A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, vol. 3
A four volume set edited by the by the “Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin” in New York city. It consists of: Vol. 1: “The United States,” by W.G. Sumner. Vol. 2: “Great Britain,” by H.D. Macleod; “The Russian Empire,” by A.E. Horn; “Savings Banks in the United States,” by J.P. Townsend. Vol. 3: “The Latin Nations,” by P. Des Essars; “The Banks of Alsace-Lorraine after the Annexation,” by A. Raffalovich; “Canada,” by B.E. Walker. Vol. 4: “Germany and Austria-Hungary,” by M. Wirth; “The Netherlands,” by R. van der Borght; “The Scandinavian Nations,” by A. Jensen; “Japan,” by J. Soyeda; “China,” by T.R. Jernigan.
A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations; comprising the United States; Great Britain; Germany; Austro-Hungary; France; Italy; Belgium; Spain; Switzerland; Portugal; Roumania; Russia; Holland; The Scandinavian Nations; Canada; China; Japan; compiled by thirteen authors. Edited by the Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin. In Four Volumes. (New York: The Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, 1896). Vol. 3 (France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Canada).
Copyright:
The text is in the public domain.
People:
- Author: Pierre des Essars
- Author: Arthur Raffalovich
- Author: Byron Edmund Walker
- Editor: Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin
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- A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, 4 vols. (Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin)
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Table of Contents
- CONTENTS.
- BANKING IN THE LATIN NATIONS.
- PART I.: BANKING IN FRANCE.
- CHAPTER I.: ITS STATUS BEFORE THE REVOLUTION.
- ANCIENT BEGINNINGS.
- THE JEWS AS MONEY-LENDERS.
- JACQUES COEUR.
- REVENUE FARMERS AS BANKERS.
- TREASURY BANKERS.
- GABRIEL JULIEN OUVRARD.
- CHAPTER II.: THE BANK AND “SYSTEM” OF LAW.
- France at the Close of the Reign of Louis XIV.
- DOINGS OF THE CHAMBER OF JUSTICE.
- JOHN LAW APPEARS.
- LAW’S BANK SCHEME.
- LAW’S SUCCESS AROUSES COMPETITION.
- THE ROYAL BANK SUPERSEDES THE GENERAL BANK.
- LAW’S COMPAGNIE D’OCCIDENT.
- LAW’S COMPAGNIE DES INDES.
- THE CULMINATION AND DECLINE OF LAW’S SCHEMES.
- THE KING COMES TO LAW’S RESCUE.
- MEASURES TO STAY THE COLLAPSE.
- LAW’S FLIGHT AND END.
- LIQUIDATION OF THE “SYSTEM.”
- THE “BROTHERS PARIS” GATHER UP THE WRECK.
- AN IMPARTIAL ESTIMATE OF LAW.
- CHAPTER III.: THE DISCOUNT BANK—LA CAISSE D’ESCOMPTE.
- AUTHORIZATION OF A BANK OF ISSUE—THE DISCOUNT BANK UNDER TURGOT’S MINISTRY.
- REGULATIONS OF THE BANK.
- THE BANK IN DIFFICULTIES.
- RECOVERY OF CONFIDENCE AND INCREASE OF CAPITAL.
- THE PROSPERITY OF THE BANK CAUSES ITS RUIN.
- NECKER PROPOSES TO MAKE THE DISCOUNT BANK A NATIONAL BANK.
- PLAN ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.
- THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY EXTINGUISHES THE BANK.
- LA CAISSE DES COMPTES COURANTS.
- CHAPTER IV.: ASSIGNATS—THE BASIS OF THEIR ISSUE.
- OVER-ISSUES—THEN DEPRECIATION.
- “THE MAXIMUM.”
- ATTEMPTS TO RESTORE THE VALUE OF THE NOTES.
- ISSUES UNDER THE DIRECTORY.
- THE ASSIGNATS CONVERTED INTO MANDATS.
- CHAPTER V.: THE BANK OF FRANCE.
- SECTION I.: ORIGIN OF THE BANK.
- PLANS FOR THE CREATION OF A GREAT BANK IN 1796.
- BONAPARTE’S INITIATION OF A PLAN.
- ADVANCES TOWARD NOTE MONOPOLY.
- THE CRISIS OF 1805—LAW OF APRIL 22, 1806.
- PROVINCIAL BRANCHES CREATED.
- ATTEMPTED REFORMS.
- SERVICES OF THE BANK TO THE STATE.
- REVOLUTION OF 1830—THE DISCOUNT BUREAU.
- ESTABLISHMENT OF BRANCH BANKS.
- EXTENSION OF THE BANK’S PRIVILEGE.
- THE CRISIS OF 1847.
- THE REVOLUTION OF 1848, AND MORE BANK MONOPOLY.
- SECTION II.: THE BANK UNDER THE SECOND EMPIRE.
- CRISIS OF 1857—RENEWAL OF THE BANK’S CONCESSION.
- THE BANK HELPS RAILROAD BUILDING.
- THE BANK’S TRIALS IN 1860-1864.
- THE BANK AND THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR.
- THE BANK AND THE COMMUNE.
- CALM AND RECUPERATION—THEN SPECULATION AND CRISIS.
- THE BANK AND THE COPPER “CORNER.”
- SECTION III.: ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OF THE BANK.
- REGENTS AND CENSORS.
- GOVERNOR AND SUB-GOVERNORS.
- THE GENERAL COUNCIL.
- COMMITTEES.
- DISCOUNT COUNCIL.
- BRANCH BANKS AND SUBSIDIARY OFFICES.
- STAFF OF THE BANK.
- SECTION IV.: OPERATIONS OF THE BANK.
- OPEN ACCOUNTS.
- OPEN DISCOUNT ACCOUNTS.
- LOANS AGAINST COLLATERAL SECURITY.
- MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS OF THE BANK.
- SECTION V.: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BANK AND THE STATE.
- OBLIGATIONS TO THE STATE.
- THE TREASURY ACCOUNT OF THE BANK.
- CONTRACTS BETWEEN THE TREASURY AND BANK.
- TAXATION OF THE BANK.
- SECTION VI.: ADMINISTRATION OF THE CASH FUND AND THE CIRCULATION.
- BASIS OF NOTE ISSUES.
- MECHANISM OF THE DOUBLE STANDARD.
- MAXIMUM OF THE CIRCULATION.
- PROFITS ON CIRCULATION.
- EXPENSES AND DIVIDENDS.
- ACCOUNTS OF THE BANK.
- ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE BANK’S BALANCE-SHEET.
- CONCLUSION.
- CHAPTER VI.: BANKS AND BANKERS AFTER THE REVOLUTION.
- SECTION I.: THE GREAT DISCOUNT BANKS OF PARIS.
- THE COMPTOIR’S CAPITAL DOUBLED AND QUADRUPLED AND ITS REGULATIONS CHANGED.
- UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS AFTER THE WAR OF 1870.
- THE COMPTOIR’S COMMITMENT TO THE SOCIÉTÉ DES MÉTEAUX.
- THE NATIONAL DISCOUNT BANK OF PARIS TAKES OVER THE COMPTOIR D’ESCOMPTE.
- THE CRÉDIT FONCIER—MORTGAGE BANKING.
- CRÉDIT FONCIER DE FRANCE.
- THE CRÉDIT AGRICOLE.
- THE CRÉDIT INDUSTRIEL ET COMMERCIAL.
- COMPANY FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY.
- THE CRÉDIT LYONNAIS.
- CRÉDIT LYONNAIS.
- THE BANK OF PARIS AND THE NETHERLANDS.
- PRIVATE BANKS.
- SECTION II.: THE BOURSE, CLEARING-HOUSE, AND FINANCIAL OPERATIONS AT LARGE.
- CLEARING-HOUSE OF PARIS.
- CHANGES IN BANKING METHODS—COMPETITION FOR PAPER.
- AGRICULTURAL AND POPULAR LOANS.
- RAIFFEISEN INSTITUTIONS.
- POPULAR CREDIT INSTITUTIONS.
- CHAPTER VII.: BANKING IN THE FRENCH COLONIES.
- SECTION I.: THE BANK OF ALGERIA.
- SECTION II.: OTHER COLONIAL BANKS.
- STATISTICS OF THE COLONIAL BANKS.*
- PART II.: BANKING IN ITALY.
- CHAPTER I.: PRIMITIVE BANKS.
- THE MONTE VECCHIO.
- THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE.
- THE MONTE DE PIÉTÉ OF NAPLES.
- APODISSARY ACCOUNTS.
- A BANKING MONOPOLY ESTABLISHED.
- DEBASEMENT OF MONEY STANDARDS.
- ANOTHER CRISIS IN NAPLES.
- MISFORTUNES TO THE OLD BANKS.
- THE BANK OF THE TWO SICILIES.
- THE BANK OF SICILY.
- CHAPTER II.: BANKING UNDER THE UNIFICATION OF THE KINGDOM.
- NATIONAL BANK OF THE KINGDOM OF ITALY.
- THE BANKS OF TUSCANY.
- THE BANKS AND THE UNIFICATION DRAMA—FORCED CURRENCY.
- SYNDICATE OF BANKS OF ISSUE.
- DISSOLUTION OF THE SYNDICATE.
- A NEW SOURCE OF TROUBLE.
- A BUILDING CRISIS.
- EXTENSIONS OF THE BANKS’ CONCESSIONS.
- INVESTIGATION AND STRANGE DISCOVERIES.
- REORGANIZATION OF THE BANKS.
- THE CONSOLIDATED “BANK OF ITALY”
- LIQUIDATION OF THE ROMAN BANK.
- THE BANKS SINCE THE CONSOLIDATION.
- THE STATE AGAIN EMBARRASSES THE BANKS.
- ORGANIZATION OF THE BANK OF ITALY.
- ORGANIZATION OF THE BANK OF NAPLES.
- TRANSACTIONS OF THE ISSUE BANKS.
- MANAGEMENT OF CIRCULATION AND COIN.
- CLEARINGS OF BANK NOTES.
- CRÉDIT FONCIER OPERATIONS OF THE BANKS.
- COMPULSORY LIQUIDATIONS.
- RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BANKS AND THE STATE.
- ANNUAL STATEMENTS.
- CONCLUSION.
- CHAPTER III.: ITALIAN CO-OPERATIVE BANKS.
- EMBODIMENT OF THE POPULAR IDEAL OF BANKING.
- THE SCHULZE MOVEMENT.
- PROGRESS OF THE POPULAR BANKS.
- ORGANIZATION OF POPULAR BANKS.
- TRANSACTIONS OF THE POPULAR BANKS.
- CURRENT ACCOUNTS, SAVINGS DEPOSITS, AND INTEREST-BEARING BONDS ON DECEMBER 31ST.
- COLLAPSE OF THE ITALIAN CRÉDIT MOBILIER.
- CHAPTER IV.: THE BANKERS OF FLORENCE.
- ORIGIN OF FLORENTINE BANKING.
- FLORENTINE BANKERS IN ENGLAND.
- FLORENTINE BANKERS IN FRANCE.
- THE BANKERS OF FLORENCE.
- COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATIONS.
- MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANIES.
- DOWNFALL OF THE FLORENTINE BANKERS.
- THE MEDICI.
- CHAPTER V.: BANKS AND BANKERS IN SICILY.
- THE MONEY-CHANGERS.
- “THE KING’S EXCHANGE.”
- BANKING PROPER IN SICILY.
- LEGAL REGULATION OF BANKING.
- THE BANKS AND THE GRAIN TRADE.
- DEPOSITS AND ACCOUNTS CURRENT.
- NATURE OF THE DEPOSITS.
- USES MADE OF DEPOSITS.
- CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT—THEIR IMPORTANT USE AS CURRENCY.
- THE POLIZZA.
- DECADENCE OF SICILIAN BANKING.
- PART III.: BANKING IN SPAIN.
- CHAPTER I.: THE EARLIEST BANKS.
- THE BANK OF ST. CHARLES.
- THE BANK OF ST. FERDINAND.
- BANK OF ISABELLA II.
- THE TWO BANKS CONSOLIDATED—REPEATED RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE CONSOLIDATED INSTITUTION.
- CHAPTER II.: THE BANK OF SPAIN.
- ITS ORIGIN.
- GRANT OF EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGES TO THE BANK.
- ORGANIZATION OF THE BANK.
- BUSINESS OF THE BANK.
- ADMINISTRATION OF THE COIN AND PAPER CIRCULATION.
- THE CIRCULATION OF THE BANK.
- DENOMINATIONS OF THE NOTES.
- LIABILITIES VERSUS ASSETS.
- RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BANK AND STATE.
- PROFITS AND EXPENSES OF THE BANK.
- RUNNING EXPENSES.
- DIVIDENDS.
- REPORTS AND BALANCE-SHEET.
- CONCLUSION.
- PART IV.: BANKING IN BELGIUM.
- THE BANK OF BELGIUM.
- ITS EARLY VICISSITUDES.
- RENEWAL OF THE BANK’S CHARTER.
- ORGANIZATION OF THE BANK.
- MANAGEMENT OF THE BANK.
- BRANCHES, AGENCIES, AND BUREAUS.
- TRANSACTIONS OF THE BANK.
- RATE OF DISCOUNT.
- ADVANCES UPON COLLATERALS.
- CURRENT ACCOUNTS.
- COLLECTIONS FOR ACCOUNT-HOLDERS AND TRUST ORDERS.
- TRUST DEPOSITS.
- COIN AND PAPER CIRCULATION.
- RELATIONS OF THE BANK WITH THE STATE.
- THE BANK’S SERVICE TO SAVINGS-BANKS.
- TAXES ON THE BANK.
- PROFITS AND DIVIDENDS.
- BALANCE-SHEET.
- CONCLUSION.
- PART V.: BANKING IN SWITZERLAND.
- BANKS OF ISSUE.
- THEIR RECENT ORIGIN.
- THE FEDERAL BANK.
- DISTURBANCE FROM THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR.
- ENACTMENT OF THE NEW BASIS.
- BANK CLEARINGS AT ZURICH.
- NOTE ISSUES UNDER THE LAW OF MARCH, 1881.
- GRAVE DISCONTENT WITH THE LAW OF 1881.
- NOTE-ISSUING FINALLY RESTRICTED TO A NATIONAL BANK.
- FEATURES OF THE LAW OF 1891.
- POWERS AND OPERATIONS OF THE BANK.
- CONCLUSION.
- PART VI.: BANKING IN PORTUGAL, 1750 TO 1891.
- CHAPTER I.: THE FIRST GREAT BANKS.
- BANK OF LISBON—ORIGINAL BANK OF PORTUGAL.
- THE BANK OF PORTUGAL ESTABLISHED.
- SIX NEW BANKS OF ISSUE.
- PRIVILEGE OF THE BANK OF PORTUGAL EXTENDED.
- ATTEMPT TO REFORM THE GOLD COINAGE.
- CONSOLIDATION OF THE BANKS OF ISSUE.
- THE BANK RECEIVES A MONOPOLY OF NOTE ISSUES.
- THE BANK IN THE CRISIS OF 1890.
- CHAPTER II.: THE BANK OF PORTUGAL.
- ITS CONSTITUTION, MECHANISM, AND MANAGEMENT.
- BRANCHES, AGENCIES, AND CORRESPONDENTS.
- TRANSACTIONS OF THE BANK.
- ADMINISTRATION OF THE METALLIC AND PAPER CIRCULATION.
- THE NOTE CIRCULATION.
- THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE BANK’S PAPER.
- RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BANK AND STATE.
- PROFITS, RESERVES, AND DIVIDENDS.
- THE BANK’S BALANCE-SHEET.
- CONCLUSION.
- PART VII.: NATIONAL BANK OF ROUMANIA.
- A BRIEF EXPERIMENT WITH STATE NOTES,
- THEN A NATIONAL BANK, WITH MONOPOLY OF ISSUING
- THE BANK OF ROUMANIA.
- ORGANIZATION OF THE BANK OF ROUMANIA.
- BUSINESS REGULATIONS OF THE BANK.
- ADMINISTRATION AND CIRCULATION OF COIN AND PAPER.
- EMBARRASSMENT CAUSED BY THE STATE’S NOTES.
- RELATIONS OF THE BANK WITH THE STATE.
- CAPITAL, RESERVES, AND EARNINGS.
- THE BALANCE-SHEET.
- CONCLUSION.
- PART VIII.: THE LATIN MONETARY UNION.
- CONVENTION OF DECEMBER 23, 1865.
- PROPOSALS FOR A CONFERENCE.
- AN AGREEMENT REACHED.
- DEFECTS OF THE SYSTEM.
- MONEYS OF THE PAPAL STATES.
- THE DECLINE OF SILVER.
- THE SCANDINAVIAN UNION.
- THE GROWING OVER-SUPPLY OF SILVER.
- AGREEMENT OF JANUARY 31, 1874.
- CONFERENCES OF 1875 AND 1876.
- CAUSES COMPELLING A LIMITATION OF COINAGE.
- THE FRENCH LEGISLATURE SUSPENDS SILVER COINAGE FOR PRIVATE ACCOUNT.
- ADDITIONAL AGREEMENT OF JUNE 30, 1879.
- LÉON SAY PROPOSES TO EXTEND THE LAW OF 1876.
- THE BLAND ACT AND CONFERENCE OF 1878.
- WITHDRAWAL OF ITALIAN COINS FROM OTHER STATES.
- A SERIOUS DISPUTE WITH ITALY.
- THE CONFERENCE OF JUNE, 1879.
- ITALY AGAIN REFRACTORY.
- AGREEMENTS OF 1885.
- THE CONFERENCE RECONVENES.
- THE SETTLEMENT CLAUSE AND PROLONGATION OF THE UNION.
- CONTINUATION OF THE UNION AFTER 1890.
- THE CONFERENCE OF 1893.
- PART IX.: DYNAMICS OF CIRCULATION.
- PART X.: THE BANKS OF ALSACE-LORRAINE AFTER THE ANNEXATION.*
- BANKING IN CANADA.
- AUTHOR’S PREFACE.
- CHAPTER I.: CURRENCY EXPEDIENTS.
- 1608-1760, CARD MONEY OF NEW FRANCE; 1760-1812, RESORT TO FOREIGN COIN; 1812-1817, ARMY-BILL ISSUES.
- EARLIEST MONETARY EXPEDIENTS.
- CARD MONEY.
- RETURN TO COIN MONEY—THEN A RELAPSE TO CARDS.
- BIGOT’S DUE-BILL CURRENCY (ORDONNANCES).
- CURRENCY UNDER BRITISH RULE.
- INTRODUCTION OF BANKING.
- RESORT TO ARMY BILLS AS CURRENCY.
- CHAPTER II.: 1817-1841. BANKING UNDER JOINT-STOCK CHARTERS.
- LEGISLATION BY THE PROVINCES.
- EXPERIENCE OF TREASURY NOTES.
- CREATION OF BANKS IN LOWER CANADA.
- CHARTERS GRANTED TO THREE BANKS—THEIR PROVISIONS.
- BANKS FOUNDED IN UPPER CANADA.
- BANKS ESTABLISHED IN NOVA SCOTIA.
- GROWTH OF BANKING IN THE VARIOUS PROVINCES.
- NEW LEGISLATION RELATING TO NOTE ISSUES.
- BANKS WITH EXCEPTIONAL CHARTERS.
- BANKING PROGRESS IN UPPER CANADA.
- PUBLIC CLAMOR FOR MORE BANKS—RESTRAINT FROM THE COLONIAL OFFICE.
- UNSOUND BANKING.
- THE PANIC OF 1837.
- SUSPENSION OF BANKS AND POPULAR REBELLION.
- RESUMPTION OF PAYMENTS.
- CHAPTER III.: 1841-1867. BANKING IN OLD CANADA.
- STEPS TOWARD UNIFORM REGULATION OF BANKING.
- “FREE BANKING ACT OF 1850.”
- INCREASE OF BANK CAPITAL AUTHORIZED.
- A GOVERNMENT BANK OF ISSUE PROPOSED.
- CHAPTER IV.: BANKING UNDER THE DOMINION.
- THE PRESENT ACT.
- ABSTRACT OF THE BANK ACT.
- CHAPTER V.: SCOPE OF EXISTING LAWS.
- TERM OF CHARTER—INTERNAL REGULATIONS—CIRCULATION—BUSINESS AND POWERS—PENALTIES, Etc.
- INCORPORATION.
- INTERNAL REGULATIONS.
- CAPITAL STOCK.
- ANNUAL STATEMENT—DIVIDENDS.
- CASH RESERVES.
- NOTE ISSUES.
- BUSINESS AND POWERS OF THE BANK.
- STATEMENTS BY BANKS TO GOVERNMENT.
- ASSETS.
- LIABILITIES.
- INSOLVENCY OF BANKS.
- OFFENCES AND PENALTIES.
- GENERAL REMARKS ON THE ACT.
- NOTE ISSUES.
- THE BORROWER AND THE BRANCH SYSTEM.
- THE DEPOSITOR.
- BANK INSPECTION.
- CHAPTER VI.: LAND BANKS—LOAN COMPANIES.
- SAVINGS-BANKS—DOMINION NOTES—BANK FAILURES.
- LAND MORTGAGE COMPANIES.
- SAVINGS-BANKS.
- DOMINION NOTE ISSUES.
- BANK FAILURES.
- RETURNS TO GOVERNMENT.
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