The Thirteen Principal Upanishads
These are commentaries on the Hindu sacred texts known as the Vedas.
The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, translated from the Sanskrit with an outline of the philosophy of the Upanishads and an annotated bibliography, by Robert Ernest Hume (Oxford University Press, 1921).
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The text is in the public domain.
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- Translator: Robert Ernest Hume
- Author: Misc (Upanishads)
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Table of Contents
- PREFACE
- CONTENTS
- REMARKS CONCERNING THE TRANSLATION ITS METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT
- Principles observed in the translation
- The text on which it is based
- Order of the Upanishads in this volume
- Treatment of metrical portions
- Additions in square brackets
- Additions in parentheses
- Use of italics
- Transliteration of Sanskrit words
- Headings in heavy-faced type
- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
- ERRATA
- AN OUTLINE OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE UPANISHADS
- CHAPTER I: THE PLACE OF THE UPANISHADS IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
- CHAPTER II: THE UPANISHADS AND THEIR PLACE IN INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
- CHAPTER III: FIRST ATTEMPTS AT THE CONCEPTION OF A UNITARY WORLD-GROUND
- CHAPTER IV: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPTION OF BRAHMA
- CHAPTER V: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPTION OF THE ATMAN AND ITS UNION WITH BRAHMA
- CHAPTER VI: THE REALISTIC CONCEPTION OF THE ULTIMATE UNITY, AND THE DOCTRINE OF ILLUSION
- CHAPTER VII: IDEALISM AND THE CONCEPTION OF PURE UNITY
- CHAPTER VIII: THE OUTCOME ON RELIGION AND ON THE DOCTRINE OF KARMA
- CHAPTER IX: THE OUTCOME ON PRACTICAL LIFE AND ON MORALS
- CHAPTER X: THE ARTIFICIAL METHOD OF UNITY IN RENUNCIATION AND IN YOGA
- CHAPTER XI: CONCLUDING ESTIMATE
- BṚIHAD-ĀRAṆYAKA UPANISHAD
- FIRST ADHYĀYA
- First Brāhmaṇa1
- The world as a sacrificial horse2
- Second Brāhmaṇa2
- The creation of the world, leading up to the institution of the horse-sacrifice
- Third Brāhmaṇa
- The superiority of breath among the bodily functions
- A glorification of the Chant as breath
- Prayers to accompany an intelligent performance of the Chant
- Fourth Brāhmaṇa
- The creation of the manifold world from the unitary Soul
- Fifth Brāhmaṇa
- The threefold production of the world by Prajāpati as food for himself
- One’s self identified with the sixteenfold Prajāpati
- The three worlds and how to win them
- A father’s transmission to his son
- Breath, the unfailing power in a person: like the unwearying world-breath, wind
- Sixth Brāhmaṇa
- The entire actual world a threefold appearance of the unitary immortal Soul
- SECOND ADHYĀYA
- First Brāhmaṇa1
- Gārgya and Ajātaśatru’s progressive definition of Brahma as the world-source, entered in sleep
- Second Brāhmaṇa
- The embodiment of Breath in a person
- Third Brāhmaṇa
- The two forms of Brahma
- Fourth Brāhmaṇa
- The conversation of Yājñavalkya and Maitreyī concerning the pantheistic Soul
- Fifth Brāhmaṇa
- The co-relativity of all things cosmic and personal, and the absoluteness of the immanent Soul
- The honey-doctrine taught in the Vedas
- Sixth Brāhmaṇa
- The teachers of this doctrine
- THIRD ADHYĀYA
- First Brāhmaṇa
- Concerning sacrificial worship and its rewards
- Second Brāhmaṇa
- The fettered soul, and its fate at death
- Third Brāhmaṇa
- Where the offerers of the horse-sacrifice go
- Fourth Brāhmaṇa
- The theoretical unknowability of the immanent Brahma
- Fifth Brāhmaṇa
- The practical way of knowing Brahma—by asceticism
- Sixth Brāhmaṇa
- The regressus to Brahma, the ultimate world-ground
- Seventh Brāhmaṇa
- Wind, the string holding the world together; the immortal pantheistic Soul, the Inner Controller
- Eighth Brāhmaṇa
- The ultimate warp of the world—the unqualified Imperishable
- Ninth Brāhmaṇa
- Regressus of the numerous gods to the unitary Brahma
- Eight different Persons and their corresponding divinities
- Five directions in space, their regent gods, and their bases
- The Soul, the Person taught in the Upanishads
- Man, a tree growing from Brahma
- FOURTH ADHYĀYA
- First Brāhmaṇa
- King Janaka instructed by Yājñavalkya: six partial definitions of Brahma
- Second Brāhmaṇa
- Concerning the soul, its bodily and universal relations
- Third Brāhmaṇa
- The light of man is the soul
- The various conditions of the soul
- The state of dreaming
- The soul in deep, dreamless sleep
- The soul at death
- Fourth Brāhmaṇa
- The soul of the unreleased after death
- The soul of the released
- Fifth Brāhmaṇa1
- The conversation of Yājñavalkya and Maitreyī concerning the pantheistic Soul
- Sixth Brāhmaṇa
- The teachers of this doctrine.
- FIFTH ADHYĀYA
- First Brāhmaṇa
- The inexhaustible Brahma
- Second Brāhmaṇa
- The three cardinal virtues
- Third Brāhmaṇa
- Brahma as the heart
- Fourth Brāhmaṇa
- Brahma as the Real
- Fifth Brāhmaṇa
- The Real, etymologically and cosmologically explained
- Sixth Brāhmaṇa
- The individual person, pantheistically explained
- Seventh Brāhmaṇa
- Brahma as lightning, etymologically explained
- Eighth Brāhmaṇa
- The symbolism of speech as a cow
- Ninth Brāhmaṇa2
- The universal fire and the digestive fire
- Tenth Brāhmaṇa
- The course to Brahma after death
- Eleventh Brāhmaṇa
- The supreme austerities
- Twelfth Brāhmaṇa
- Brahma as food, life, and renunciation
- Thirteenth Brāhmaṇa
- Life represented in the officiating priest and in the ruler
- Fourteenth Brāhmaṇa
- The mystical significance of the sacred Gāyatrī prayer
- Fifteenth Brāhmaṇa1
- A dying person’s prayer
- General prayer of petition and adoration
- SIXTH ADHYĀYA
- First Brāhmaṇa
- The characteristic excellence of six bodily functions, and the value of the knowledge thereof3
- The contest of the bodily functions for superiority, and the supremacy of breath1
- Second Brāhmaṇa
- The course of the soul in its incarnations1
- Third Brāhmaṇa
- Incantation and ceremony for the attainment of a great wish1
- Fourth Brāhmaṇa
- Incantations and ceremonies for procreation
- Fifth Brāhmaṇa
- The tradition of teachers in the Vājasaneyi school
- The line of tradition from Brahma
- CHĀNDOGYA UPANISHAD
- FIRST PRAPĀṬHAKA A Glorification of the Chanting of the Sāma-Veda1
- First Khaṇḍa
- The Udgītha identified with the sacred syllable ‘Om’
- Second Khaṇḍa
- The Udgītha identified with breath
- Third Khaṇḍa
- Various identifications of the Udgītha and of its syllables
- Fourth Khaṇḍa
- ‘Om,’ superior to the three Vedas, the immortal refuge
- Fifth Khaṇḍa
- The Udgītha identified with the sun and with breath
- Sixth Khaṇḍa
- The cosmic and personal interrelations of the Udgītha
- Seventh Khaṇḍa
- Eighth Khaṇḍa
- The Udgītha identified with the ultimate, i. e. space
- Ninth Khaṇḍa
- Tenth Khaṇḍa
- The divinities connected with the three parts of the Chant
- Eleventh Khaṇḍa
- Twelfth Khaṇḍa
- A satire on the performances of the priests (?)
- Thirteenth Khaṇḍa1
- The mystical meaning of certain sounds in the Chant
- SECOND PRAPĀṬHAKA The significance of the Chant in various forms
- First Khaṇḍa
- The Chant, good in various significances
- Second Khaṇḍa
- Some analogies to the fivefold Chant
- Third Khaṇḍa
- Fourth Khaṇḍa
- Fifth Khaṇḍa
- Sixth Khaṇḍa
- Seventh Khaṇḍa
- Eighth Khaṇḍa
- Some analogies to the sevenfold Chant
- Ninth Khaṇḍa
- Tenth Khaṇḍa
- The mystical significance of the number of syllables in the parts of a sevenfold Chant
- Eleventh Khaṇḍa
- The analogical bases of the ten species of the fivefold Chant
- Twelfth Khaṇḍa
- Thirteenth Khaṇḍa
- Fourteenth Khaṇḍa
- Fifteenth Khaṇḍa
- Sixteenth Khaṇḍa
- Seventeenth Khaṇḍa
- Eighteenth Khaṇḍa
- Nineteenth Khaṇḍa
- Twentieth Khaṇḍa
- Twenty-first Khaṇḍa
- The Sāman itself based on the world-all
- Twenty-second Khaṇḍa
- Seven different modes of singing the chant, characteristic of different gods
- Various desired results of chanting
- The various sounds in the chant under the protection of different gods
- Twenty-third Khaṇḍa
- Different modes of religious life
- The syllable ‘Om,’ the acme of the cosmogony
- Twenty-fourth Khaṇḍa
- Earth, atmosphere, and sky the reward for performers of the morning, noon, and evening oblations
- THIRD PRAPĀṬHAKA Brahma as the sun of the world-all
- First Khaṇḍa
- The sun as the honey extracted from all the Vedas
- Second Khaṇḍa
- Third Khaṇḍa
- Fourth Khaṇḍa
- Fifth Khaṇḍa
- Sixth Khaṇḍa
- The knower of the cosmic significance of the sacred scriptures advances to the world-sun, Brahma
- Seventh Khaṇḍa
- Eighth Khaṇḍa
- Ninth Khaṇḍa
- Tenth Khaṇḍa
- Eleventh Khaṇḍa
- Twelfth Khaṇḍa
- The Gāyatrī meter as a symbol of all that is
- Thirteenth Khaṇḍa
- The five door-keepers of the heavenly world
- The ultimate exists within oneself
- Fourteenth Khaṇḍa1
- The individual soul identical with the infinite Brahma
- Fifteenth Khaṇḍa
- The universe as a treasure-chest and refuge
- Sixteenth Khaṇḍa
- A person’s entire life symbolically a Soma-sacrifice
- Seventeenth Khaṇḍa
- Eighteenth Khaṇḍa
- The fourfold Brahma in the individual and in the world
- Nineteenth Khaṇḍa
- The cosmic egg
- FOURTH PRAPĀṬHAKA Conversational instructions
- First Khaṇḍa
- The story of Jānaśruti and Raikva: wind and breath as snatchers-unto-themselves
- Second Khaṇḍa
- Third Khaṇḍa
- Fourth Khaṇḍa
- Satyakāma instructed concerning four quarters of Brahma
- Fifth Khaṇḍa
- Sixth Khaṇḍa
- Seventh Khaṇḍa
- Eighth Khaṇḍa
- Ninth Khaṇḍa
- Tenth Khaṇḍa
- Brahma as life, joy, and the void
- Eleventh Khaṇḍa
- The same person in the sun, the moon, and lightning as in fire and other objects
- Twelfth Khaṇḍa
- Thirteenth Khaṇḍa
- Fourteenth Khaṇḍa
- The soul, and its way to Brahma
- Fifteenth Khaṇḍa
- Sixteenth Khaṇḍa
- The Brahman priest properly silent at the sacrifice
- Seventeenth Khaṇḍa
- How the Brahman priest rectifies mistakes in the sacrificial ritual
- FIFTH PRAPĀṬHAKA Concerning breath, the soul, and the Universal Soul
- First Khaṇḍa
- The rivalry of the five bodily functions, and the superiority of breath
- Second Khaṇḍa
- The ‘mixed potion’ incantation for the attainment of greatness
- Third Khaṇḍa1
- The course of the soul in its reincarnations
- Fourth Khaṇḍa
- Fifth Khaṇḍa
- Sixth Khaṇḍa
- Seventh Khaṇḍa
- Eighth Khaṇḍa
- Ninth Khaṇḍa
- Tenth Khaṇḍa
- Eleventh Khaṇḍa1
- The Universal Soul
- Twelfth Khaṇḍa
- Thirteenth Khaṇḍa
- Fourteenth Khaṇḍa
- Fifteenth Khaṇḍa
- Sixteenth Khaṇḍa
- Seventeenth Khaṇḍa
- Eighteenth Khaṇḍa
- Nineteenth Khaṇḍa
- The mystical Agnihotra sacrifice to the Universal Soul in one’s own self
- Twentieth Khaṇḍa
- Twenty-first Khaṇḍa
- Twenty-second Khaṇḍa
- Twenty-third Khaṇḍa
- Twenty-fourth Khaṇḍa
- SIXTH PRAPĀṬHAKA The instruction of Śvetaketu by Uddālaka concerning the key to all knowledge
- First Khaṇḍa
- The threefold development of the elements and of man from the primary unitary Being
- Second Khaṇḍa
- Third Khaṇḍa
- Fourth Khaṇḍa
- Fifth Khaṇḍa
- Sixth Khaṇḍa
- Seventh Khaṇḍa
- Eighth Khaṇḍa
- Concerning sleep, hunger and thirst, and dying
- Ninth Khaṇḍa
- The unitary World-Soul, the immanent reality of all things and of man
- Tenth Khaṇḍa
- Eleventh Khaṇḍa
- Twelfth Khaṇḍa
- Thirteenth Khaṇḍa
- Fourteenth Khaṇḍa
- Fifteenth Khaṇḍa
- Sixteenth Khaṇḍa
- SEVENTH PRAPĀṬHAKA The instruction of Nārada by Sanatkumāra
- Progressive worship of Brahma up to the Universal Soul
- First Khaṇḍa
- Second Khaṇḍa
- Third Khaṇḍa
- Fourth Khaṇḍa
- Fifth Khaṇḍa
- Sixth Khaṇḍa
- Seventh Khaṇḍa
- Eighth Khaṇḍa
- Ninth Khaṇḍa
- Tenth Khaṇḍa
- Eleventh Khaṇḍa
- Twelfth Khaṇḍa
- Thirteenth Khaṇḍa
- Fourteenth Khaṇḍa
- Fifteenth Khaṇḍa
- Sixteenth Khaṇḍa
- Seventeenth Khaṇḍa
- Eighteenth Khaṇḍa
- Nineteenth Khaṇḍa
- Twentieth Khaṇḍa
- Twenty-first Khaṇḍa
- Twenty-second Khaṇḍa
- Twenty-third Khaṇḍa
- Twenty-fourth Khaṇḍa
- Twenty-fifth Khaṇḍa
- Twenty-sixth Khaṇḍa
- EIGHTH PRAPĀṬHAKA Concerning the nature of the soul
- First Khaṇḍa
- The universal real Soul, within the heart and in the world
- Second Khaṇḍa
- Third Khaṇḍa
- Fourth Khaṇḍa
- Fifth Khaṇḍa
- The true way to the Brahma-world, through a life of abstinent religious study
- Sixth Khaṇḍa
- Passing out from the heart through the sun to immortality
- Seventh Khaṇḍa
- The progressive instruction of Indra by Prajāpati concerning the real self
- Eighth Khaṇḍa
- Ninth Khaṇḍa
- Tenth Khaṇḍa
- Eleventh Khaṇḍa
- Twelfth Khaṇḍa
- Thirteenth Khaṇḍa
- A paean of the perfected soul
- Fourteenth Khaṇḍa
- The exultation and prayer of a glorious learner
- Fifteenth Khaṇḍa
- Final words to the departing pupil
- TAITTIRĪYA UPANISHAD
- FIRST VALLĪ (Śikshā Vallī, ‘Chapter concerning Instruction’)
- First Anuvāka
- Invocation, adoration, and supplication
- Second Anuvāka
- Lesson on Pronunciation
- Third Anuvāka
- The mystic significance of combinations
- Fourth Anuvāka
- A teacher’s prayer
- Fifth Anuvāka
- The fourfold mystic Utterances
- Sixth Anuvāka
- A departing person’s attainment with the four Utterances
- Seventh Anuvāka
- The fivefoldness of the world and of the individual
- Eighth Anuvāka
- Glorification of the sacred word ‘Om’
- Ninth Anuvāka
- Study of the sacred word the most important of all duties
- Tenth Anuvāka
- The excellence of Veda-knowledge—a meditation
- Eleventh Anuvāka
- Practical precepts to a student
- Twelfth Anuvāka4
- Invocation, adoration, and acknowledgment
- SECOND VALLĪ (Brahmānanda Vallī, ‘Bliss-of-Brahma Chapter’)
- First Anuvāka
- The all-comprehensive Brahma of the world and of the individual; knowledge thereof the supreme success
- The course of evolution from the primal Ātman through the five elements to the human person
- The person in the sphere of food
- Second Anuvāka
- Food the supporting, yet consuming, substance of all life; a phase of Brahma
- The person in the sphere of breath
- Third Anuvāka
- Breath, the life of all living beings; a phase of Brahma
- The person in the sphere of formative faculty
- Fourth Anuvāka
- Beyond the formative faculty an inexpressible, fearless bliss
- The person in the sphere of understanding
- Fifth Anuvāka
- Understanding, all-directing; a saving and satisfying phase of Brahma
- The person in the sphere of bliss
- Sixth Anuvāka
- Assimilation either to the original or to the derivative Brahma which one knows
- Query: Who reaches the Brahma-world of bliss?
- All plurality and antitheses of existence developed from an original and still immanent unity
- Seventh Anuvāka
- The original self-developing non-existence, the essence of existence and the sole basis of fearless bliss
- Eighth Anuvāka
- All cosmic activity through fear
- The gradation of blisses up to the bliss of Brahma2
- The knower of the unity of the human person with the personality in the world reaches the blissful sphere of self-existence
- Ninth Anuvāka
- The knower of the bliss of Brahma is saved from all fear and from all moral self-reproach
- THIRD VALLĪ (Bhṛigu Vallī, ‘Chapter concerning Bhṛigu’)
- Bhṛigu’s progressive learning through austerity of five phases of Brahma
- The reciprocal relations of food, supporting and supported, illustrated; the importance of such knowledge
- A giver of food, prospered accordingly
- Manifestations of Brahma as food
- The worshiper thereof appropriates the object of his worship
- The knower of the unity of the human person with the personality in the world attains unhampered desire
- A mystical rapture of the knower of the universal unity
- AITAREYA UPANISHAD
- FIRST ADHYĀYA
- First Khaṇḍa
- The creation of the four worlds, of the cosmic person, and of cosmic powers by the primeval Self
- Second Khaṇḍa
- The ingredience of the cosmic powers in the human person
- Third Khaṇḍa
- The creation of food of fleeting material form, and the inability of various personal functions to obtain it
- The entrance of the Self into the body
- The mystic name of the sole self-existent Self
- SECOND ADHYĀYA
- Fourth Khaṇḍa
- A self’s three successive births
- THIRD ADHYĀYA
- Fifth Khaṇḍa
- The pantheistic Self
- KAUSHĪTAKI UPANISHAD1
- FIRST ADHYĀYA The course of reincarnation, and its termination through metaphysical knowledge2
- Citra and Śvetaketu concerning the path to the conclusion of reincarnation
- The testing at the moon; thence either return to earth, or further progress
- The course to the Brahma-world
- The knower’s triumphal progress through the Brahma-world
- Approaching unto the very throne of Brahma
- Essential identity with the infinite Real
- Apprehension of It through the Sacred Word and through all the functions of a person; the knower’s universal possession
- SECOND ADHYĀYA The doctrine of Prāṇa, together with certain ceremonies
- Identity with Brahma; its value in service and security to oneself
- To win another’s affection
- The perpetual sacrifice of self
- Glorification of the Uktha1
- Daily adoration of the sun for the removal of sin
- Regular adoration of the new moon for prosperity
- A prayer in connection with wife and children
- A returning father’s affectionate greeting to his son1
- The manifestation of the permanent Brahma in evanescent phenomena
- (a) Cosmical powers revertible into wind
- (b) An individual’s powers revertible into breath
- The contest of the bodily powers for supremacy; the ultimate goal
- A dying father’s bequest of his various powers to his son5
- THIRD ADHYĀYA Doctrine of Prāṇa (the Breathing Spirit)
- Knowledge of Indra, the greatest possible boon to men
- His identity with life and immortality
- The unity of an individual’s functions or special prāṇas
- The really vitalizing and unifying ‘vital breath,’ the breathing spirit or conscious self
- The ‘All-obtaining’ in Prāṇa through the vital breaths
- The correlation of the individual’s functions with the facts of existence
- The supremacy of consciousness in all the functions and facts of existence
- The indispensableness of consciousness for all facts and experience
- The subject of all knowledge, the paramount object of knowledge
- The absolute correlativity of knowing and being
- Their unity in the conscious self
- A person’s ethical irresponsibility, his very self being identical with the world-all
- FOURTH ADHYĀYA A progressive definition of Brahma2
- Bālāki’s offer of instruction concerning Brahma
- Clue-words of the subsequent conversation
- Bālāki’s and Ajātaśatru’s progressive determination of Brahma
- (a) In various cosmic phenomena
- (b) In the self
- The universal creator in the covert of the heart
- The ultimate unity in the self—creative, pervasive, supreme, universal
- KENA UPANISHAD1
- (FIRST KHAṆḌA)
- Query: The real agent in the individual?
- The all-conditioning, yet inscrutable agent, Brahma
- (SECOND KHAṆḌA)
- The paradox of Its inscrutability
- The value of knowledge of It
- (THIRD KHAṆḌA)3
- Allegory of the Vedic gods’ ignorance of Brahma
- (FOURTH KHAṆḌA)
- Knowledge of Brahma, the ground of superiority
- Brahma in cosmic and in individual phenomena
- Brahma, the great object of desire
- Concluding practical instruction and benefits
- KAṬHA UPANISHAD
- FIRST VALLĪ1
- Prologue: Naciketas devoted to Death
- Naciketas in the house of Death
- Warning on the neglect of a Brahman guest
- Three boons offered to Naciketas
- Naciketas’s first wish: return to an appeased father on earth
- Naciketas’s second wish: an understanding of the Naciketas sacrificial fire that leads to heaven
- Naciketas’s third wish: knowledge concerning the effect of dying
- This knowledge preferable to the greatest earthly pleasures
- SECOND VALLĪ
- The failure of pleasure and of ignorance; the wisdom of the better knowledge
- Heedlessness the cause of rebirth
- The need for a competent teacher of the soul
- Steadfast renunciation and self-meditation required
- The absolutely unqualified Soul
- The mystic syllable ‘Om’ as an aid
- The eternal indestructible soul
- The Soul revealed to the unstriving elect
- His opposite characteristics
- The conditions of knowing Him
- The all-comprehending incomprehensible
- THIRD VALLĪ
- The universal and the individual soul
- The Naciketas sacrificial fire as an aid
- Parable of the individual soul in a chariot
- Intelligent control of the soul’s chariot needed to arrive beyond transmigration
- The order of progression to the supreme Person
- The subtle perception of the all-pervading Soul
- The Yoga method—of suppression
- Exhortation to the way of liberation from death
- The immortal value of this teaching
- FOURTH VALLĪ
- The immortal Soul not to be sought through outward senses
- Yet the agent in all the senses, in sleeping and in waking
- The universal Soul (Ātman), identical with the individual and with all creation
- Failure to comprehend the essential unity of being regarded as the cause of reincarnation
- The eternal Lord abiding in one’s self
- The result of seeing multiplicity or else pure unity
- FIFTH VALLĪ
- The real Soul of the individual and of the world
- The appropriate embodiment of the transmigrating soul
- One’s real person, the same as the world-ground
- The unitary world-soul, immanent yet transcendent
- The indescribable bliss of recognizing the world-soul in one’s own soul
- The self-luminous light of the world
- SIXTH VALLĪ
- The world-tree rooted in Brahma
- The great fear
- Degrees of perception of the Soul (Ātman).
- The gradation up to the supersensible Person
- The method of Yoga, suppressive of the lower activity
- The Soul incomprehensible except as existent
- A renunciation of all desires and attachments the condition of immortality
- The passage of the soul from the body to immortality—or elsewhere
- This teaching, the means of attaining Brahma and immortality
- ĪŚĀ UPANISHAD1
- Recognition of the unity underlying the diversity of the world
- Non-attachment of deeds on the person of a renouncer
- The forbidding future for slayers of the Self
- The all-surpassing, paradoxical world-being
- Characteristics of the world-ruler
- Transcending, while involving, the antithesis of knowing
- The inadequacy of any antithesis of being
- Becoming and destruction a fundamental duality
- A dying person’s prayer
- General prayer of petition and adoration
- MUṆḌAKA UPANISHAD
- FIRST MUṆḌAKA Preparation for the knowledge of Brahma
- First Khaṇḍa
- The line of tradition of this knowledge from Brahmā himself
- Śaunaka’s quest for the clue to an understanding of the world
- Two kinds of knowledge: the traditions of religion, and the knowledge of the eternal
- The imperishable source of all things
- Second Khaṇḍa
- All the ceremonies of religion scrupulously to be practised
- Rewards of ceremonial observances
- Sacrificial forms ineffective against rebirth
- The consequences of ignorance
- But unstriving, retiring knowers, without sacrifice, reach the eternal Person
- This knowledge of Brahma to be sought properly from a qualified teacher
- SECOND MUṆḌAKA The Doctrine of Brahma-Ātman
- First Khaṇḍa
- The Imperishable, the source and the goal of all beings
- The supreme Person
- The source of the human person and of the cosmic elements
- The macrocosmic Person
- The source of the world and of the individual
- The source of all religious rites
- The source of all forms of existence
- The source of the activity of the senses
- The source of the world—the Inner Soul of things
- The pantheistic Person found in the heart
- Second Khaṇḍa
- The pantheistic Brahma
- A target to be penetrated by meditation on ‘Om’
- The immortal Soul, the one warp of the world and of the individual
- The great Soul to be found in the heart
- Deliverance gained through vision of Him
- The self-luminous light of the world
- The omnipresent Brahma
- THIRD MUṆḌAKA The Way to Brahma
- First Khaṇḍa
- Recognition of the Great Companion, the supreme salvation
- Delight in the Soul, the life of all things
- The pure Soul obtainable by true methods
- The universal inner Soul
- Obtainable by contemplation, purified from sense
- The acquiring power of thought
- Second Khaṇḍa
- Desires as the cause of rebirth
- The Soul (Ātman) known only by revelation to His own elect
- Certain indispensable conditions, pre-eminently knowledge
- In tranquil union with the Soul of all is liberation from death and from all distinctions of individuality
- The rewards and the requisite conditions of this knowledge of Brahma
- PRAŚNA UPANISHAD1
- FIRST PRAŚNA
- Six questioners seek the highest Brahma from a teacher
- Question: Concerning the source of creatures on earth
- The Lord of Creation created matter and life for dual parentage of creatures
- The sun and moon, such a pair
- Matter identified with every form of existence
- The sun, identified with the life of creatures
- The year identified with the Lord of Creation; the two paths: of reincarnation and of non-reincarnation
- Two old Vedic interpretations of the year
- The twofold month, identified with the Lord of Creation; to be properly observed in sacrifice
- Day and night, identified with the Lord of Creation; to be properly observed in procreation
- Food, the direct source of creatures
- Concluding assurance
- SECOND PRAŚNA
- Concerning the several personal powers and their chiefest
- [a] and [b] The supporting and illumining powers
- [c] Life, the essential and chiefest
- The universal Life
- THIRD PRAŚNA
- Six questions concerning a person’s life
- [a] The source of a person’s life
- [b] Its embodiment
- [c] Its establishment and distribution in the body
- [d] Its departure
- [e and f] Its cosmic and personal relations6
- One’s thinking determines life and destiny
- Recapitulation
- FOURTH PRAŚNA
- Concerning sleep and the ultimate basis of things
- [a] All sense-functions unified in the mind during sleep
- [b] The five life-functions, like sacrificial fires, slumber not
- [c] The universal mind, the beholder of dreams
- [d] The brilliant happiness of dreamless sleep, in the mind’s non-action
- [e] The Supreme Soul the ultimate basis of the manifold world and of the individual
- Knowing, and reaching, the world-ground
- FIFTH PRAŚNA
- Concerning the value of meditation on ‘Om’
- Partial or complete comprehension of ‘Om’ and of Brahma affords temporary or final cessation of rebirth
- SIXTH PRAŚNA
- Concerning the Person with sixteen parts1
- Conclusion of the instruction
- MĀṆḌŪKYA UPANISHAD
- The mystic symbolism of the word ‘Om’:
- (a) identified with the fourfold, pantheistic time-Brahma
- (b) representing in its phonetic elements the four states of the Self
- ŚVETĀŚVATARA UPANISHAD
- FIRST ADHYĀYA
- Conjectures concerning the First Cause
- The individual soul in manifold distress
- The saving knowledge of the one inclusive Brahma
- Made manifest like latent fire, by the exercise of meditation
- The all-pervading Soul
- SECOND ADHYĀYA
- Invocation to the god of inspiration for inspiration and self-control2
- Spiritual significance of the sacrificial worship
- Rules and results of Yoga
- The vision of God
- The pantheistic God
- THIRD ADHYĀYA
- The One God identified with Rudra
- Prayers from the Scriptures unto Rudra for favor4
- Knowing the One Supreme Person overcomes death
- The cosmic Person with human and superhuman powers
- FOURTH ADHYĀYA
- The One God of the manifold world
- The One God pantheistically identified
- The universal and the individual soul
- The ignorant soul in the illusion of a manifold universe
- The saving knowledge of the one, kindly, immanent supreme God of the universe
- Supplications to Rudra for favor
- FIFTH ADHYĀYA
- Brahma, the One God of the manifold world
- The reincarnating individual soul
- Liberation through knowledge of the One God
- SIXTH ADHYĀYA
- The One God, Creator and Lord, in and over the world
- Epilogue
- The conditions for receiving this knowledge
- MAITRI UPANISHAD
- FIRST PRAPĀṬHAKA
- Meditation upon the Soul (Ātman), the essence and the true completion of religious sacrifice
- The ascetic king Bṛihadratha, being offered a boon, chooses knowledge of the Soul (Ātman)
- Pessimistically he rejects evanescent earthly desires, and craves only liberation from reincarnate existence
- SECOND PRAPĀṬHAKA
- Śākāyanya’s instruction concerning the Soul (Ātman)1
- The Soul—a self-luminous, soaring being, separable from the body, identical with Brahma
- The unqualified Soul, the driver of the unintelligent bodily vehicle
- Every intelligent person a partial individuation of the supersensuous, self-limiting Person
- The primeval Person progressively differentiated himself into [a] inanimate beings, [b] the five physiological functions, [c] the human person, [d] a person’s functions
- But the Soul itself is non-active, unqualified, abiding
- THIRD PRAPĀṬHAKA
- The great Soul, and the individual, suffering, transmigrating soul
- The soul that is subject to elements and qualities, confused and self-conceited, suffers and transmigrates
- The inner Person remains unaffected in the elemental soul’s transformations
- The body a loathsome conglomerate
- The overcoming and transforming effects of the dark and of the passionate qualities
- FOURTH PRAPĀṬHAKA
- The rule for the elemental soul’s complete union with the Soul at death
- The miserable condition of the individual Soul
- The antidote: study of the Veda, performance of one’s own duty, and austerity
- Knowledge of Brahma, austerity, and meditation: the means of union with the Soul
- Worship of the various popular gods is permissible and rewarding, but temporary and inferior
- FIFTH PRAPĀṬHAKA
- Hymn to the pantheistic Soul
- The progressive differentiation of the Supreme Soul
- SIXTH PRAPĀṬHAKA
- Two correlated manifestations of the Soul: inwardly the breathing spirit, and outwardly the sun
- The inner Soul identified with the Soul in space, which is localized in the sun
- The light of the sun, as a form of Brahma, represented by the mystic syllable ‘Om’
- Various triads of the forms of the Soul, worshiped by the use of the threefold ‘Om’
- Worship of the world and the Soul by the use of the original three world-creating Utterances
- Worship of the Soul (Ātman) in the form of the sun by the use of the Sāvitrī Prayer1
- Etymological significance of the names of the cosmic manifestations of the Soul
- The Soul (Ātman) the agent in a person’s various functions
- The Soul (Ātman), the subject in all objective knowledge; but itself, as unitary, never an object of knowledge
- The Soul (Ātman) identical with various gods and powers
- To be perceived by the meditative hermit
- The liturgy for making the eating of food an oblation unto the Soul in one’s own breath
- Applications of the principle of food (according to the Sāṅkhya doctrine)
- The renouncer of objects of sense the true ascetic
- Food, as the life, source, goal, and desire of all, to be reverenced as the highest form of the Soul (Ātman)
- The theory of food
- The theory of time
- The infinite Brahma—the eternal, unitary Soul (Ātman) of the world and of the individual
- The Yoga method for attaining this pure unity
- Withdrawal from sense-objects into absence of all thought
- The selfless, liberated, joyous vision of the Self (Ātman)
- The Yoga method of attaining to non-experiencing selflessness and to ultimate unity
- Reaching the higher, non-sound Brahma by meditation on the sound ‘Om’
- Piercing, in abstract meditation, through darkness to the shining, immortal, Brahma
- The vision of the brilliant Soul in the perfect unity of Yoga
- In the sacrifice of suppressed breath in Yoga the light of the world-source becomes visible
- The light of the Brahma hidden in the body, made fully manifest and entered into in Yoga
- Entrance into the hall of Brahma after slaying the door-keeper, self-consciousness
- The unhampered soul—the perfect Yogī
- Conclusion of the instruction on Brahma-knowledge and on Yoga
- Liberation into the real Brahma by relinquishment of all desires, mental activity, and self-consciousness
- Śākāyanya’s final course upward through the sun to Brahma
- The evidences of the Soul in the senses and in the mind
- The Soul, the source of all
- The mystical significance of the three fires in the religious sacrifice4
- One’s own digestion to be attended to, as a compend of cosmic sacrificial fires
- The Self intended in religious sacrifices and verses
- Liberation in the control of one’s thoughts
- Both sacrifice and meditative knowledge needed
- Brahma, transcending all fragmentary manifestations, the supreme object of worship
- Transitory worshipers of the gods, and terminating knowers of real unity
- Sacrifice to the two forms of Brahma, in space and in one’s own self
- The Inner Soul in the material world furnishes the individual’s and the sun’s existence
- The offering of food passes through fire to the sun and back into life
- The course to the ultimate Brahma even here in the body
- SEVENTH PRAPĀṬHAKA
- The Soul (Ātman) as the world-sun, and its rays4
- The one unlimited Soul (Ātman) of the whole world
- Warnings against the disorderly and against false teachers
- Warning against ignorance and perverted doctrine
- Warning against devilish, false, non-Vedic doctrine
- The bright Brahma in the heart, stirred into all-pervading manifestation by meditation on ‘Om’
- The persons in the eyes, and their abode in the heart
- The utterance of the various sounds of the alphabet, produced by breath started from the mind
- The true seer of the All beyond all evil
- The larger self found in the superconscious; but a purposeful duality in the Self
- A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE UPANISHADS SELECTED, CLASSIFIED, AND ANNOTATED
- NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ARRANGEMENT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
- 1.: TRANSLATIONS OF COLLECTED UPANISHADS
- 2.: TRANSLATIONS OF SINGLE UPANISHADS
- Bṛihad-Āraṇyaka Upanishad
- Chāndogya Upanishad
- Aitareya Upanishad
- Kaushītaki Upanishad
- Kena Upanishad
- Kaṭha Upanishad
- Īśā Upanishad
- Muṇḍaka Upanishad
- Śvetāśvatara Upanishad
- Māṇḍūkya Upanishad
- 3.: TRANSLATIONS OF SELECTIONS FROM THE UPANISHADS
- 4.: TRANSLATIONS, WITH TEXT, OF COLLECTED UPANISHADS
- 5.: TRANSLATIONS, WITH TEXT, OF SINGLE UPANISHADS
- Bṛihad-Āraṇyaka Upanishad
- Chāndogya Upanishad
- Taittirīya Upanishad
- Aitareya Upanishad
- Kaushītaki Upanishad
- Kena Upanishad
- Kaṭha Upanishad
- Īśā Upanishad
- Guru Datta’s translation
- The present translation
- Muṇḍaka Upanishad
- Praśna Upanishad
- Māṇḍūkya Upanishad
- Śvetāśvatara Upanishad
- Maitri Upanishad
- 6.: TEXT-EDITIONS OF COLLECTED UPANISHADS
- 7.: TEXT-EDITIONS OF SINGLE UPANISHADS
- Bṛihad-Āraṇyaka Upanishad
- Chāndogya Upanishad
- Taittirīya Upanishad
- Aitareya Upanishad
- Kena Upanishad
- Kaṭha Upanishad
- Īśā Upanishad
- Muṇḍaka Upanishad
- Praśna Upanishad
- Māṇḍūkya Upanishad
- Śvetāśvatara Upanishad
- 8.: TREATISES, CHIEFLY LINGUISTIC
- 9.: TREATISES, CHIEFLY EXPOSITORY
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