserve?: Notions of the “Demos” in Coriolanus

By: Michael C. Munger

When I am teaching about the problem of legitimate political authority, I always start with the First Book of Samuel, from the Hebrew Bible. The story is a debate over the nature of law, obligation, and leadership. Israel was at the…

THE READING ROOM

The Logic of Desire: From Homer’s Odyssey to Alice in Wonderland

By: Alexander Schmid

When one idly day-dreams one frequently imagines how things might be different. What if the clouds were red? What if I had a million dollars, tax-free? What if I did not have to wake up at 5 a.m. during the week? Generally, one…

THE READING ROOM

The Magic of Merchants in The Arabian Nights

By: Garth Bond

In a previous visit to the Reading Room, I made a case for The Arabian Nights as an anti-epic embodying the commercial values of medieval and early modern Islamic silk road merchants. Today, I want to talk a bit about the actual…

THE READING ROOM

The Marriage of Figaro: Banned in France

By: Gary McGath

“So it will never be performed?” said the queen. “Certainly not,” said Louis XVI. “You may be sure of that.”

THE READING ROOM

The Odyssey: From the Liberty Fund Rare Book Room

By: Sarah Skwire

One of Pierre Goodrich's long time hobbies was making reading lists of recommended reading for a well-rounded, well-educated person. He made (at least) one while planning Liberty Fund. He made one for undergraduates at Wabash…

THE READING ROOM

The Phaeacians and the Cyclopes

By: Alexander Schmid

In Book VIII of Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus begins relating the story of his adventurous journey from Troy to the Phaeacian court. During his account, which spans Books VIII-XII, Odysseus famously tells of his dealings with the…

THE READING ROOM

The Poet as Intellectual: How the Romantics Took on Thomas Malthus

By: Walter Donway

The Romantics—Coleridge, Wordsworth, Southey, Shelley, and a dozen others—are probably the poets whose names we recall best from school. As a movement in English language poetry, Romanticism towers over all others and still…

THE READING ROOM

The political philosophy of Tolkien

By: Gary McGath

J. R. R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings presents several societies with different approaches to government. The most prominent include the idyllic Shire, the grand realm of Gondor, the hardy kingdom of Rohan, and the absolute…

THE READING ROOM

The Praise of Folly

By: James Hartley

“If someone should attempt to take off the masks and costumes of the actors in a play and show to the audience their real appearances, would he not ruin the whole play?… For what else is the life of man but a kind of play in which…

THE READING ROOM

The Return of Oral Story-telling: a review of Critical Role’s The Legend of Vox Machina

By: Nathaniel Birzer

From Homer to the medieval romances, the tradition of telling tales aloud to an audience around a fire, either read from a book or performed from memory by a bard, has long been a part of the Western literary tradition, as has the…

THE READING ROOM

The Screwtape Letters: From the Liberty Fund Rare Book Room

By: Sarah Skwire

I will confess that I decided to take a look at Pierre Goodrich's 1948 copy of The Screwtape Letters by C.S. Lewis because it's a book I love, and not because this edition is a particularly compelling example of the bookbinder's…

THE READING ROOM

The Spirit of Christmas, Scrooge, and Dante

By: Alexander Schmid

What could possibly connect the spirit of Christmas, A Christmas Carol’s Ebenezer Scrooge, and Dante’s Inferno? Though they are differing representations at the literal level, each work portrays a similar underlying religious…

THE READING ROOM

The Strained Quality of Mercy in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice

By: Lucie Alden

At the end of The Merchant of Venice, Shylock gets himself into quite a legal pickle. Unlike many tragedies (and many proverbial pickles), Shylock’s situation is entirely of his own making –due to his rigid adherence to law, not his…

THE READING ROOM

Thinking about Literature: Not just Good and Evil

By: Carlos Alejandro Noyola Contreras

The story repeats itself every time I teach literature. The discussion about texts, almost inexorably, ends up with students trying to figure out whether the text is 'good' or 'bad'. As if, in the end, as judges on a pedestal, our…

THE READING ROOM

Three Scottish Writers You’ve Probably Never Heard Of But May Want To Discover

By: Tracey S. Rosenberg

The Scottish Enlightenment is a vital part of the history of liberty. The works of Hutcheson, Carmichael, and Smith are foundational to the discussion of a free society. But the Scottish conversation about liberty did not end in the…

THE READING ROOM

Time to Trim the Fat: Prince Hal on self-love

By: Lucie Alden

Written at the end of the sixteenth century, Henry IV, Part I depicts an increasingly commercial, market-driven London, based on transactions, accounting, and imported goods. Harry is not just at ease in this grubby, commercial…
The Tragedies of Sophocles

Sophocles (author)

A collection of Sophocles’ 7 surviving plays including Oedipus Rex and Antigone.

THE READING ROOM

Translations from the Chinese: From the Liberty Fund Rare Book Room

By: Sarah Skwire

Arthur Waley's early 20th century translations opened up the subtle beauties and nuances of classical Chinese poetry to a whole new audience. Still regarded as exceptionally well done, Waley's translations were accurate and erudite,…
Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works

Arthur W. Ryder (translator)

A collection of Sanskrit plays by Kalidasa who influenced late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century European literature. His work is noted for its portrayal of the unity of duty to one’s family, religion, and society and the…

THE READING ROOM

True Nobility: The Wife of Bath’s knight from The Canterbury Tales

By: Anna Leman

“The Wife of Bath’s Tale” spends a significant amount of time discussing the qualifications of nobility. In her monologue to the knight, the old woman characterizes gentility as a grace granted by God shown through virtuous deeds.…

THE READING ROOM

Twelfth Night: Feasting Gone Wrong?

By: Lucie Alden

To drink or not to drink? To laugh or not to laugh? To jest or not to jest? These are the questions that run through Sir Toby Belch’s mind during the entirety of Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night. Yet, beneath his jocular, inebriated…

THE READING ROOM

Twelfth Night: Feasting Gone Wrong?

By: Lucie Alden

To drink or not to drink? To laugh or not to laugh? To jest or not to jest? These are the questions that run through Sir Toby Belch’s mind during the entirety of Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night. Yet, beneath his jocular, inebriated…
Twenty-Five Sonnets of Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (author)

A selection of 25 of Shakespeare’s Sonnets in a bibliophile edition of 1922 from Stratford-upon-Avon and Oxford.

THE READING ROOM

Two Christmas Stories by Dickens: A Discussion

By: Sarah Skwire and Amy Willis

Amy Willis and Sarah Skwire recently took a little time out of all our behind the scene work at Liberty Fund's websites to have a lively and wide-ranging discussion about two Christmas stories by Charles Dickens. We hope you enjoy…

THE READING ROOM

Two Readings of Sinclair Lewis’ It Can’t Happen Here

By: Eric Mack

The presidential election of 2016 rekindled interest in Sinclair Lewis’ prophetic 1935 novel, It Can’t Happen Here. (2014, henceforth ICHH) One hard question about It Can’t Happen Here is, what exactly is the It that Lewis…

THE READING ROOM

Why Shakespeare Should Be Watched

By: Anna Leman

Reading Shakespeare is hard. The syntax is unusual and archaic. The vocabulary is vast and unfamiliar. The characters and plots are complicated and muddy. All in all, Shakespeare is difficult to understand, much less enjoy. However,…

THE READING ROOM

“This Thing of Darkness I Acknowledge Mine”: Prospero and Caliban in The Tempest

By: David V. Urban

In the final act of Shakespeare’s The Tempest, the sorcerer Prospero who is also the usurped (but now restored) Duke of Milan, works to settle his affairs before he returns to Milan. He and his daughter Miranda have lived on a…

THE READING ROOM

Unpersuaded; or, Ten Ways to Lose an Austen Reader

By: Caroline Breashears

It is a truth universally acknowledged that a reader in possession of a Jane Austen novel must be in want of a film adaptation. In fact, such readers want many film adaptations, if not to revisit Austen's world then to have the…
A Vedic Reader for Students

Arthur Anthony Macdonell (translator)

To see the original Sanskrit version of the hymns please see the facsimile PDF version of the text.

THE READING ROOM

Virginia Woolf in the Modern Art Museum: Marginalia of One’s Own

By: Sarah Skwire

I recently had a chance to spend a morning at the Moderna Museet, Stockholm’s museum of modern art. Though I admit to a preference for Medieval and Renaissance art, Stockholm seems to bring out the modernist in me, and I wanted to…

THE READING ROOM

Virtual Reading Group: The House of Mirth and Adam Smith

By: Sarah Skwire

Our friends at Adam Smith Works thought that visitors to the Reading Room might be particularly interested in joining their upcoming Virtual Reading Group on Edith Wharton's House of Mirth and Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations.

THE READING ROOM

Virtue and Wealth in Pride and Prejudice

By: Maia Cummings

Although it is now an iconic title and story, Pride and Prejudice was originally supposed to be entitled “First Impressions”. Despite the name being scrapped, its implications are ever present throughout the novel. It is through…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Quest'anno ricorre il 700 anniversario della morte di Dante. Numerosi eventi sono stati programmati in tutto il mondo, soprattutto nella nativa Italia di Dante, per celebrare l'eredità del Il Sommo poeta. Ma di gran lunga il modo…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita : Inferno, Canto III: Dante Alighieri, Rapsodista della Libertà

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
Dante è finalmente pronto per entrare all'Inferno, o almeno così crede. Giunto all'ingresso dell'Inferno, legge un'iscrizione sulle porte che, racconta a Virgilio, lo fa fermare:

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita : Inferno, Canto IV: Sii discernimento nell'amore

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
Dante e Virgilio lasciano il Limbo e si fanno strada nel secondo girone dell'Inferno. Questo cerchio è di dimensioni più piccole del primo (l'Inferno di Dante ha la forma di un cono…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita: : Inferno, Canto IV, Parte 2: Il posto dell'intelletto nella vita di fede

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
Dante e Virgilio proseguono attraverso una foresta, una foresta di <<fantasmi folti>>. Non molto lontano in questa foresta Dante vede un fuoco divampare nell'oscurità.…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita: Inferno, Canto 1

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
La settimana scorsa abbiamo visto come Dante scrivesse del suo viaggio attraverso l'inferno, il limbo e il paradiso come se si trattasse di un viaggio vero, realmente intrapreso (a…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita: Inferno, Canto I: il viaggio della nostra vita e l'importanza dei classici

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
La scorsa settimana abbiamo iniziato il nostro epico viaggio con Dante accompagnando Dante mentre si perde nei boschi, prima di incontrare il suo idolo letterario Virgilio e…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita: Inferno, Canto II: Il potere delle donne rette la vita

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
Virgilio, sentendo per caso i dubbi di Dante che potrebbe essere indegno per questo viaggio, rimprovera Dante per la sua codardia e cerca di rassicurarlo sul fatto che varrà davvero…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita: Inferno, Canto II: Surmonter le syndrome de l'imposteura vita :

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
Prima che Dante intraprenda il suo viaggio attraverso l'inferno con Virgilio, invoca le muse (gli spiriti classici delle arti, nell'antica Grecia e a Roma) per aiutarlo a ricordare -…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita: Inferno, Canto III, Parte 2: La fallacia della neutralità

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
Mentre Dante e Virgilio entrano nell'anticamera dell'Inferno, Virgilio dice a Dante che tutto il lamento agonizzante che sente sono le voci di coloro che <<visser sanza ‘…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita: Inferno, Canto VI, Parte 2: Fino a che punto si estendono i nostri doveri civici?

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
Proseguendo attraverso il terzo girone dell'Inferno, passiamo con Dante e Virgilio attraverso innumerevoli ombre delle anime dei morti che giacciono nelle pozzanghere sporche,…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita: Inferno, Canto VI: Perché la gola è un peccato?

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
Siamo ora nel terzo girone dell'Inferno con Dante. Ovunque guardi vede nuovi tormenti. Sta piovendo, una pioggia fredda, pesante, senza fine, che si rinnova sempre in forza e…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita: lInferno, Canto IV: Scappando dal limbo

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
Dante viene svegliato da un forte tuono. Si alza in piedi, si guarda intorno e cerca di capire dove si trova. È in piedi sul bordo di una valle profonda, buia e nebbiosa che…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte e la vita:Inferno, Canto IV, Parte 2: Sii discernente nella tua lettura

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
Dante distingue tre singole ombre di <<malfattore carnale>> che vengono verso di lui, lamentandosi e trasportati insieme all'inesorabile uragano. <<Maestro>>,…

THE READING ROOM

Viva Dante 700: Che può insegnarci il Sommo Poeta sul lavoro, l'amore, l'arte. e la vita ,Introduzione, seconda parte

By: Daniel Ross Goodman

Una serie di Reading Room su La Divina Commedia
La scorsa settimana abbiamo iniziato la nostra introduzione alla Divina Commedia di Dante con le prime tre delle sette lezioni generali che possiamo imparare dall'immortale italiano…

THE READING ROOM

Voltaire: The French Enlightenment Is Born

By: Walter Donway

To name Voltaire is to characterize the entire eighteenth century.--Victor Hugo

THE READING ROOM

VRG Extras: Wolf Hall and Hume

By: Christy Lynn Horpedahl

Brother men, you who live after us,Do not harden your hearts against us.-François Villon

THE READING ROOM

“What ‘Severance’ Viewers Get Wrong About Infantilizing Office Perks”

By: Joy Buchanan

A theme in the new TV show Severance is how "perks" serve as incentives at the office.
There are four "data refiners" working in the basement of secretive Lumon Industries. They are supposed to behave according to the corporate…

THE READING ROOM

Walt Whitman: Poet of American Democratic Individualism

By: Walter Donway

Walt Whitman (1819-1892) surely has won the popularity contest as “the greatest American poet” and other accolades beyond counting. The Poetry Foundation writes that “Walt Whitman is America’s world poet—a latter-day successor to…

THE READING ROOM

Welcome to Paradise: Dante’s Paradiso

By: Alexander Schmid

Welcome to Celestial Paradise, otherwise known as the Heaven in Dante’s Paradiso. Yes, that heaven; the heaven, even, for medieval Catholics.

THE READING ROOM

What Irish Enlightenment? The Case of Maria Edgeworth

By: Walter Donway

Pursuing the elusive character of the Irish Enlightenment through its leading figures (so far in this series, John Toland, Jonathan Swift, and George Berkeley), one issue that arises is the historical parameters of the European…

THE READING ROOM

What We Talk About When We Talk About Horror

By: Sarah Skwire and Garth Bond

I recently had the chance to get on a Zoom call with Reading Room blogger and literature professor Garth Bond and with horror movie writer , director, and producer Adam Simon. We decided to get together to talk about horror from the…

THE READING ROOM

What “Irish Enlightenment”? The case of Jonathan Swift

By: Walter Donway

"It is useless to attempt to reason a man out of a thing he was never reasoned into.""Vision is the art of seeing what is invisible to others."--Jonathan Swift

THE READING ROOM

Who Will Watch the Watchmen?

By: Henry T. Edmondson III

Will democracy survive? Recent years have not always brought encouragement. In Lincoln’s memorable phrase the possibility of “government of the people, by the people, for the people” was not a guarantee but a “proposition” yet to be…

THE READING ROOM

Why Bones and All Leaves Readers Hungry

By: Caroline Breashears

Camille DeAngelis's Bones and All, now an award winning film directed by Luca Guadagnino promises a delicious repast for readers interested in horror. Cannibalism, wicked relatives, romantic tension, a road trip, a carnival and a…

THE READING ROOM

Why Marvel’s Black Widow Would Love Mary Wollstonecraft

By: Caroline Breashears

In Marvel's film Black Widow (2021), the Red Guardian (Alexei) praises the achievements of the two women he had pretended to father as part of a Russian sleeper cell: "Yelena, you went on to become the greatest child assassin the…

THE READING ROOM

Why Read Borges?

By: Marcos Falcone

At first glance, the idea that classical liberals throughout the world should learn about the writings of an Argentine man who is well-known for his fiction may seem odd. The works of Jorge Luis Borges, though, are something else.

LIBERTY MATTERS

Why Read the Ancients Today? (November/December 2022)

Roosevelt Montás (contributor)

Why have ancient texts fallen out of favor today? Once read widely- both in homes and schools- texts by "dead white men" are looked upon today with disfavor. Yet some scholars- and readers- insist upon their enduring...

LIBERTY MATTERS

Why Read the Ancients Today? (November/December 2022)

By: Roosevelt Montás, Anika Prather, Aeon J. Skoble, and Jennifer A. Frey

Why have ancient texts fallen out of favor today? Once read widely- both in homes and schools- texts by "dead white men" are looked upon today with disfavor. Yet some scholars- and readers- insist upon their enduring significance,…

THE READING ROOM

Will and Blame in Dante’s Paradiso

By: Alexander Schmid

In the Sphere of the Moon in Dante’s Paradiso, Dante meets two radiant former-nuns who at first seem like “reflections in a deep pool.” So faint are they to him that they are much like a vague thought or reflection one has not yet…

THE READING ROOM

William Blake, the Romantic Revolution, and Liberty

By: Walter Donway

The Romantic poets, long in English poetry’s pantheon, present a paradox. As a movement, they are defined by their emotional power, preoccupation with nature, fascination with the mythic, and their search for the ideal in earlier…

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William Blake: Romantic Poet and Enlightenment Man?

By: Walter Donway

In an article published by the British Library, Stephanie Forward, Ph.D., writes: “In England, the Romantic poets were…inspired by a desire for liberty… There was an emphasis on the importance of the individual; a conviction that…
The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot, 10 vols.

Mrs. Russell Barrington (editor)

This 10 volume collection consists of 9 volumes of Bagehot’s collected writings and a volume of biography.

The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot, vol. 1 (Memoir, Early Essays)

Mrs. Russell Barrington (editor)

This volume contains two memoirs of his life and work and a number of early essays on the French coup d’état of 1851, Coleridge, Shakespeare, and Butler.

The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot, vol. 2 (Historical & Financial Essays)

Mrs. Russell Barrington (editor)

This volume contains essays on Macaulay, Gibbon, Peel, Shelley, and two essays on banking and the currency crisis.

The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot, vol. 3 (Historical & Literary Essays)

Mrs. Russell Barrington (editor)

This volume contains essays on Scott, Dickens, Milton and two on parliamentary reform and the American Constitution.

The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot, vol. 4 (Political, Literary, & Literary Essays)

Mrs. Russell Barrington (editor)

This volume contains essays on Pitt, Bolingbroke, Thackeray, and Cobden.

The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 8 (Letters and Social Aims)

Ralph Waldo Emerson (author)

Vol. 8 of the 12 volume Fireside edition of the works of Emerson.

The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 9 (Poems)

Ralph Waldo Emerson (author)

Vol. 9 of the 12 volume Fireside edition of the works of Emerson.

The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 10 (Lectures and Biographical Sketches)

Ralph Waldo Emerson (author)

Vol. 10 of the 12 volume Fireside edition of the works of Emerson.

The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 11 (Miscellanies)

Ralph Waldo Emerson (author)

Vol. 11 of the 12 volume Fireside edition of the works of Emerson.

The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 12 (Natural History of Intellect and Other Papers)

Ralph Waldo Emerson (author)

Vol. 12 of the 12 volume Fireside edition of the works of Emerson.

The Works of Christopher Marlowe 3 vols.

Arthur Henry Bullen (editor)

A three volume collection of of Marlowe’s plays and poetry.

The Works of Christopher Marlowe vol. 1

Christopher Marlowe (author)

Three of Marlowe’s plays - Tamburlaine parts 1 and 2, and Dr. Faustus.

The Works of Christopher Marlowe, vol. 2

Arthur Henry Bullen (editor)

Vol.2 contains the following plays - the Jew of Malta, Edward the Second, the Massacre at Paris, the Tradegy of Dido.

The Works of Christopher Marlowe, vol. 3 (Poems)

Christopher Marlowe (author)

Vol. 3 contains Hero and Leander and other poetry.

The Works of Voltaire. A Contemporary Version, in 21 vols.

Voltaire (author)

A 21 volume collected works of the writings of Voltaire with a biographical volume by the English Liberal MP John Morley and notes by the 18th century Scottish novelist Tobias Smollett.

The Works of Voltaire, Vol. I (Candide)

Voltaire (author)

Taken from the 21 volume 1901 edition of the Complete Works, this is Voltaire’s most famous “philosophic tale” in which he makes fun of the idea that “this is the best of all possible worlds” by showing how much injustice and folly…

The Works of Voltaire, Vol. VIII The Dramatic Works Part 1

William F. Fleming (translator)

Volume 8 of the 21 volume 1901 edition of the Complete Works. It contains 9 plays: Mérope, Olympia, The Orphan of China, Brutus, Mahomet, Amelia, Oedipus, Mariamne, Socrates.

The Works of Voltaire, Vol. IX The Dramatic Works Part 1

William F. Fleming (translator)

Volume 9 of the 21 volume 1901 edition of the Complete Works. It contains 9 plays: Alzire, Orestes, Sémiramis, Catiline, Pandora, The Scotch Woman, Nanine, The Prude, The Tatler.

The Works of Voltaire, Vol. X The Dramatic Works Part 1

Tobias Smollett (notes)

Volume 10 of the 21 volume 1901 edition of the Complete Works. It contains 3 plays: Zaire, Caesar, The Prodigal, Prefaces to his plays, and a collection of his poetry.

The Works of Voltaire, Vol. 22 (Index and an appreciation by Leigh)

Oliver Herbrand Gordon Leigh (author)

Vol. 22 of Voltaire’s collected works contains an index to the entire set and an appreciation of the life and work of Voltaire by Oliver Leigh.

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Quotes

Literature & Music

Aeschylus has Prometheus denounce the lord of heaven for unjustly punishing him for giving mankind the gift of fire (5thC BC)

Aeschylus

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

After the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, John Milton was concerned with both how the triumphalist monarchists would treat the English people and how the disheartened English people would face their descendants (1660)

John Milton

Economics

Alexander Pope on how private “self love” can lead to the public good (1732)

Alexander Pope

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Cato denounces generals like Julius Caesar who use success on the battlefield as a stepping stone to political power (1710)

Joseph Addison

Literature & Music

Confucius edited this collection of poems which contains a poem about “Yellow Birds” who ravenously eat the crops of the local people, thus alienating them completely (520 BC)

Confucius

Odds & Ends

Emerson on selecting the right gift to give at Christmas and New Year (1844)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Colonies, Slavery & Abolition

Emerson on the right of self-ownership of slaves to themselves and to their labor (1863)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Food & Drink

Erasmus argues that Philosophizing is all very well but there is also a need for there to be a Philosopher of the Kitchen (1518)

Desiderius Erasmus

Free Trade

Harriet Martineau condemns tariffs as a “vicious aristocratic principle” designed to harm the ordinary working man and woman (1861)

Harriet Martineau

Literature & Music

In Measure for Measure, Shakespeare has Isabella denounce the Duke’s deputy for being corrupted by power, “it is excellent To have a giant’s strength, but it is tyrannous To use it like a giant” (1623)

William Shakespeare

Literature & Music

In Joseph Addison’s play Cato, Cato is asked what it would take for him to be Caesar’s “friend” - his answer is that Caesar would have to first “disband his legions” and then “restore the commonwealth to liberty” (1713)

Joseph Addison

Literature & Music

In Percy Shelley’s poem Liberty, liberty is compared to a force of nature sweeping the globe, where “tyrants and slaves are like shadows of night” which will disappear in “the van of the morning light” (1824)

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Literature & Music

In Shakespeare’s Henry V the king is too easily persuaded by his advisors that the English economy will continue to function smoothly, like obedient little honey-bees in their hive, while he is away with his armies conquering France (1598)

William Shakespeare

Literature & Music

In Shakespeare’s Henry V the soldier Williams confronts the king by saying that “few die well that die in a battle” and that “a heavy reckoning” awaits the king that led them to it (1598)

William Shakespeare

Literature & Music

In Shakespeare’s The Tempest Caliban complains about the way the European lord Prospero taught him language and science then enslaved him and dispossessed him of the island on which he was born (1611)

William Shakespeare

Freedom of Speech

John Milton defends the right of freedom of the press and likens government censors to an “oligarchy” and a free press to a “flowery crop of knowledge” (1644)

John Milton

Literature & Music

John Milton in Paradise Regained has Christ deplore the “false glory” which comes from military conquest and the despoiling of nations in battle (1671)

John Milton

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

John Milton laments the case of a people who won their liberty “in the field” but who then foolishly “ran their necks again into the yoke” of tyranny (1660)

John Milton

Literature & Music

John Milton on Satan’s Reign in Hell

John Milton

Freedom of Speech

John Milton on the tyranny of government licensed printing (1644)

John Milton

Freedom of Speech

John Milton opposed censorship for many reasons but one thought sticks in the mind, that “he who destroys a good book, kills reason itself” (1644)

John Milton

Literature & Music

John Milton’s Advice to Kings

John Milton

War & Peace

John Trenchard identifies who will benefit from any new war “got up” in Italy: princes, courtiers, jobbers, and pensioners, but definitely not the ordinary taxpayer (1722)

John Trenchard

Parties & Elections

John Trenchard on the real nature of political parties (1721)

John Trenchard

Economics

Lord Macaulay writes a devastating review of Southey’s Colloquies in which the Poet Laureate’s ignorance of the real condition of the working class in England is exposed (1830)

Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay

War & Peace

Lysistrata’s clever plan to end the war between Athens and Sparta (411 BC)

Aristophanes

Sport and Liberty

Macaulay and Bunyan on the evils of swearing and playing hockey on Sunday (1830)

Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay

The State

Macaulay argues that “the main end” of government is the protection of persons and property (1839)

Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Macaulay argues that politicians are less interested in the economic value of public works to the citizens than they are in their own reputation, embezzlement and"jobs for the boys" (1830)

Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay

Rhetoric of Liberty

Macaulay wittily denounces a tyrannical priest as being an intermediate grub between sycophant and oppressor (1837)

Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay

The State

Michel Montaigne on the danger of becoming accustomed to state power (1580)

Michel de Montaigne

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Milton argues that a Monarchy wants the people to be prosperous only so it can better fleece them (1660)

John Milton

Literature & Music

Milton on Eve’s discovery of the benefits of the division of labor in the Garden of Eden (1667)

John Milton

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Milton on the ease with which tyrants find their academic defenders (1651)

John Milton

War & Peace

Milton warns Parliament’s general Fairfax that justice must break free from violence if “endless war” is to be avoided (1648)

John Milton

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Montaigne argues that is right and proper for a people to speak ill of a “faulty prince” after his death (1580)

Michel de Montaigne

Law

Montesquieu and law as a fishing net (1720)

Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Montesquieu states that the Roman Empire fell because the costs of its military expansion introduced corruption and the loyalty of its soldiers was transferred from the City to its generals (1734)

Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

Economics

Montesquieu thought that commerce improves manners and cures “the most destructive prejudices” (1748)

Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

Politics & Liberty

Montesquieu was fascinated by the liberty which was enjoyed in England, which he attributed to security of person and the rule of law (1748)

Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

Literature & Music

On Achilles' new shield Vulcan depicts the two different types of cities which humans can build on earth; one based on peace and the rule of law; the other based on war, killing, and pillage (900 BC)

Homer

Literature & Music

Percy Bysshe Shelley on the new Constitution of Naples which he hoped would be “as a mirror to make … blind slaves see” (1820)

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Property Rights

Percy Shelley on the two types of property [1820]

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Literature & Music

Shakespeare has King Henry IV reflect on the reasons for invading the Holy Land, namely to distract people from domestic civil war and to “march all one way” under his banner (1597)

William Shakespeare

Literature & Music

Shakespeare in Pericles on how the rich and powerful are like whales who eat up the harding working “little fish” (1608)

William Shakespeare

Literature & Music

Shakespeare on sweet love remembered (1609)

William Shakespeare

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Shakespeare on the ruler who has “the power to hurt and will do none” (1609)

William Shakespeare

Taxation

Sven Forkbeard and new Yuletide Taxes (11thC)

Snorre Sturlason

War & Peace

The 2nd Day of Christmas: Petrarch on the mercenary wars in Italy and the need for peace on earth (1344)

Francesco Petrarch

War & Peace

The 4th Day of Christmas: Dante Alighieri on human perfectibility and peace on earth (1559)

Dante Alighieri

War & Peace

The City of War and the City of Peace on Achilles' new shield (900 BC)

Homer

War & Peace

The Duke of Burgundy asks the Kings of France and England why “gentle peace” should not be allowed to return France to its former prosperity (1599)

William Shakespeare

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Thomas Gordon asks whether tyranny is worse than anarchy (1728)

Thomas Gordon

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Thomas Gordon believes that bigoted Princes are subject to the “blind control” of other “Directors and Masters” who work behind the scenes (1737)

Thomas Gordon

War & Peace

Thomas Gordon gives a long list of ridiculous and frivolous reasons why kings and tyrants have started wars which have led only to the enslavement and destruction of their own people (1737)

Thomas Gordon

Literature & Music

Voltaire in Candide says that “tending one’s own garden” is not only a private activity but also productive (1759)

Voltaire

Philosophy

Voltaire lampooned the excessively optimistic Leibnitzian philosophers in his philosophic tale Candide by exposing his characters to one disaster after another, like a tsunami in Lisbon, to show that this was not “the best of all possible worlds”

Voltaire

Economics

Voltaire on the Benefits which Trade and Economic Abundance bring to People living in the Present Age (1736)

Voltaire

Literature & Music

William Shakespeare farewells his lover in a Sonnet using many mercantile and legal metaphors (1609)

William Shakespeare

Literature & Music

With the return of spring the memories of Petrarch’s beloved Laura awaken a new pang in him (late 14thC)

Francesco Petrarch

Notes About This Collection

See also the extracts, chapters, and introductions in the Literature section of the Ideas page.