A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, vol. 2
A four volume set edited by the by the “Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin” in New York city. It consists of: Vol. 1: “The United States,” by W.G. Sumner. Vol. 2: “Great Britain,” by H.D. Macleod; “The Russian Empire,” by A.E. Horn; “Savings Banks in the United States,” by J.P. Townsend. Vol. 3: “The Latin Nations,” by P. Des Essars; “The Banks of Alsace-Lorraine after the Annexation,” by A. Raffalovich; “Canada,” by B.E. Walker. Vol. 4: “Germany and Austria-Hungary,” by M. Wirth; “The Netherlands,” by R. van der Borght; “The Scandinavian Nations,” by A. Jensen; “Japan,” by J. Soyeda; “China,” by T.R. Jernigan.
A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations; comprising the United States; Great Britain; Germany; Austro-Hungary; France; Italy; Belgium; Spain; Switzerland; Portugal; Roumania; Russia; Holland; The Scandinavian Nations; Canada; China; Japan; compiled by thirteen authors. Edited by the Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin. In Four Volumes. (New York: The Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, 1896). Vol. 2 A History of Banking in Great Britain, the Russian Empire, and Savings-Banks in the U.S.
Copyright:
The text is in the public domain.
People:
- Author: Antoine E. Horn
- Author: Henry Dunning MacLeod
- Author: John P. Townsend
- Editor: Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin
Found in:
Part of:
- A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, 4 vols. (Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin)
Formats:
| Format | Description | Size |
|---|---|---|
| EBook PDF | This text-based PDF or EBook was created from the HTML version of this book and is part of the Portable Library of Liberty. | 1.63 MB |
| ePub | ePub standard file for your iPad or any e-reader compatible with that format | 583 KB |
| Facsimile PDF | This is a facsimile or image-based PDF made from scans of the original book. | 32.1 MB |
| HTML | This version has been converted from the original text. Every effort has been taken to translate the unique features of the printed book into the HTML medium. | 1.64 MB |
| Kindle | This is an E-book formatted for Amazon Kindle devices. | 865 KB |
Table of Contents
- A History of Banking IN GREAT BRITAIN;
- CONTENTS.
- BANKING IN GREAT BRITAIN.
- CHAPTER I.: BANKING IN ENGLAND.
- SECTION I.: A RECORD OF BEGINNINGS.
- SECTION II.: FOUNDATION OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND.
- SECTION III.: AN ERA OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
- SECTION IV.: STATE OF THE IRISH CURRENCY.
- SECTION V.: FAILURE OF CURRENCY REFORM—INFLATION AND REACTION.
- SECTION VI.: THE COMMITTEE ON BANKING OF 1840.
- PURPORT OF THE REPORT.
- THE ECONOMICS OF THE REPORT.
- BANK CREDITS, OR DEPOSITS, ARE READY MONEY.
- CONSEQUENCES OF LORD OVERSTONE’S DEFINITION OF CURRENCY.
- SECTION VII.: ON THE BANK ACTS OF 1844 AND 1845.
- THE BANK ACT OF 1844.
- THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BANK.
- THE SCOTCH BANK ACT OF 1845.
- THE IRISH BANK ACT OF 1845.
- EXTENSION OF LIMITED LIABILITY TO BANKS.
- THE DIFFERENCES IN PRINCIPLE BETWEEN SUPPORTERS OF THE BANK ACT OF 1844 AND THOSE OF THE BULLION REPORT AND THE BANK ACT OF 1819.
- SECTION VIII.: COMMERCIAL CRISES.
- ACCOMMODATION PAPER.
- THE REAL DANGER OF ACCOMMODATION PAPER.
- MUTUAL ACCOMMODATION PAPER—ITS DANGER TO A BANK.
- SECTION IX.: MONETARY PANICS.
- THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1764.
- THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1772.
- THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1782.
- THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1793.
- THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1797.
- THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1825.
- THE MONETARY CRISIS OF 1838-9.
- THE MONETARY CRISIS OF 1839.
- THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1847.
- THE TRUE AND SUPREME POWER OF CONTROLLING CREDIT AND THE ISSUES OF THE BANK.
- THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1857.
- THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1866.
- THE CRISIS OF 1890.
- SECTION X.: GENERAL CONCLUSION.
- CHAPTER II.: BANKING IN SCOTLAND.
- CHAPTER III.: THE THEORY AND MECHANISM OF BANKING.
- ON THE MEANING OF THE WORD BANK.
- ON THE MEANING OF THE WORD BANKER.
- ON THE CURRENCY PRINCIPLE.
- ON THE MECHANISM OF BANKING.
- ON THE LEGAL RELATION BETWEEN BANKER AND CUSTOMER.
- ON THE LEGAL CONTRACT BETWEEN BANKER AND CUSTOMER.
- ON THE MEANING OF DEPOSIT IN THE TECHNICAL LANGUAGE OF MODERN BANKING.
- IN BANKING LANGUAGE A DEPOSIT AND AN ISSUE ARE THE SAME.
- ON THE METHOD OF UTILIZING BANKING CREDITS.
- OPERATIONS BY MEANS OF NOTES AND CHEQUES.
- HOW CREDIT IS CAPITAL TO A BANKER.
- ON THE SCOTTISH SYSTEM OF BANKING.
- ON CASH CREDITS.
- CASH CREDITS GRANTED IN AID OF PERSONS.
- ON CASH CREDITS GRANTED TO PROMOTE AGRICULTURE AND THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC WORKS.
- THE SCOTTISH SYSTEM OF CASH CREDITS.
- ON THE CLEARING HOUSE.
- HOW MERCANTILE BILLS OF EXCHANGE ARE PAID.
- ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF TEMPORARY CREDIT INTO PERMANENT CAPITAL.
- CHAPTER IV.: DEFINITIONS OF ECONOMIC TERMS.
- I.—: DEFINITION OF ECONOMICS.
- II.—: DEFINITION OF WEALTH, OR OF AN ECONOMIC QUANTITY.
- III.—: ARISTOTLE’S DEFINITION OF WEALTH.
- IV.—: THE THREE SPECIES OF WEALTH, OR OF ECONOMIC QUANTITIES
- V.—: ANCIENT DIALOGUE SHOWING THAT LABOR IS WEALTH.
- VI.—: MODERN ECONOMISTS INCLUDE LABOR UNDER THE TERM WEALTH.
- VII.—: DEMOSTHENES SHOWS THAT PERSONAL CREDIT IS WEALTH.
- VIII.—: MODERN ECONOMISTS INCLUDE PERSONAL CREDIT UNDER THE TERM WEALTH.
- IX.—: ON ABSTRACT RIGHTS AS WEALTH.
- X.—: GENERAL RULE OF ROMAN LAW THAT RIGHTS ARE WEALTH.
- XI.—: GENERAL RULE OF GREEK LAW THAT RIGHTS ARE WEALTH.
- XII.—: GENERAL RULE OF ENGLISH LAW THAT RIGHTS ARE WEALTH.
- XIII.—: MODERN ECONOMISTS INCLUDE RIGHTS OF ACTION, i. e., CREDITS, OR DEBTS, UNDER THE TERM CIRCULATING CAPITAL.
- XIV.—: THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS ABSOLUTE WEALTH.
- XV.—: ECONOMICS, OR COMMERCE, CONSISTS OF SIX DISTINCT KINDS OF EXCHANGE.
- XVI.—: ON THE MEANING OF THE WORD PROPERTY.
- XVII.—: MEANING OF THE WORD PROPERTY IN ENGLISH.
- XVIII.—: ON THE RIGHT OF PROPERTY AND THE RIGHT OF POSSESSION.
- XIX.—: APPLICATION OF THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SIGNS TO PROPERTY.
- XX.—: EVERY SUM OF MONEY IS EQUIVALENT TO THE SUM OF THE PRESENT VALUES OF AN INFINITE SERIES OF FUTURE PAYMENTS.
- XXI.—: PERSONAL CREDIT—A SUCCESSFUL TRADER IS AN ECONOMIC QUANTITY, ANALOGOUS TO THE LAND.
- XXII.—: ALL ANNUITIES ARE NEGATIVE ECONOMIC QUANTITIES.
- XXIII.—: WEALTH IN ECONOMICS IS AN EXCHANGEABLE RIGHT.
- XXIV.—: ECONOMICS, OR COMMERCE, IS THE SCIENCE OF THE EXCHANGES OF RIGHTS.
- XXV.—: ON MONEY AND CREDIT.
- XXVI.—: ON THE NECESSITY FOR MONEY.
- XXVII.—: ARISTOTLE, BISHOP BERKELEY, THE ECONOMISTS, ADAM SMITH, THORNTON, BASTIAT, MILL, AND JURISTS HAVE SEEN THE TRUE NATURE OF MONEY.
- XXVIII.—: ON SUBSTANCES USED AS MONEY.
- XXIX.—: THE CHINESE INVENTED PAPER MONEY.
- XXX.—: THE FUNCTION OF CREDIT IS TO BRING INTO COMMERCE THE PRESENT VALUES OF FUTURE PROFITS.
- XXXI.—: THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF MONETARY SCIENCE.
- XXXII.—: ON THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN MONEY AND CREDIT.
- XXXIII.—: REASON WHY PAPER CAN SUPERSEDE MONEY.
- XXXIV.—: THE SAME QUANTITY MAY REQUIRE TO BE REGARDED IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS IN DIFFERENT SCIENCES.
- XXXV.—: THERE IS NO NECESSARY RELATION BETWEEN THE QUANTITY OF MONEY IN ANY COUNTRY AND THE QUANTITY OF COMMODITIES AND THEIR PRICE.
- XXXVI.—: ON BARTER.
- XXXVII.—: ON SALE OR CIRCULATION.
- XXXVIII.—: ON EXCHANGE.
- XXXIX.—: ON THE MEANING OF CIRCULATING MEDIUM AND CURRENCY.
- XL.—: ON THE MEANING OF CURRENCY.
- XLI.—: THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF CURRENCY.
- XLII.—: ON PRICE.
- XLIII.—: THE VALUE OF MONEY VARIES INVERSELY AS PRICE, AND DIRECTLY AS DISCOUNT.
- XLIV.—: ON INTEREST AND DISCOUNT.
- XLV.—: ON PAYMENT AND SATISFACTION.
- XLVI.—: ON CAPITAL.
- XLVII.—: ANY ECONOMIC QUANTITY WHATEVER MAY BE USED AS CAPITAL.
- XLVIII.—: THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS ABSOLUTE CAPITAL.
- CHAPTER V.: THE THEORY OF VALUE.
- SECTION I.
- I.—: VALUE DEFINED.
- II.—: EXAMPLES OF VALUE.
- III.—: ON NEGATIVE VALUES.
- IV.—: THERE MAY BE A GENERAL RISE OR FALL OF PRICES; BUT NOT OF VALUES.
- V.—: NOTHING CAN HAVE FIXED VALUE UNLESS EVERYTHING HAS FIXED VALUE.
- SECTION II.
- VI.—: ON THE ORIGIN, SOURCE, OR CAUSE OF VALUE.
- VII.—: INVESTIGATION OF THE FORM OR CAUSE OF VALUE.
- VIII.—: MATERIALITY IS NOT NECESSARY TO VALUE.
- IX.—: PERMANENCE, OR DURABILITY, IS NOT NECESSARY TO VALUE.
- X.—: DEMAND THE SOLE CAUSE OF VALUE.
- XI.—: CREDITS, OR DEBTS, HAVE VALUE BECAUSE THEY WILL BE PAID IN MONEY.
- XII.—: ON THE ERROR OF THE EXPRESSION “INTRINSIC VALUE.”
- XIII.—: A STANDARD OF VALUE IS IMPOSSIBLE.
- XIV.—: BUT THERE MAY BE A MEASURE OF VALUE.
- XV.—: VALUE EXISTS ONLY IN THE HUMAN MIND.
- SECTION III.
- XVI.—: ON THE GENERAL LAW OF VALUE; OR, THE GENERAL EQUATION OF ECONOMICS.
- XVII.—: FUNDAMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE GENERAL EQUATION OF ECONOMICS.
- XVIII.—: LORD LAUDERDALE’S LAW OF VALUE.
- XIX.—: REMARKS ON THE GENERAL EQUATION OF ECONOMICS.
- CHAPTER VI.: THE THEORY OF CREDIT.
- SECTION I.
- I.—: ORIGIN OF THE SYSTEM OF CREDIT IN EUROPE.
- II.—: THE SYSTEM OF CREDIT.
- III.—: ON THE CREATION OF OBLIGATIONS.
- IV.—: DIVISION OF OPINION AMONG URISTS AS TO THE POSITION OF THE DEBTOR IN AN OBLIGATION.
- V.—: ADVANTAGE OF ADOPTING THE CONCEPTION OF ECONOMICS AS THE SCIENCE OF COMMERCE, OR EXCHANGES.
- VI.—: ON THE THREE AMBIGUITIES IN THE THEORY OF CREDIT, OR DEBT.
- First ambiguity.—: A debt is not the money owed by the debtor, but the abstract personal duty to pay the money.
- Second ambiguity.—: The word debt means both the creditor’s right of action and the debtor’s duty to pay.
- Third ambiguity.—: On the double meaning of the words “lend,” “loan,” “borrow”; or the distinction between the mutuum, δάνειον or δάνειϭμα, and the commodatum, or τὸ χρηϭάμενον.
- VII.—: THEOPHILUS ON THE MUTUUM, δάνειον OR δάνειϭμα, AND THE COMMODATUM, OR τό χρηϭάμενον.
- VIII.—: ON THE ERRORS MADE BY SOME MATHEMATICIANS IN TERMING DEBTS NEGATIVE QUANTITIES.
- IX.—: ERROR OF EULER IN TERMING DEBTS NEGATIVE QUANTITIES.
- X.—: ERROR OF THORNTON AND CERNUSCHI ON CREDIT.
- XI.—: ON THE TRUE MEANING OF SAYING THAT DEBTS ARE NEGATIVE QUANTITIES.
- XII.—: IF MONEY BE TERMED POSITIVE CAPITAL, CREDIT MAY BE TERMED NEGATIVE CAPITAL.
- XIII.—: ON THE TRANSFER OF CREDITS, OR DEBTS.
- SECTION II.
- XIV.—: ON THE EXTINCTION OF OBLIGATIONS.—ON THE LIMITS OF CREDIT.
- XV.—: ON THE EXTINCTION OF OBLIGATIONS.
- XVI.—: ON ACCEPTILATION, ἀθώωϭις, ἀκκεπτιλατίων, OR RELEASE.
- XVII.—: THE RELEASE OF A DEBT IS IN ALL CASES EQUIVALENT TO A GIFT OR PAYMENT IN MONEY.
- XVIII.—: APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ALGEBRA AND MERCANTILE LAW TO COMMERCE.
- XIX.—: THE RELEASE OF A DEBT MAY BE HELD TO EXTINGUISH AN OBLIGATION IN THREE DIFFERENT WAYS.
- XX.—: WHEN + £100 CANCELS AND EXTINGUISHES − £100, AND WHEN IT DOES NOT.
- XXI.—: ON PAYMENT IN MONEY.
- XXII.—: ON CONFUSIO, μῖξις, MERGER.
- XXIII.—: ON NOVATION, μετάθεϭις, RENEWAL OR TRANSFER.
- XXIV.—: ON COMPENSATION, ἀντεξέταϭς, ἀντέλλογος OR ἀντελόγιϭμος, SET-OFF.
- XXV.—: ON THE RATIO OF MONEY TO CREDIT.
- XXVI.—: TWO BRANCHES OF THE SYSTEM OF CREDIT.
- BANKING IN RUSSIA.
- CHAPTER I.: THE EARLY STAGES OF MONEY AND CREDIT.
- SECTION I.: PREFATORY.
- SECTION II.: INTRODUCTION OF PAPER MONEY.
- SECTION III.: FINANCIAL RECONSTRUCTION UNDER ALEXANDER II. AND THE FOUNDING OF THE STATE BANK.
- CHAPTER II.: METHODS AND OPERATIONS OF THE STATE BANK.
- CHAPTER III.: BANKING VICISSITUDES FROM 1862 TO 1875.
- CHAPTER IV.: THE EASTERN WAR PERIOD.
- Balance-Sheet of the Bank of Russia and of Its Nine Agencies and Ninety-eight Branches, August 16, 1895.
- By-laws Governing the Issue by the State Bank of Certificates of Metallic Deposits.
- Rules Governing Accounts Current in Gold Roubles opened by the Bank against Deposits of Gold Coin.
- CHAPTER V.: PRIVATE BANKS.
- MUTUAL CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS.
- LAND CREDIT INSTITUTIONS.
- SAVINGS-BANKS.
- SMALL CREDIT INSTITUTIONS.
- CHAPTER VI.: THE BOURSE.
- “SPECULATION AND THE SCARCITY OF MONEY.
- CHAPTER VII.: THE PRECIOUS METALS.
- CHAPTER VIII.: FOREIGN EXCHANGES.
- CHAPTER IX.: THE DEBT AND FINANCES OF RUSSIA.
- HISTORY OF SAVINGS-BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES.
- I.: ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF SAVINGS-BANKS.
- THE BASIC IDEA OF THE SAVINGS-BANK
- FAILURES OF OTHER PHILANTHROPIC SCHEMES.
- THE AIMS OF SAVINGS INSTITUTIONS.
- II.: SAVINGS-BANKS IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
- THE PROTECTION OF DEPOSITORS—INVESTMENT OF DEPOSITS.
- CAUTIONARY PROHIBITIONS AND LIMITATIONS.
- REGULATION OF INTEREST TO DEPOSITORS.
- SUPERVISION, INSPECTION, AND REPORTS.
- OFFICIAL REPORTS OF CONDITION.
- III.: METHODS OF OPERATING IN DIFFERENT STATES.
- DIVIDENDS AND TAXATION.
- IV.: SPECIAL FORMS OF SAVINGS FUNDS.
- BENEFICENT RESULTS OF SAVINGS-BANKS.
- V.: DECREASE OF DIVIDENDS AND INCREASE OF DEPOSITS.
- UTILITY OF LARGE SURPLUS FUNDS.
- SOUND CURRENCY.
- WHAT SHOULD BE THE RATE OF DIVIDEND?
- GOOD RESULTS OF THE LAW OF 1875.
- CAUSE OF INCREASE IN DEPOSITS.
Loading...