Home / Titles / A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, 4 vols. / A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, vol. 2

A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, vol. 2

A four volume set edited by the by the “Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin” in New York city. It consists of: Vol. 1: “The United States,” by W.G. Sumner. Vol. 2: “Great Britain,” by H.D. Macleod; “The Russian Empire,” by A.E. Horn; “Savings Banks in the United States,” by J.P. Townsend. Vol. 3: “The Latin Nations,” by P. Des Essars; “The Banks of Alsace-Lorraine after the Annexation,” by A. Raffalovich; “Canada,” by B.E. Walker. Vol. 4: “Germany and Austria-Hungary,” by M. Wirth; “The Netherlands,” by R. van der Borght; “The Scandinavian Nations,” by A. Jensen; “Japan,” by J. Soyeda; “China,” by T.R. Jernigan.

A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations; comprising the United States; Great Britain; Germany; Austro-Hungary; France; Italy; Belgium; Spain; Switzerland; Portugal; Roumania; Russia; Holland; The Scandinavian Nations; Canada; China; Japan; compiled by thirteen authors. Edited by the Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin. In Four Volumes. (New York: The Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, 1896). Vol. 2 A History of Banking in Great Britain, the Russian Empire, and Savings-Banks in the U.S.

Copyright:

The text is in the public domain.

People:

Author: Antoine E. Horn
Author: Henry Dunning MacLeod
Author: John P. Townsend
Editor: Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin

Found in:

Part of:

A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, 4 vols. (Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin)

Formats:

Format	Description	Size
Facsimile PDF	This is a facsimile or image-based PDF made from scans of the original book.	32.1 MB
HTML	This version has been converted from the original text. Every effort has been taken to translate the unique features of the printed book into the HTML medium.	1.62 MB
Kindle	This is an E-book formatted for Amazon Kindle devices.	865 KB

A History of Banking IN GREAT BRITAIN;
CONTENTS.
BANKING IN GREAT BRITAIN.
CHAPTER I.: BANKING IN ENGLAND.
SECTION I.: A RECORD OF BEGINNINGS.
SECTION II.: FOUNDATION OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND.
SECTION III.: AN ERA OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
SECTION IV.: STATE OF THE IRISH CURRENCY.
SECTION V.: FAILURE OF CURRENCY REFORM—INFLATION AND REACTION.
SECTION VI.: THE COMMITTEE ON BANKING OF 1840.
PURPORT OF THE REPORT.
THE ECONOMICS OF THE REPORT.
BANK CREDITS, OR DEPOSITS, ARE READY MONEY.
CONSEQUENCES OF LORD OVERSTONE’S DEFINITION OF CURRENCY.
SECTION VII.: ON THE BANK ACTS OF 1844 AND 1845.
THE BANK ACT OF 1844.
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BANK.
THE SCOTCH BANK ACT OF 1845.
THE IRISH BANK ACT OF 1845.
EXTENSION OF LIMITED LIABILITY TO BANKS.
THE DIFFERENCES IN PRINCIPLE BETWEEN SUPPORTERS OF THE BANK ACT OF 1844 AND THOSE OF THE BULLION REPORT AND THE BANK ACT OF 1819.
SECTION VIII.: COMMERCIAL CRISES.
ACCOMMODATION PAPER.
THE REAL DANGER OF ACCOMMODATION PAPER.
MUTUAL ACCOMMODATION PAPER—ITS DANGER TO A BANK.
SECTION IX.: MONETARY PANICS.
THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1764.
THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1772.
THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1782.
THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1793.
THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1797.
THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1825.
THE MONETARY CRISIS OF 1838-9.
THE MONETARY CRISIS OF 1839.
THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1847.
THE TRUE AND SUPREME POWER OF CONTROLLING CREDIT AND THE ISSUES OF THE BANK.
THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1857.
THE MONETARY PANIC OF 1866.
THE CRISIS OF 1890.
SECTION X.: GENERAL CONCLUSION.
CHAPTER II.: BANKING IN SCOTLAND.
CHAPTER III.: THE THEORY AND MECHANISM OF BANKING.
ON THE MEANING OF THE WORD BANK.
ON THE MEANING OF THE WORD BANKER.
ON THE CURRENCY PRINCIPLE.
ON THE MECHANISM OF BANKING.
ON THE LEGAL RELATION BETWEEN BANKER AND CUSTOMER.
ON THE LEGAL CONTRACT BETWEEN BANKER AND CUSTOMER.
ON THE MEANING OF DEPOSIT IN THE TECHNICAL LANGUAGE OF MODERN BANKING.
IN BANKING LANGUAGE A DEPOSIT AND AN ISSUE ARE THE SAME.
ON THE METHOD OF UTILIZING BANKING CREDITS.
OPERATIONS BY MEANS OF NOTES AND CHEQUES.
HOW CREDIT IS CAPITAL TO A BANKER.
ON THE SCOTTISH SYSTEM OF BANKING.
ON CASH CREDITS.
CASH CREDITS GRANTED IN AID OF PERSONS.
ON CASH CREDITS GRANTED TO PROMOTE AGRICULTURE AND THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC WORKS.
THE SCOTTISH SYSTEM OF CASH CREDITS.
ON THE CLEARING HOUSE.
HOW MERCANTILE BILLS OF EXCHANGE ARE PAID.
ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF TEMPORARY CREDIT INTO PERMANENT CAPITAL.
CHAPTER IV.: DEFINITIONS OF ECONOMIC TERMS.
I.—: DEFINITION OF ECONOMICS.
II.—: DEFINITION OF WEALTH, OR OF AN ECONOMIC QUANTITY.
III.—: ARISTOTLE’S DEFINITION OF WEALTH.
IV.—: THE THREE SPECIES OF WEALTH, OR OF ECONOMIC QUANTITIES
V.—: ANCIENT DIALOGUE SHOWING THAT LABOR IS WEALTH.
VI.—: MODERN ECONOMISTS INCLUDE LABOR UNDER THE TERM WEALTH.
VII.—: DEMOSTHENES SHOWS THAT PERSONAL CREDIT IS WEALTH.
VIII.—: MODERN ECONOMISTS INCLUDE PERSONAL CREDIT UNDER THE TERM WEALTH.
IX.—: ON ABSTRACT RIGHTS AS WEALTH.
X.—: GENERAL RULE OF ROMAN LAW THAT RIGHTS ARE WEALTH.
XI.—: GENERAL RULE OF GREEK LAW THAT RIGHTS ARE WEALTH.
XII.—: GENERAL RULE OF ENGLISH LAW THAT RIGHTS ARE WEALTH.
XIII.—: MODERN ECONOMISTS INCLUDE RIGHTS OF ACTION, i. e., CREDITS, OR DEBTS, UNDER THE TERM CIRCULATING CAPITAL.
XIV.—: THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS ABSOLUTE WEALTH.
XV.—: ECONOMICS, OR COMMERCE, CONSISTS OF SIX DISTINCT KINDS OF EXCHANGE.
XVI.—: ON THE MEANING OF THE WORD PROPERTY.
XVII.—: MEANING OF THE WORD PROPERTY IN ENGLISH.
XVIII.—: ON THE RIGHT OF PROPERTY AND THE RIGHT OF POSSESSION.
XIX.—: APPLICATION OF THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SIGNS TO PROPERTY.
XX.—: EVERY SUM OF MONEY IS EQUIVALENT TO THE SUM OF THE PRESENT VALUES OF AN INFINITE SERIES OF FUTURE PAYMENTS.
XXI.—: PERSONAL CREDIT—A SUCCESSFUL TRADER IS AN ECONOMIC QUANTITY, ANALOGOUS TO THE LAND.
XXII.—: ALL ANNUITIES ARE NEGATIVE ECONOMIC QUANTITIES.
XXIII.—: WEALTH IN ECONOMICS IS AN EXCHANGEABLE RIGHT.
XXIV.—: ECONOMICS, OR COMMERCE, IS THE SCIENCE OF THE EXCHANGES OF RIGHTS.
XXV.—: ON MONEY AND CREDIT.
XXVI.—: ON THE NECESSITY FOR MONEY.
XXVII.—: ARISTOTLE, BISHOP BERKELEY, THE ECONOMISTS, ADAM SMITH, THORNTON, BASTIAT, MILL, AND JURISTS HAVE SEEN THE TRUE NATURE OF MONEY.
XXVIII.—: ON SUBSTANCES USED AS MONEY.
XXIX.—: THE CHINESE INVENTED PAPER MONEY.
XXX.—: THE FUNCTION OF CREDIT IS TO BRING INTO COMMERCE THE PRESENT VALUES OF FUTURE PROFITS.
XXXI.—: THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF MONETARY SCIENCE.
XXXII.—: ON THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN MONEY AND CREDIT.
XXXIII.—: REASON WHY PAPER CAN SUPERSEDE MONEY.
XXXIV.—: THE SAME QUANTITY MAY REQUIRE TO BE REGARDED IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS IN DIFFERENT SCIENCES.
XXXV.—: THERE IS NO NECESSARY RELATION BETWEEN THE QUANTITY OF MONEY IN ANY COUNTRY AND THE QUANTITY OF COMMODITIES AND THEIR PRICE.
XXXVI.—: ON BARTER.
XXXVII.—: ON SALE OR CIRCULATION.
XXXVIII.—: ON EXCHANGE.
XXXIX.—: ON THE MEANING OF CIRCULATING MEDIUM AND CURRENCY.
XL.—: ON THE MEANING OF CURRENCY.
XLI.—: THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF CURRENCY.
XLII.—: ON PRICE.
XLIII.—: THE VALUE OF MONEY VARIES INVERSELY AS PRICE, AND DIRECTLY AS DISCOUNT.
XLIV.—: ON INTEREST AND DISCOUNT.
XLV.—: ON PAYMENT AND SATISFACTION.
XLVI.—: ON CAPITAL.
XLVII.—: ANY ECONOMIC QUANTITY WHATEVER MAY BE USED AS CAPITAL.
XLVIII.—: THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS ABSOLUTE CAPITAL.
CHAPTER V.: THE THEORY OF VALUE.
SECTION I.
I.—: VALUE DEFINED.
II.—: EXAMPLES OF VALUE.
III.—: ON NEGATIVE VALUES.
IV.—: THERE MAY BE A GENERAL RISE OR FALL OF PRICES; BUT NOT OF VALUES.
V.—: NOTHING CAN HAVE FIXED VALUE UNLESS EVERYTHING HAS FIXED VALUE.
SECTION II.
VI.—: ON THE ORIGIN, SOURCE, OR CAUSE OF VALUE.
VII.—: INVESTIGATION OF THE FORM OR CAUSE OF VALUE.
VIII.—: MATERIALITY IS NOT NECESSARY TO VALUE.
IX.—: PERMANENCE, OR DURABILITY, IS NOT NECESSARY TO VALUE.
X.—: DEMAND THE SOLE CAUSE OF VALUE.
XI.—: CREDITS, OR DEBTS, HAVE VALUE BECAUSE THEY WILL BE PAID IN MONEY.
XII.—: ON THE ERROR OF THE EXPRESSION “INTRINSIC VALUE.”
XIII.—: A STANDARD OF VALUE IS IMPOSSIBLE.
XIV.—: BUT THERE MAY BE A MEASURE OF VALUE.
XV.—: VALUE EXISTS ONLY IN THE HUMAN MIND.
SECTION III.
XVI.—: ON THE GENERAL LAW OF VALUE; OR, THE GENERAL EQUATION OF ECONOMICS.
XVII.—: FUNDAMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE GENERAL EQUATION OF ECONOMICS.
XVIII.—: LORD LAUDERDALE’S LAW OF VALUE.
XIX.—: REMARKS ON THE GENERAL EQUATION OF ECONOMICS.
CHAPTER VI.: THE THEORY OF CREDIT.
SECTION I.
I.—: ORIGIN OF THE SYSTEM OF CREDIT IN EUROPE.
II.—: THE SYSTEM OF CREDIT.
III.—: ON THE CREATION OF OBLIGATIONS.
IV.—: DIVISION OF OPINION AMONG URISTS AS TO THE POSITION OF THE DEBTOR IN AN OBLIGATION.
V.—: ADVANTAGE OF ADOPTING THE CONCEPTION OF ECONOMICS AS THE SCIENCE OF COMMERCE, OR EXCHANGES.
VI.—: ON THE THREE AMBIGUITIES IN THE THEORY OF CREDIT, OR DEBT.
First ambiguity.—: A debt is not the money owed by the debtor, but the abstract personal duty to pay the money.
Second ambiguity.—: The word debt means both the creditor’s right of action and the debtor’s duty to pay.
Third ambiguity.—: On the double meaning of the words “lend,” “loan,” “borrow”; or the distinction between the mutuum, δάνειον or δάνειϭμα, and the commodatum, or τὸ χρηϭάμενον.
VII.—: THEOPHILUS ON THE MUTUUM, δάνειον OR δάνειϭμα, AND THE COMMODATUM, OR τό χρηϭάμενον.
VIII.—: ON THE ERRORS MADE BY SOME MATHEMATICIANS IN TERMING DEBTS NEGATIVE QUANTITIES.
IX.—: ERROR OF EULER IN TERMING DEBTS NEGATIVE QUANTITIES.
X.—: ERROR OF THORNTON AND CERNUSCHI ON CREDIT.
XI.—: ON THE TRUE MEANING OF SAYING THAT DEBTS ARE NEGATIVE QUANTITIES.
XII.—: IF MONEY BE TERMED POSITIVE CAPITAL, CREDIT MAY BE TERMED NEGATIVE CAPITAL.
XIII.—: ON THE TRANSFER OF CREDITS, OR DEBTS.
SECTION II.
XIV.—: ON THE EXTINCTION OF OBLIGATIONS.—ON THE LIMITS OF CREDIT.
XV.—: ON THE EXTINCTION OF OBLIGATIONS.
XVI.—: ON ACCEPTILATION, ἀθώωϭις, ἀκκεπτιλατίων, OR RELEASE.
XVII.—: THE RELEASE OF A DEBT IS IN ALL CASES EQUIVALENT TO A GIFT OR PAYMENT IN MONEY.
XVIII.—: APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ALGEBRA AND MERCANTILE LAW TO COMMERCE.
XIX.—: THE RELEASE OF A DEBT MAY BE HELD TO EXTINGUISH AN OBLIGATION IN THREE DIFFERENT WAYS.
XX.—: WHEN + £100 CANCELS AND EXTINGUISHES − £100, AND WHEN IT DOES NOT.
XXI.—: ON PAYMENT IN MONEY.
XXII.—: ON CONFUSIO, μῖξις, MERGER.
XXIII.—: ON NOVATION, μετάθεϭις, RENEWAL OR TRANSFER.
XXIV.—: ON COMPENSATION, ἀντεξέταϭς, ἀντέλλογος OR ἀντελόγιϭμος, SET-OFF.
XXV.—: ON THE RATIO OF MONEY TO CREDIT.
XXVI.—: TWO BRANCHES OF THE SYSTEM OF CREDIT.
BANKING IN RUSSIA.
CHAPTER I.: THE EARLY STAGES OF MONEY AND CREDIT.
SECTION I.: PREFATORY.
SECTION II.: INTRODUCTION OF PAPER MONEY.
SECTION III.: FINANCIAL RECONSTRUCTION UNDER ALEXANDER II. AND THE FOUNDING OF THE STATE BANK.
CHAPTER II.: METHODS AND OPERATIONS OF THE STATE BANK.
CHAPTER III.: BANKING VICISSITUDES FROM 1862 TO 1875.
CHAPTER IV.: THE EASTERN WAR PERIOD.
Balance-Sheet of the Bank of Russia and of Its Nine Agencies and Ninety-eight Branches, August 16, 1895.
By-laws Governing the Issue by the State Bank of Certificates of Metallic Deposits.
Rules Governing Accounts Current in Gold Roubles opened by the Bank against Deposits of Gold Coin.
CHAPTER V.: PRIVATE BANKS.
MUTUAL CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS.
LAND CREDIT INSTITUTIONS.
SAVINGS-BANKS.
SMALL CREDIT INSTITUTIONS.
CHAPTER VI.: THE BOURSE.
“SPECULATION AND THE SCARCITY OF MONEY.
CHAPTER VII.: THE PRECIOUS METALS.
CHAPTER VIII.: FOREIGN EXCHANGES.
CHAPTER IX.: THE DEBT AND FINANCES OF RUSSIA.
HISTORY OF SAVINGS-BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES.
I.: ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF SAVINGS-BANKS.
THE BASIC IDEA OF THE SAVINGS-BANK
FAILURES OF OTHER PHILANTHROPIC SCHEMES.
THE AIMS OF SAVINGS INSTITUTIONS.
II.: SAVINGS-BANKS IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
THE PROTECTION OF DEPOSITORS—INVESTMENT OF DEPOSITS.
CAUTIONARY PROHIBITIONS AND LIMITATIONS.
REGULATION OF INTEREST TO DEPOSITORS.
SUPERVISION, INSPECTION, AND REPORTS.
OFFICIAL REPORTS OF CONDITION.
III.: METHODS OF OPERATING IN DIFFERENT STATES.
DIVIDENDS AND TAXATION.
IV.: SPECIAL FORMS OF SAVINGS FUNDS.
BENEFICENT RESULTS OF SAVINGS-BANKS.
V.: DECREASE OF DIVIDENDS AND INCREASE OF DEPOSITS.
UTILITY OF LARGE SURPLUS FUNDS.
SOUND CURRENCY.
WHAT SHOULD BE THE RATE OF DIVIDEND?
GOOD RESULTS OF THE LAW OF 1875.
CAUSE OF INCREASE IN DEPOSITS.

A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, vol. 2

People:

Found in:

Part of:

Formats:

Table of Contents