French Enlightenment

About this Collection

During the 18th century there emerged in the French-speaking world a widespread movement of criticism of existing institutions and beliefs which came to be called the “Enlightenment”. The objects of enlightened criticism ranged from the established church, judicial practice, freedom of speech, art, literature and manners in general, the role of the King, and economic reform.

Key People

Titles & Essays

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Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794)

David M. Hart (contributor)

David M. Hart, "Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794)"

Condorcet was born in Ribemont, Picardy on September 17, 1743 and died in Bourg-la-Reine on March 29, 1794. He was a mathematician, a philosophe…

THE READING ROOM

Montesquieu on Republican Government: Separation of Powers and “the Liberalism of Fear”

By: Walter Donway

Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755), valuing above all things political liberty—the opposite of despotism—valorizes the republican form of government but nonetheless offers a dispassionate analysis of republican (democratic or…

THE READING ROOM

Montesquieu: Legal Foundations of Liberal Government

By: Walter Donway

If you wish to study, discuss, and write about history, it can be useful to have memory tags. When it comes to Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755)—a titan of the French Enlightenment—your tag is “separation…

THE READING ROOM

The Encyclopedie, Trade, and the Jews

By: Eric Schliesser

In volume 3 of the original edition of the Encyclopédie, edited by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, is an entry, ‘Trading Company’ (French: Compagnie de Commerce), written by Véron de Forbonnais (1722-1800), a leading…

THE READING ROOM

Visions of Unlimited Progress: Denis Diderot and the Encyclopedia of the French Philosophes

By: Walter Donway

All kinds of Enlightenment events occurred before 1715 and after 1789, but those dates tend to prevail because they are French. The most credible explanation for this is the monumental French Encyclopedia and the circle of…

Voltaire: Incidents in his Life

Related Links:

Voltaire

Source: The Works of Voltaire. A Contemporary Version. A Critique and Biography by John Morley, notes by Tobias Smollett, trans. William F. Fleming (New York: E.R. DuMont, 1901). In 21 vols. Vol. 1.

THE READING ROOM

Voltaire: The First Internationally Celebrated Writer?

By: Walter Donway

With the publication of La Henriade, his epic poem glorifying King Henri IV for issuing the Edict of Nantes, which commanded toleration of Protestants (Huguenots), Voltaire was an open public enemy of intolerance and establishment…

THE READING ROOM

Voltaire: The French Enlightenment Is Born

By: Walter Donway

To name Voltaire is to characterize the entire eighteenth century.--Victor Hugo
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Quotes

Presidents, Kings, Tyrants, & Despots

Rousseau on the natural tendency of governments to degenerate into tyranny (1762)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Notes About This Collection

For more information see:

  • Kingsley Martin, French Liberal Thought in the Eighteenth Century : A Study of Political Ideas from Bayle to Condorcet, ed. J.P. Meyer (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1963.
  • Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1977)
  • Maurice Cranston, Philosophers and Pamphleteers: Political Theorists of the Enlightenment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
  • The Enlightenment, ed. David Williams (Cambridge Uiversity Press, 1999).
  • The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment, ed. John W. Yolton et al. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).