Political Thought

Selected Readings on Political Thought

Althusius and the Federal Commonwealth

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Works by Althuisius Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: Translator's Introduction to Althusius's Politica. An Abridged Translation of Politics Methodically Set Forth and Illustrated with Sacred and Profane…

Althusius’s Political Thought

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Johannes Althusius Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: Introduction to Althusius's Politica. An Abridged Translation of Politics Methodically Set Forth and Illustrated with Sacred and Profane Examples, ed. and…

Bryce on America

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Viscount James Bryce Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: Editor's Introduction to The American Commonwealth, with an Introduction by Gary L. McDowell, 2 vols (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1995). Vol. 1.

Burckhardt’s Pessimistic Conservatism

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The Letters of Jacob Burckhardt, Selected, editied, and translated by Alexander Dru (1955) (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2000). By Alberto R. Coll, Naval War College, 2000.). The book can be orderd from Liberty Fund's…

Calhoun on Union & Liberty

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Works by Calhoun

Source: Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun, ed. Ross M. Lence (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1992).

Foreword by Ross M. Lance

Much time and energy has been devoted…

Chodorov’s Political Thought

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Frank Chodorov Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: Editors' Introduction to Chodorov's Fugitive Essays: Selected Writings of Frank Chodorov, Compiled, Edited, and with an Introduction by Charles H. Hamilton…

Chodorov, Socialism via Taxation (1946)

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Frank Chodorov Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: In Fugitive Essays: Selected Writings of Frank Chodorov, Compiled, Edited, and with an Introduction by Charles H. Hamilton (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1980).…

Cicero’s Commonwealth

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Cicero Subject Area: Political Theory

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Cicero

Source: Introduction to The Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero: Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth; and his Treatise on…

Classics of Political Thought

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Collection: Classics in the History of Political Thought

This is a collection of the most significant writings in the history of political thought. It is designed to bring together in one convenient location the…

Cobden’s Political Thought

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Richard Cobden School of Thoght: The Manchester School Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: Introduction to The Political Writings of Richard Cobden, with a Preface by Lord Welby, Introductions by Sir Louis…

Condorcet, 10th Epoch. Future Progress of Man (1796)

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Condorcet Debate: Utopias School of Thought: French Enlightenment

Source: Final chapter of Condorcet's Outlines of an historical view of the progress of the human mind, being a posthumous work of the late M. de…

Constant and Modernity

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Montesquieu Karl Marx 19thC French Classical Liberalism

Related Links (Subject Areas/Topics):

French Revolution American Revolution and Constitution War and Peace Progress Private…

Constant’s Political Thought

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Constant School of Thought: 19thC French Classical Liberalism

Source: Introduction to Principles of Politics Applicable to a all Governments, trans. Dennis O’Keeffe, ed. Etienne Hofmann, Introduction by Nicholas…

Constant, The Liberty of Ancients Compared with that of Moderns (1819)

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Constant and Modernity

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Benjamin Constant

Source/Copyright: The text is in the public domain.

Fair Use: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc.…

Dante on Monarchy

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Dante

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Dante Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: Introduction to The De Monarchia of Dante Alighieri, edited with translation and notes by Aurelia Henry (Boston and New York:…

De Lolme and the English Constitution

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Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: Introduction to Jean Louis De Lolme, The Constitution of England; Or, an Account of the English Government, edited and with an Introduction by David Lieberman…

Eighteenth-century middle-class English radicalism

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Works of History 18thC Commonwealthmen

This essay first appeared in the journal Literature of Liberty: A Review of Contemporary Liberal Thought, vol. III, no. 2 Summer 1980, published by the Cato Institute…

Étienne de la Boétie, Discourse of Voluntary Servitude (1576)

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E. de la Boétie

Source: Copyright: The text is in the public domain.

Fair Use: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright…

French Declaration of Rights

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Jellinek, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens: A Contribution to Modern Constitutional History by Georg Jellinek, Dr. Phil. et Jur. ,…

Friedman on a Volunteer Army

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War and Peace

Source: New Individualist Review, editor-in-chief Ralph Raico, introduction by Milton Friedman (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981). Chapter: MILTON FRIEDMAN, Why Not a Volunteer Army?

Copyright:…

Friedman on Stability of Freedom

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Economics

Source: New Individualist Review, editor-in-chief Ralph Raico, introduction by Milton Friedman (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981). Chapter: MILTON FRIEDMAN, Is a Free Society Stable?

Copyright: The…

George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) and the Fabian Society

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Thomas Mackay
Topic: Classical Liberal critique of socialism Debate: Fabian Socialism vs. Radical Individualism

In 1884 The Fabian Society was founded in England with the aim of bringing about a socialist…

Guizot and Representative Government

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François Guizot Subject Area: History School of Thought: 19th Century French Liberals

Source: François Guizot, The History of the Origins of Representative Government in Europe, trans. Andrew R. Scoble,…

Guizot on the rise of the Free Cities

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François Guizot Subject Area: History

Source: François Guizot, General History of Civilization in Europe by François Pierre Guillaume Guizot, edited, with critical and supplementary notes, by George Wells Knight…

Herbert & State Compulsion

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Auberon Herbert 19thC English Radical Individualists

Source: Eric Mack's Introduction to Auberon Herbert, The Right and Wrong of Compulsion by the State, and Other Essays, ed. Eric Mack (Indianapolis: Liberty…

Hobbes: Oakeshott’s Introduction to Leviathan

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Michael Oakeshott Thomas Hobbes Hobbes's Leviathan

Source: Michael Oakeshott, Hobbes on Civil Association, foreword by Paul Franco (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2000). Chapter: 1: Introduction to Leviathan

Hume on the Origin of Government

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Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: David Hume, Essays Moral, Political, Literary, edited and with a Foreword, Notes, and Glossary by Eugene F. Miller, with an appendix of variant readings from the 1889…

Hume’s Essays

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David Hume

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Scottish Enightenment

Source: David Hume, Essays Moral, Political, Literary, edited and with a Foreword, Notes, and Glossary by Eugene F. Miller, with an appendix of…

Julian, George Washington (1817-1899)

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Political Theory

Source: Editorial in Literature of Liberty, July/September 1978, vol. 1, No. 3 [1978]

Kant’s Political Philosophy

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Works by Kant Subject Area: Political Theory

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Kant

Source: Translator's Introduction to Kant’s Principles of Politics, including his essay on Perpetual Peace. A Contribution to…

Kant’s Political Philosophy II

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Immanuel Kant Subject Area: Political Theory

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Immanuel Kant

Source: Preface to Kant’s Principles of Politics, including his essay on Perpetual Peace. A Contribution to Political…

Karl Marx and the Liberal Critique of Socialism

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JS Mill Topic: The Liberal Critique of Socialism School of Thought: Socialism Subject Area: Economics

One of the OLL's aims is to put online the most significant works in the history of economic thought, and there…

Lecky and Democracy

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W.E.H. Lecky Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: Editor's Introduction to Lecky's Democracy and Liberty, edited and with an Introduction by William Murchison, 2 vols. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981). Vol.…

Leggett and the Doctrine of Equal Rights

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Works by William Leggett School of Thought: Jeffersonian Republicans

Source: Editor's Introduction to William Leggett's Democratic Editorials: Essays in Jacksonian Political Economy, Foreword by Lawrence H.…

Leoni on Voting and the Market

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Bruno Leoni Subject Area: Law

Source: Bruno Leoni, Freedom and the Law, expanded 3rd edition, foreword by Arthur Kemp (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund 1991). Chapter: 4: Voting Versus the Market

Copyright: This…

Macaulay, Southey’s Colloquies (1830)

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Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay Subject Area: Economics

Source: A chapter in Macaulay's Critical and Historical Essays contributed to the Edinburgh Review, 5th ed. in 3 vols. (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and…

Machan, Spencer A Century Later

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Herbert Spencer Subject Area: Philosophy

Source: Introduction to Spencer's The Principles of Ethics, introduction by Tibor R. Machan (Indianapolis: LibertyClassics, 1978). Vol. 1.

“Herbert Spencer: A Century…
Mackay on the Socialist Dystopia

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Works by Richter, Mackay Topic: Classical Liberal Critiques of Socialism

Source: Pictures of the Socialistic Future (Freely adapted from Bebel), trans. Henry Wright, Introduction by Thomas Mackay (London: Swan…

Marcus Aurelius and the Scottish Enightenment

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Marcus Aurelius Subject Area: Philosophy

Source: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, The Meditations of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, trans. Francis Hutcheson and James Moor, edited and with an Introduction by…

Marxism as Farrago: A Dialog betwen H.B Acton & a Reader

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Karl Marx Topic: Classical Liberal Critique of Sociialism Subject Area: Economics

Source: From H.B. Acton, The Illusion of the Epoch: Marxism-Leninism as a Philosophical Creed (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2003).…

Milton and Freedom of Speech

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Works by John Milton Areopagitica

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John Milton

Source: Richard Jebb's Introduction and Analysis of his edition of Areopagitica, with a Commentary by Sir Richard C. Jebb and with…

Milton on the Ideal Republic

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Works by John Milton, Althusius, Machiavelli Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth Topic: English Revolution

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John Milton

Source: Clark's introduction to Milton's The…

Milton on the Right to Depose a Tyrant King

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Works by John Milton The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates Topic: English Revolution

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John Milton

Source: Allison's introduction to Milton's The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, edited…

Milton’s Political Writings

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John Milton

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The English Revolution

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Order a copy of this book from the LF online catalog

Source: John Milton, Areopagitica and Other Political Writings of…

Minogue on Freedom

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Kenneth Minogue Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: Kenneth Minogue, The Liberal Mind, (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2000). CHAPTER SIX: Freedom

Copyright: The copyright to this edition, in both print and…

Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers

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Works by French Enlightenment

Source: M.J.C. Vile's Chapter 4 in Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers (2nd ed.) (Indianapolis, Liberty Fund 1998).

Montesquieu

The name most associated with the…

Oakeshott and Hobbes

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Michael Oakeshott Thomas Hobbes

Source: Michael Oakeshott, Hobbes on Civil Association, foreword by Paul Franco (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2000). Chapter: Foreword

Copyright: The copyright to this edition,…

Paul, The Liberty and Property Defence League

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Thomas Mackay Herbert Spencer Debate: Fabian Socialism vs. Radical Liberalism

Source: A Plea for Liberty: An Argument against Socialism and Socialistic Legislation, consisting of an Introduction by Herbert…

Penn’s Life and Political Thought

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William Penn Subject Area: Political Theory Topic: Religious Toleration

Source: Introduction to The Political Writings of William Penn, introduction and annotations by Andrew R. Murphy (Indianapolis: Liberty…

Personal Rights Association

This schematic comes from an Appendix on political terminology written by Joseph Levy as part of his debate with Auberon Herbert, under the auspices of the "Personal Rights Association" (founded 1871), over the merits of "voluntary…

Plato’s The Laws - Jowett’s analysis

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Plato

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Plato Benjamin Jowett

Source: Jowett's Introduction to and Analysis of The Laws in vol. 5 of The Dialogues of Plato translated into English with Analyses and Introductions by…

Plato’s The Republic - Jowett’s analysis

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Plato

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Plato Benjamin Jowett

Source: Jowett's Introduction to and Analysis of The Republic in vol. 3 of The Dialogues of Plato translated into English with Analyses and Introductions…

Read, To Abdicate or Not

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Works by Mises and Leonard Read Subject Area: Economics School of Thought: Austrian School

Source: An essay in Toward Liberty: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises on the Occasion of his 90th Birthday, September…

Richter’s Socialist Dystopia

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Eugen Richter Topic: Liberal Critiques of Socialism Debate: Utopias Subject Area: Economics

Source: Introduction to Richter's Pictures of the Socialistic Future (Freely adapted from Bebel), trans. Henry Wright,…

Rothbard on the Black Revolution

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Political Theory

Source: New Individualist Review, editor-in-chief Ralph Raico, introduction by Milton Friedman (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981). Chapter: MURRAY N. ROTHBARD, The Negro Revolution

Rothbard’s Review of Leoni, Freedom and the Law

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Bruno Leoni Subject Area: Economics

Source: New Individualist Review, editor-in-chief Ralph Raico, introduction by Milton Friedman (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981). Chapter: MURRAY N. ROTHBARD, On Freedom and…

Rousseau as Political Philosopher

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Rousseau Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: Introduction to The Political Writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau, ed. from the original manuscripts and authentic editions, with introductions and notes by C. E.…

Rousseau’s Political Thought

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Rousseau Subject Area: Political Theory

Source: Introduction to Rousseau's The Social Contract and Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, translated with an Introduction by G.D. H. Cole (London and Toronto: J.M.…

Spencer & the State

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Works by Herbert Spencer

Source: The Man versus the State, with Six Essays on Government, Society and Freedom, ed. Eric Mack, introduction by Albert Jay Nock (Indianapolis: LibertyClassics, 1981).

FOREWORD by…
Spencer on Education

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Herbert Spencer Topic: Education

Source: Herbert Spencer, Essays on Education and Kindred Subjects, Introduction by Charles W. Eliot (London: Dent, 1911). Chapter: INTRODUCTION.

Copyright: The text is in…

Spencer on the Tyranny of Fashion (1854)

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Herbert Spencer School of Thought: 19thC English Radical Individualists

Source: Herbert Spencer, Essays on Education and Kindred Subjects, Introduction by Charles W. Eliot (London: Dent, 1911). Chapter: ON…

Spencer, Proper Sphere of Government (1843)

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Works by Herbert Spencer

Source: The Man versus the State, with Six Essays on Government, Society and Freedom, ed. Eric Mack, introduction by Albert Jay Nock (Indianapolis: LibertyClassics, 1981).

THE PROPER…
Spencer, The Right to Ignore the State (1851)

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Works by Herbert Spencer School of Thought: 19thC English Radical Individualists

Source: Herbert Spencer, Social Statics: or, The Conditions essential to Happiness specified, and the First of them Developed

Spinoza’s Political Theory

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Spinoza Subject Area: Philosophy

Source: Translator's introduction to The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza, translated from the Latin, with an Introduction by R.H.M. Elwes, vol. 1 Introduction,…

Tacitus and Tyranny

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For more works by Goodrich Semiar Room at Wabash College, Indiana.

Liberty and Tyranny in Tacitus' Annals

We learn from Talleyrand's Memoirs that on October 6, 1808, the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, then staying in…

Taylor and American tyranny

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John Taylor Subject Area: Economics

Source: John Taylor, Tyranny Unmasked, ed. F.Thornton Miller (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1992).

The Earl of Shaftesbury on Liberty and Harmony

The Earl of Shaftesbury (1671-1713) was tutored by John Locke and wrote one of the most influential books of the 18th century, The Characteristicks of Men, Manners, and Opinion (1737). He included a number of illustrations designed…

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

Introduction

The following are a selection of chapters and extracts taken from books in the OLL collection. They have been chosen because of their special importance for understanding the principles of individual liberty, limited government, and the free market. Some of the extracts are from the books themselves and serve as a representative sample of that author’s ideas. Others are introductions written by the editors of the volume which contain important biographical information about the author and a discussion of their ideas. Links are provided to the book from which the extract was taken so the reader can pursue the subject in more depth if they are interested.

Other collections of material from the OLL which are useful places to begin exploring these ideas are the following:

Further Reading

Selected Chapters and Introductions from the Collection