French Revolution

About this Collection

Like the American Revolution (1775-1783), the French Revolution (1789-1815), had its roots in the Enlightenment and attempted to put enlightened ideas about individual liberty and constitutional government into practice. That one attempt was successful and that the other one failed, leading instead to the Terror and Napoleon’s empire and militarism, has engaged thinkers ever since.

Key People

Titles & Essays

On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (author)

Condorcet’s essay is an early defence of the right of women to particpate in politcs. It was written during the first years of the French Revolution.

L’Ancien Régime et la Révolution (7th ed. 1866)

Alexis de Tocqueville (author)

Tocqueville’s last major work which he left unfinished on the continuities between the old regime and the French Revolution.

An Appeal to Impartial Posterity, by Citizenness Roland

Jeanne Marie Roland de la Platière (author)

Whilst in prison for her liberal views Roland wrote a series of letters and reflections which were published in 2 volumes.

An Appeal to Impartial Posterity, Volume 1

Jeanne Marie Roland de la Platière (author)

Whilst in prison for her liberal views Roland wrote a series of letters and reflections which were published in 2 volumes.

An Appeal to Impartial Posterity, Volume 2

Jeanne Marie Roland de la Platière (author)

Whilst in prison for her liberal views Roland wrote a series of letters and reflections which were published in 2 volumes.

Des circonstances actuelles qui peuvent terminer la Révolution et des principes qui doivent fonder la république en France

Germaine de Staël (author)

In this posthumously published work, the French classical liberal Germain Necker (de Staël), provides the most coherent account of her thoughts on constitutional government, property rights, public opinion, and representative…

Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution (LF ed.)

Germaine de Staël (author)

Considerations is considered de Staël’s magnum opus and sheds renewed light on the familiar figures and events of the Revolution, among them, the financier and statesman Jacques Necker, her father.

Considérations sur les principaux événemens de la Révolution française, 3 vols.

Germaine de Staël (author)

One of the earliest histories of the French Revolution by the daughter of the last minister of Financer of the Old Regime (Necker) and one of the leading classical liberals of her day.

Considérations sur les principaux événemens de la Révolution française, vol. 1

Germaine de Staël (author)

Volume 1 of a 3 volume work. This work is the first full-length history of the French Revolution written by a participant. Staël was the daughter of the last Controller-General before the Revolution, was active in politics throughout…

Considérations sur les principaux événemens de la Révolution française, vol. 2

Germaine de Staël (author)

Volume 2 of a 3 volume work.This work is the first full-length history of the French Revolution written by a participant. Staël was the daughter of the last Controller-General before the Revolution, was active in politics throughout…

Considérations sur les principaux événemens de la Révolution française, vol. 3

Germaine de Staël (author)

Volume 3 of a 3 volume work. This work is the first full-length history of the French Revolution written by a participant. Staël was the daughter of the last Controller-General before the Revolution, was active in politics throughout…

The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation

Eli F. Heckscher (author)

The great Swedish economist, Heckscher’s, first effort to show how interventionist economic policies fail. He began with this 1918 study of Napoleon’s effort to wage economic warfare against the British known as The Continental…

David Hume: Prophet of the Counter-revolution

Laurence L. Bongie (author)

The bulk of Bongie’s work consists of the writings of French readers of Hume who were confronted, first, by the ideology of human perfection and, finally, by the actual terrors of the French Revolution. These vitally important…

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens

Georg Jellinek (author)

An analysis of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen showing the impact which American practice and theory had on French thinking about constitutional law.

The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, 2 vols.

Gouverneur Morris (author)

A two volume diary which Morris kept while he was Minister to France for the new American Republic from 1792-94. It provides much detail about the social life and political turmoil of Paris during a critical phase of the French…

The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, vol. 1

Gouverneur Morris (author)

Volume 1 of a two volume diary which Morris kept while he was Minister to France for the new American Republic from 1792-94. It provides much detail about the social life and political turmoil of Paris during a critical phase of the…

The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, vol. 2

Gouverneur Morris (author)

Volume 2 of a two volume diary which Morris kept while he was Minister to France for the new American Republic from 1792-94. It provides much detail about the social life and political turmoil of Paris during a critical phase of the…

The Formation and Progress of the Tiers État, or Third Estate in France 2 vols

Augustin Thierry (author)

In this influential work Thierry combines two of his main interests, the study of the ruling elites of French history and the rise of the third estate to challenge this rule from the middle ages until the outbreak of the French…

The Formation and Progress of the Tiers État, or Third Estate in France vol. 1

Augustin Thierry (author)

In this influential work Thierry combines two of his main interests, the study of the ruling elites of French history and the rise of the third estate to challenge this rule from the middle ages until the outbreak of the French…

The Formation and Progress of the Tiers État, or Third Estate in France vol. 2

Augustin Thierry (author)

In this influential work Thierry combines two of his main interests, the study of the ruling elites of French history and the rise of the third estate to challenge this rule from the middle ages until the outbreak of the French…

The French Revolution, 3 vols

Hippolyte Taine (author)

Taine’s 3 volume history of the French Revolution, written from a conservative perspective.

Further Reflections on the French Revolution

Edmund Burke (author)

Burke continued arguing about the French Revolution throughout the 1790s in a series of letters and pamphlets, the most significant being “An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs”.

An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution

Mary Wollstonecraft (author)

An optimistic and rationalist account of the French Revolution based upon first-hand, eyewitness experiences. It was intended to defend the Revolution against critics like Burke. Wollstonecraft explained the violent excesses of the…

Judgments on History and Historians

Jacob Burckhardt (author)

Judgments on History and Historians consists of records collected by Emil Dürr from Burckhardt’s lecture notes for history courses at the University of Basel from 1865 to 1885. The notes span five eras: Antiquity, the Middle Ages,…

Lectures on the French Revolution (1910 ed.)

John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Lord Acton (author)

Delivered at Cambridge University between 1895 and 1899, Lectures on the French Revolution is a distinguished account of the entire epochal chapter in French experience by one of the most remarkable English historians of the…

Lectures on the French Revolution (LF ed.)

John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Lord Acton (author)

Delivered at Cambridge University between 1895 and 1899, Lectures on the French Revolution is a distinguished account of the entire epochal chapter in French experience by one of the most remarkable English historians of the…

Letters to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke

Joseph Priestley (author)

Priestley supported the early phase of the French Revolution and saw it as an advance in human liberty, thus objecting to Burke’s severe criticisms.

Liberty Matters: Germaine de Staël, Fanaticism, and the Spirit of Party (March 2019)

Aurelian Craiutu (author)

The year 2017 marked the bicentenary of Germaine de Staël’s death (1766-1817). Although her name almost never appears in textbooks or histories of political thought in the English-speaking world her political thought is undeniably…

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794)

David M. Hart (contributor)

David M. Hart, "Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794)"

Condorcet was born in Ribemont, Picardy on September 17, 1743 and died in Bourg-la-Reine on March 29, 1794. He was a mathematician, a philosophe…

The Miscellaneous Works

Sir James Mackintosh (author)

This collections contains his philosophical writings on Locke, natural law, Thomas More, and Machiavelli; his historical writings on the Glorious Revolution, his defence of the French Revolution Vindiciae Gallicae; and several of his…

Reflections on the Revolution in France

Catharine Macaulay (author)

An early reply to Burke by an English supporter of republicanism.

The Origins and Principles of the American Revolution

Friedrich von Gentz (author)

Gentz was a conservative German who supported the American Revolution but strongly opposed the French. This work was originally published in a journal Gentz edited in May and June 1800 and was translated by John Quincy Adams. Liberty…

The French Revolution, vol. 1

Hippolyte Taine (author)

The 1st volume of Hippolyte Taine’s 3 volume history of the French Revolution which is part of his history of modern France, The Origins of Contemporary France

The French Revolution, vol. 2

Hippolyte Taine (author)

The 2nd volume of Hippolyte Taine’s 3 volume history of the French Revolution which is part of his 5 part history of modern France, The Origins of Contemporary France.

The French Revolution, vol. 3

Hippolyte Taine (author)

The 3rd volume of Hippolyte Taine’s 3 volume history of the French Revolution which is part of his history of modern France, The Origins of Contemporary France.

Price, Richard (1723-1791)

Related Links:

Edmund Burke

This information about Richard Price comes from Ellis Sandoz's introduction to his sermon "On the Love of one's Country" in vol. II of Political Sermons of the American Founding Era, 1730-1805:

The Rights of Nature against the Usurpations of Establishments (1796)

John Thelwall (author)

The English radical John Thelwall defended the ideals of the French Revolution and the idea of natural rights against critics such as Edmund Burke.

Select Works of Edmund Burke, 4 vols.

Francis Canavan (foreword)

A 4 volume collection on Burke’s speeches and writings on economics, the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

Select Works of Edmund Burke, vol. 2

Francis Canavan (foreword)

Burke’s classic criticism of the French Revolution. It provoked many replies and Burke returned to the issue again and again.

Stael: Life and Works

Related Links:

Germaine de Staël

Source: Germaine de Staël, Considerations on the Principle Events of the French Revolution, newly revised translation of the 1818 English edition, edited, with an introduction and notes by…

Sur l’admission des femmes au droit au cité

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (author)

A facsimile of the first edition of this essay. Condorcet’s essay is an early defence of the right of women to particpate in politcs. It was written during the first years of the French Revolution.

A Vindication of the Rights of Men

Mary Wollstonecraft (author)

One of the first responses to Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France. Wollstonecraft later lived in France during the Terror and wrote a history of the events she witnessed.

Vindiciae Gallicae and Other Writings on the French Revolution

Sir James Mackintosh (author)

Vindiciae Gallicae was Mackintosh’s contribution to the debate begun by Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France. A Discourse on the Law of Nature and Nations was the introduction to a popular course of public lectures at…

The Writings of Thomas Paine, 4 vols.

Thomas Paine (author)

A 4 volume collection of the works of Thomas Paine.

The Writings of Thomas Paine, Vol. II (1779-1792)

Thomas Paine (author)

Vol. 2 of a 4 vol. collection of the works of Thomas Paine. Vol. 2 (1779-1792) contains the Letter to Abbey Raynal, Dissertations on Government, The Rights of Man (1 and 2) and various articles.

The Writings of Thomas Paine, Vol. III (1791-1804)

Thomas Paine (author)

Vol. 3 of a 4 vol. collection of the works of Thomas Paine. Vol. 3 (1791-1804) contains various letters and articles on the French Revolution, Paine’s draft of the French Declaration of Rights, Agrarian Justice, and To the Citizens…

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Quotes

Politics & Liberty

Augustin Thierry laments that the steady growth of liberty in France had been disrupted by the cataclysm of the French Revolution (1859)

Augustin Thierry

Politics & Liberty

Catharine Macaulay supported the French Revolution because there were sound “public choice” reasons for not vesting supreme power in the hands of one’s social or economic “betters” (1790)

Catharine Macaulay

Revolution

Condorcet on why the French revolution was more violent than the American (1794)

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet

Politics & Liberty

Condorcet writes about the inevitability of the spread of liberty and prosperity while he was in prison awaiting execution by the Jacobins (1796)

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet

Liberty

Edmund Burke on liberty as “social” not “individual” liberty (1789)

Edmund Burke

Revolution

Edmund Burke, Legislatures, and the Balance between Good and Evil

Edmund Burke

Revolution

Edmund Burke, Man’s Necessities, and Governmental Responsibilities

Edmund Burke

Politics & Liberty

Georg Jellinek argues that Lafayette was one of the driving forces behind the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)

Georg Jellinek

Politics & Liberty

Germaine de Staël on the indestructible love of liberty (1818)

Germaine de Staël

Law

James Mackintosh on how constitutions grow and are not made (1799)

Sir James Mackintosh

Justice

James Mackintosh on the relationship between justice and utility (1791)

Sir James Mackintosh

Taxation

Knox on how the people during wartime are cowered into submission and pay their taxes “without a murmur” (1795)

Vicesimus Knox

Liberty

Liberty in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)

Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette

Politics & Liberty

Lord Acton on the destruction of the liberal Girondin group and the suicide of Condorcet during the French Revolution (1910)

John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Lord Acton

Revolution

Lord Acton on the storming of “the instrument and the emblem of tyranny” in Paris, the Bastille, on July 14, 1789 (1910)

John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Lord Acton

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Madame de Staël argues that Napoleon was able to create a tyrannical government by pandering to men’s interests, corrupting public opinion, and waging constant war (1817)

Germaine de Staël

Liberty

Madame de Staël on how liberty is ancient and despotism is modern (1818)

Germaine de Staël

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Madame de Staël on the tyrant Napoleon (1818)

Germaine de Staël

Religion & Toleration

Noah Webster on the resilience of common religious practices in the face of attempts by the state to radically change them (1794)

Noah Webster

Liberty

Richard Price on giving thanks for the principles of the Revolution of 1688 (1789)

Richard Price

War & Peace

Richard Price on how the “domestic enemies” of liberty have been more powerful and more successful than foreign enemies (1789)

Richard Price

Taxation

Thomas Paine responded to one of Burke’s critiques of the French Revolution by cynically arguing that wars are sometimes started in order to increase taxation (“the harvest of war”) (1791)

Thomas Paine

Colonies, Slavery & Abolition

Tocqueville on Centralised Government in Canada and Decentralised Government in America (1856)

Alexis de Tocqueville

Revolution

Tocqueville on the 1848 Revolution in Paris (1851)

Alexis de Tocqueville

Liberty

Tocqueville on the true love of liberty (1856)

Alexis de Tocqueville

Money & Banking

Tom Paine on the "Decline and Fall of the English System of Finance" (1796)

Thomas Paine

The State

William Godwin on the need to simplify and reduce the power of the state (1793)

William Godwin

Notes About This Collection

See also the following resources: