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The Morals, vol. 3

Vol. 3 of a massive 5 volume work in which Plutarch muses on all manner of topics ranging from virtue and vice, friendship, flattery, the nature of love, stoic philosophy, fate, to the nature of government.

Plutarch’s Morals. Translated from the Greek by Several Hands. Corrected and Revised by William W. Goodwin, with an Introduction by Ralph Waldo Emerson. 5 Volumes. (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1878). Vol. 3.

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Author: Plutarch
Translator: William W. Goodwin

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Plutarch’s Morals, 5 vols. (Plutarch)

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CONTENTS OF VOLUME THIRD. WITH THE TRANSLATORS’ NAMES.
PLUTARCH’S MORALS.
WHETHER ’TWERE RIGHTLY SAID, LIVE CONCEALED.
AN ABSTRACT OF A COMPARISON BETWIXT ARISTOPHANES AND MENANDER.
OF BANISHMENT, OR FLYING ONE’S COUNTRY.
OF BROTHERLY LOVE.
WHEREFORE THE PYTHIAN PRIESTESS NOW CEASES TO DELIVER HER ORACLES IN VERSE.
OF THOSE SENTIMENTS CONCERNING NATURE WITH WHICH PHILOSOPHERS WERE DELIGHTED.
BOOK I.
CHAPTER I.: WHAT IS NATURE?
CHAPTER II.: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PRINCIPLE AND AN ELEMENT?
CHAPTER III.: OF PRINCIPLES, AND WHAT THEY ARE.
CHAPTER IV.: HOW WAS THIS WORLD COMPOSED IN THAT ORDER AND AFTER THAT MANNER IT IS?
CHAPTER V.: WHETHER THE UNIVERSE IS ONE.
CHAPTER VI.: WHENCE DID MEN OBTAIN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXISTENCE AND ESSENCE OF A DEITY?
CHAPTER VII.: WHAT IS GOD?
CHAPTER VIII.: OF THOSE THAT ARE CALLED GENIUSES AND HEROES.
CHAPTER IX.: OF MATTER.
CHAPTER X.: OF IDEAS.
CHAPTER XI.: OF CAUSES.
CHAPTER XII.: OF BODIES.
CHAPTER XIII.: OF THOSE THINGS THAT ARE LEAST IN NATURE.
CHAPTER XIV.: OF FIGURES.
CHAPTER XV.: OF COLORS.
CHAPTER XVI.: OF THE DIVISION OF BODIES.
CHAPTER XVII.: HOW BODIES ARE MIXED AND CONTEMPERATED ONE WITH ANOTHER.
CHAPTER XVIII.: OF A VACUUM.
CHAPTER XIX.: OF PLACE.
CHAPTER XX.: OF SPACE.
CHAPTER XXI.: OF TIME.
CHAPTER XXII.: OF THE ESSENCE AND NATURE OF TIME.
CHAPTER XXIII.: OF MOTION.
CHAPTER XXIV.: OF GENERATION AND CORRUPTION.
CHAPTER XXV.: OF NECESSITY.
CHAPTER XXVI.: OF THE NATURE OF NECESSITY.
CHAPTER XXVII.: OF DESTINY OR FATE.
CHAPTER XXVIII.: OF THE NATURE OF FATE.
CHAPTER XXIX.: OF FORTUNE.
CHAPTER XXX.: OF NATURE.
BOOK II.
CHAPTER I.: OF THE WORLD.
CHAPTER II.: OF THE FIGURE OF THE WORLD.
CHAPTER III.: WHETHER THE WORLD BE AN ANIMAL.
CHAPTER IV.: WHETHER THE WORLD IS ETERNAL AND INCORRUPTIBLE.
CHAPTER V.: WHENCE DOES THE WORLD RECEIVE ITS NUTRIMENT?
CHAPTER VI.: FROM WHAT ELEMENT GOD DID BEGIN TO RAISE THE FABRIC OF THE WORLD.
CHAPTER VII.: IN WHAT FORM AND ORDER THE WORLD WAS COMPOSED.
CHAPTER VIII.: WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF THE WORLD’S INCLINATION.
CHAPTER IX.: OF THAT THING WHICH IS BEYOND THE WORLD, AND WHETHER IT BE A VACUUM OR NOT.
CHAPTER X.: WHAT PARTS OF THE WORLD ARE ON THE RIGHT HAND, AND WHAT PARTS ARE ON THE LEFT.
CHAPTER XI.: OF HEAVEN, WHAT IS ITS NATURE AND ESSENCE.
CHAPTER XII.: INTO HOW MANY CIRCLES IS THE HEAVEN DISTINGUISHED; OR, OF THE DIVISION OF HEAVEN.
CHAPTER XIII.: WHAT IS THE ESSENCE OF THE STARS, AND HOW THEY ARE COMPOSED.
CHAPTER XIV.: OF WHAT FIGURE THE STARS ARE.
CHAPTER XV.: OF THE ORDER AND PLACE OF THE STARS.
CHAPTER XVI.: OF THE MOTION AND CIRCULATION OF THE STARS.
CHAPTER XVII.: WHENCE DO THE STARS RECEIVE THEIR LIGHT?
CHAPTER XVIII.: What are those stars which are called the dioscuri, the twins, or castor and pollux?
CHAPTER XIX.: HOW STARS PROGNOSTICATE, AND WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF WINTER AND SUMMER.
CHAPTER XX.: OF THE ESSENCE OF THE SUN.
CHAPTER XXI.: OF THE MAGNITUDE OF THE SUN.
CHAPTER XXII.: WHAT IS THE FIGURE OR SHAPE OF THE SUN.
CHAPTER XXIII.: OF THE TURNING AND RETURNING OF THE SUN, OR THE SUMMER AND WINTER SOLSTICE.
CHAPTER XXIV.: OF THE ECLIPSES OF THE SUN.
CHAPTER XXV.: OF THE ESSENCE OF THE MOON.
CHAPTER XXVI.: OF THE MAGNITUDE OF THE MOON.
CHAPTER XXVII.: OF THE FIGURE OF THE MOON.
CHAPTER XXVIII.: FROM WHENCE IS IT THAT THE MOON RECEIVES HER LIGHT?
CHAPTER XXIX.: OF THE ECLIPSE OF THE MOON.
CHAPTER XXX.: OF THE PHASES OF THE MOON, OR THE LUNAR ASPECTS; OR HOW IT COMES TO PASS THAT THE MOON APPEARS TO US TERRESTRIAL.
CHAPTER XXXI.: HOW FAR THE MOON IS REMOVED FROM THE SUN.
CHAPTER XXXII.: OF THE YEAR, AND HOW MANY CIRCULATIONS MAKE UP THE GREAT YEAR OF EVERY PLANET.
BOOK III.
CHAPTER I.: OF THE GALAXY, OR THE MILKY WAY.
CHAPTER II.: OF COMETS AND SHOOTING FIRES, AND THOSE WHICH RESEMBLE BEAMS.
CHAPTER III.: OF VIOLENT ERUPTION OF FIRE OUT OF THE CLOUDS. OF LIGHTNING. OF THUNDER. OF HURRICANES. OF WHIRLWINDS.
CHAPTER IV.: OF CLOUDS, RAIN, SNOW, AND HAIL.
CHAPTER V.: OF THE RAINBOW.
CHAPTER VI.: OF METEORS WHICH RESEMBLE RODS, OR OF RODS.
CHAPTER VII.: OF WINDS.
CHAPTER VIII.: OF WINTER AND SUMMER.
CHAPTER IX.: OF THE EARTH, WHAT IS ITS NATURE AND MAGNITUDE.
CHAPTER X.: OF THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH.
CHAPTER XI.: OF THE SITE AND POSITION OF THE EARTH.
CHAPTER XII.: OF THE INCLINATION OF THE EARTH.
CHAPTER XIII.: OF THE MOTION OF THE EARTH.
CHAPTER XIV.: INTO HOW MANY ZONES IS THE EARTH DIVIDED?
CHAPTER XV.: OF EARTHQUAKES.
CHAPTER XVI.: OF THE SEA, AND HOW IT IS COMPOSED, AND HOW IT BECOMES TO THE TASTE BITTER.
CHAPTER XVII.: OF TIDES, OR OF THE EBBING AND FLOWING OF THE SEA.
CHAPTER XVIII.: OF THE HALO, OR A CIRCLE ABOUT A STAR.
BOOK IV.
CHAPTER I.: OF THE OVERFLOWING OF THE NILE.
CHAPTER II.: OF THE SOUL.
CHAPTER III.: WHETHER THE SOUL BE A BODY, AND WHAT IS THE NATURE AND ESSENCE OF IT.
CHAPTER IV.: OF THE PARTS OF THE SOUL.
CHAPTER V.: WHAT IS THE PRINCIPAL PART OF THE SOUL, AND IN WHAT PART OF THE BODY IT RESIDES.
CHAPTER VI.: OF THE MOTION OF THE SOUL.
CHAPTER VII.: OF THE SOUL’S IMMORTALITY.
CHAPTER VIII.: OF THE SENSES, AND OF THOSE THINGS WHICH ARE OBJECTS OF THE SENSES.
CHAPTER IX.: WHETHER WHAT APPEARS TO OUR SENSES AND IMAGINATIONS BE TRUE OR NOT.
CHAPTER X.: HOW MANY SENSES ARE THERE?
CHAPTER XI.: HOW THE ACTIONS OF THE SENSES, THE CONCEPTIONS OF OUR MINDS, AND THE HABIT OF OUR REASON ARE FORMED.
CHAPTER XII.: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IMAGINATION (φαντασία), IMAGINABLE (φανταστόν), FANCY (φανταστιϰόν), AND PHANTOM (φάντασμα)?
CHAPTER XIII.: OF OUR SIGHT, AND BY WHAT MEANS WE SEE.
CHAPTER XIV.: OF THOSE IMAGES WHICH ARE PRESENTED TO OUR EYES IN MIRRORS.
CHAPTER XV.: WHETHER DARKNESS CAN BE VISIBLE TO US.
CHAPTER XVI.: OF HEARING.
CHAPTER XVII.: OF SMELLING.
CHAPTER XVIII.: OF TASTE.
CHAPTER XIX.: OF THE VOICE.
CHAPTER XX.: WHETHER THE VOICE IS INCORPOREAL. WHAT IS IT THAT GIVES THE ECHO?
CHAPTER XXI.: BY WHAT MEANS THE SOUL IS SENSIBLE, AND WHAT IS THE PRINCIPAL AND COMMANDING PART OF IT.
CHAPTER XXII.: OF RESPIRATION OR BREATHING.
CHAPTER XXIII.: OF THE PASSIONS OF THE BODY, AND WHETHER THE SOUL HATH A SYMPATHETICAL CONDOLENCY WITH IT.
BOOK V.
CHAPTER I.: OF DIVINATION.
CHAPTER II.: WHENCE DREAMS DO ARISE.
CHAPTER III.: OF THE NATURE OF GENERATIVE SEED.
CHAPTER IV.: WHETHER THE SPERM BE A BODY.
CHAPTER V.: WHETHER WOMEN DO GIVE A SPERMATIC EMISSION AS MEN DO.
CHAPTER VI.: HOW IT IS THAT CONCEPTIONS ARE MADE.
CHAPTER VII.: AFTER WHAT MANNER MALES AND FEMALES ARE GENERATED
CHAPTER VIII.: BY WHAT MEANS IT IS THAT MONSTROUS BIRTHS ARE EFFECTED.
CHAPTER IX.: HOW IT COMES TO PASS THAT A WOMAN’S TOO FREQUENT CONVERSATION WITH A MAN HINDERS CONCEPTION.
CHAPTER X.: WHENCE IT IS THAT ONE BIRTH GIVES TWO OR THREE CHILDREN.
CHAPTER XI.: WHENCE IT IS THAT CHILDREN REPRESENT THEIR PARENTS AND PROGENITORS.
CHAPTER XII.: HOW IT COMES TO PASS THAT CHILDREN HAVE A GREATER SIMILITUDE WITH STRANGERS THAN WITH THEIR PARENTS.
CHAPTER XIII.: WHENCE ARISETH BARRENNESS IN WOMEN, AND IMPOTENCY IN MEN?
CHAPTER XIV.: HOW IT COMES TO PASS THAT MULES ARE BARREN.
CHAPTER XV.: WHETHER THE INFANT IN THE MOTHER’S WOMB BE AN ANIMAL.
CHAPTER XVI.: HOW EMBRYOS ARE NOURISHED, OR HOW THE INFANT IN THE BELLY RECEIVES ITS ALIMENT.
CHAPTER XVII.: WHAT PART OF THE BODY IS FIRST FORMED IN THE WOMB.
CHAPTER XVIII.: WHENCE IS IT THAT INFANTS BORN IN THE SEVENTH MONTH ARE BORN ALIVE.
CHAPTER XIX.: OF THE GENERATION OF ANIMALS, HOW ANIMALS ARE BEGOTTEN, AND WHETHER THEY ARE OBNOXIOUS TO CORRUPTION.
CHAPTER XX.: HOW MANY SPECIES OF ANIMALS THERE ARE, AND WHETHER ALL ANIMALS HAVE THE ENDOWMENTS OF SENSE AND REASON.
CHAPTER XXI.: WHAT TIME IS REQUIRED TO SHAPE THE PARTS OF ANIMALS IN THE WOMB.
CHAPTER XXII.: OF WHAT ELEMENTS EACH OF THE MEMBERS OF US MEN IS COMPOSED.
CHAPTER XXIII.: WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF SLEEP AND DEATH?
CHAPTER XXIV.: WHEN AND FROM WHENCE THE PERFECTION OF A MAN COMMENCES.
CHAPTER XXV.: WHETHER SLEEP OR DEATH APPERTAINS TO THE SOUL OR BODY.
CHAPTER XXVI.: HOW PLANTS GROW, AND WHETHER THEY ARE ANIMALS.
CHAPTER XXVII.: OF NOURISHMENT AND GROWTH.
CHAPTER XXVIII.: WHENCE IT IS THAT IN ANIMALS THERE ARE APPETITES AND PLEASURES.
CHAPTER XXIX.: WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF A FEVER, OR WHETHER IT IS AN AFFECTION OF THE BODY ANNEXED TO A PRIMARY PASSION.
CHAPTER XXX.: OF HEALTH, SICKNESS, AND OLD AGE.
A BREVIATE OF A DISCOURSE, SHOWING THAT THE STOICS SPEAK GREATER IMPROBABILITIES THAN THE POETS.
PLUTARCH’S SYMPOSIACS.
BOOK I.
QUESTION I.: Whether midst our Cups it is fit to talk Learnedly and Philosophize?
SOSSIUS SENECIO, ARISTO, PLUTARCH, CRATO, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION II.: Whether the Entertainer should seat the Guests, or let every Man take his own Place.
TIMON, A GUEST, PLUTARCH, PLUTARCH’S FATHER, LAMPRIAS, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION III.: Upon what Account is the Place at the Table called Consular esteemed honorable.
THE SAME.
QUESTION IV.: What Manner of Man should a Steward of a Feast be?
CRATO, THEON, PLUTARCH, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION V.: Why it is commonly said that Love makes a Man a Poet.
SOSSIUS, PLUTARCH, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION VI.: Whether Alexander was a Great Drinker.
PHILINUS, PLUTARCH, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION VII.: Why Old Men Love pure Wine.
PLUTARCH AND OTHERS.
QUESTION VIII.: Why Old Men Read best at a Distance.
PLUTARCH, LAMPRIAS, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION IX.: Why Fresh Water Washes Clothes better than Salt.
THEON, THEMISTOCLES, METRIUS FLORUS, PLUTARCH, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION X.: Why at Athens the Chorus of the Tribe Aeantis was never determined to be the Last.
PHILOPAPPUS, MARCUS, MILO, GLAUCIAS, PLUTARCH, AND OTHERS.
BOOK II.
QUESTION I.: What, as Xenophon intimates, are the Most Agreeable Questions and Most Pleasant Raillery at an Entertainment?
SOSSIUS SENECIO AND PLUTARCH.
QUESTION II.: Why in Autumn Men have better Stomachs than in other Seasons of the Year.
GLAUCIAS, XENOCLES, LAMPRIAS, PLUTARCH, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION III.: Which was First, the Bird or the Egg?
PLUTARCH, ALEXANDER, SYLLA, FIRMUS, SOSSIUS SENECIO, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION IV.: Whether or no Wrestling is the Oldest Exercise.
SOSICLES, LYSIMACHUS, PLUTARCH, PHILINUS.
QUESTION V.: Why, in reckoning up different kinds of Exercises, Homer puts Cuffing first, Wrestling next, and Racing last.
LYSIMACHUS, CRATES, TIMON, PLUTARCH.
QUESTION VI.: Why Fir-trees, Pine-trees, and the like will not be Grafted upon.
SOCLARUS, CRATO, PHILO.
QUESTION VII.: About the Fish called Remora or Echeneis.
CHAEREMONIANUS, PLUTARCH, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION VIII.: Why they say those Horses called λυϰοσπάδες are very Mettlesome.
PLUTARCH, HIS FATHER, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION IX.: Why the Flesh of Sheep bitten by Wolves is sweeter than that of others, and the Wool more apt to breed Lice.
PATROCLIAS, THE SAME.
QUESTION X.: Whether the Ancients, who provided every one his Mess, did better than we, who set many to the same Dish.
PLUTARCH, HAGIAS.
BOOK III.
QUESTION I.: Whether it is Becoming to wear Chaplets of Flowers at Table.
ERATO, AMMONIUS, TRYPHO, PLUTARCH, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION II.: Whether Ivy is of a Hot or Cold Nature.
AMMONIUS, TRYPHO, ERATO.
QUESTION III.: Why Women are hardly, Old Men easily, Foxed.
FLORUS, SYLLA.
QUESTION IV.: Whether the Temper of Women is Colder or Hotter than that of Men.
APOLLONIDES, ATHRYILATUS.
QUESTION V.: Whether Wine is potentially Cold.
ATHRYILATUS, PLUTARCH.
QUESTION VI.: Which is the Fittest Time for a Man to Know his Wife?
YOUTHS, ZOPYRUS, OLYMPICHUS, SOCLARUS.
QUESTION VII.: Why New Wine doth not Inebriate as soon as Other.
PLUTARCH, HIS FATHER, HAGIAS, ARISTAENETUS, AND OTHER YOUTH.
QUESTION VIII.: Why those that are Stark Drunk seem not so much Debauched as those that are but Half Foxed.
PLUTARCH, HIS FATHER.
QUESTION IX.*: What is the Meaning of the saying: Drink either Five or Three, but not Four?
ARISTO, PLUTARCH, PLUTARCH’S FATHER.
QUESTION X.: Why Flesh Stinks sooner when Exposed to the Moon, than to the Sun.
EUTHYDEMUS, SATYRUS.
BOOK IV.
QUESTION I.: Whether Different Sorts of Food, or one Single Dish fed upon at once, is more easily Digested.
PHILO. PLUTARCH, MARCION.
QUESTION II.: Why Mushrooms are thought to be Produced by Thunder, and why it is believed that Men Asleep are never Thunderstruck.
AGEMACHUS, PLUTARCH, DOROTHEUS.
QUESTION III.: Why Men usually Invite many Guests to a Wedding Supper.
SOSSIUS SENECIO, PLUTARCH, THEO.
QUESTION IV.: Whether the Sea or Land affords better Food.
CALLISTRATUS, SYMMACHUS, POLYCRATES.
QUESTION V.: Whether the Jews Abstained from Swine’s Flesh because they Worshipped that Creature, or because they had an Antipathy against it.
CALLISTRATUS, POLYCRATES, LAMPRIAS.
QUESTION VI.: What God is Worshipped by the Jews.
SYMMACHUS, LAMPRIAS, MOERAGENES.
QUESTION VII.: Why the Days which bear the Names of the Planets are not Disposed according to the Order of the Planets, but the Contrary. There is added a Discourse touching the Position of the Sun.
QUESTION VIII.: Why Signet-rings are Worn especially on the Fourth Finger.
QUESTION IX.: Whether we ought to Carry in our Seal-rings the Images of Gods, or rather those of Wise Personages.
QUESTION X.: Why Women never Eat the Middle Part of a Lettuce
BOOK V.
QUESTION I.: Why take we Delight in Hearing those that represent the Passions of Men Angry or Sorrowful, and yet cannot without Concern behold those who are really so Affected?
PLUTARCH, BOETHUS.
QUESTION II.: That the Prize for Poets at the Games was Ancient.
QUESTION III.: Why was the Pine counted Sacred to Neptune and Bacchus? And why at first was the Conqueror in the Isthmian Games Crowned with a Garland of Pine, afterwards with Parsley, and now again with Pine?
LUCANIUS, PRAXITELES.
QUESTION IV.: Concerning that Expression in Homer, ζωϱότεϱον δὲ ϰέϱαιε.*
NICERATUS, SOSICLES, ANTIPATER, PLUTARCH.
QUESTION V.: Concerning those that Invite many to a Supper.
PLUTARCH, ONESICRATES, LAMPRIAS THE ELDER.
QUESTION VI.: What is the Reason that the same Room which at the Beginning of a Supper seems too Narrow for the Guests appears Wide enough afterwards?
QUESTION VII.: Concerning those that are Said to Bewitch.
METRIUS FLORUS, PLUTARCH, SOCLARUS, PATROCLES, CAIUS.
QUESTION VIII.: Why Homer calls the Apple-tree ἀγλαόϰαϱπον, and Empedocles calls Apples ὑπέϱφλοια.
PLUTARCH, TRYPHO, CERTAIN GRAMMARIANS, LAMPRIAS THE ELDER.
QUESTION IX.: What is the Reason that the Fig-tree, being itself of a very Sharp and Bitter Taste, bears so Sweet Fruit?
LAMPRIAS THE ELDER, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION X.: What are those that are said to be πεϱὶ ἅλα ϰαὶ ϰύμινον, and why does Homer call Salt Divine?
FLORUS, APOLLOPHANES, PLUTARCH, PHILINUS.
BOOK VI.
QUESTION I.: What is the Reason that those that are Fasting are more Thirsty than Hungry?
PLUTARCH AND OTHERS.
QUESTION II.: Whether Want of Nourishment causeth Hunger and Thirst, or the Change in the Figure of the Pores or Passages of the Body.
PHILO, PLUTARCH.
QUESTION III.: What is the Reason that Hunger is Allayed by Drinking, but Thirst Increased by Eating?
THE HOST, PLUTARCH, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION IV.: What is the Reason that a Bucket of Water drawn out of a Well, if it stands all Night in the Air that is in the Well, is more cold in the Morning than the rest of the Water?
A GUEST, PLUTARCH, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION V.: What is the Reason that Pebble Stones and Leaden Bullets thrown into the Water make it more Cold?
A GUEST, PLUTARCH, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION VI.: What is the Reason that Men Preserve Snow by Covering it with Chaff and Cloths?
A GUEST, PLUTARCH.
QUESTION VII.: Whether Wine ought to be Strained or not.
NIGER, ARISTIO.
QUESTION VIII.: What is the Cause of Bulimy, or the Greedy Disease?
PLUTARCH, SOCLARUS, CLEOMENES, AND OTHERS.
QUESTION IX.: Why does Homer appropriate a certain peculiar Epithet to each particular Liquid, and call Oil alone Liquid?*
PLUTARCH AND OTHERS.
QUESTION X.: What is the Reason that Flesh of Sacrificed Beasts, after it has hung a while upon a Fig-tree, is more tender than before?
ARISTIO, PLUTARCH, OTHERS.
BOOK VII.
QUESTION I.: Against those who find fault with Plato for saying that Drink passeth through the Lungs.
NICIAS, PLUTARCH, PROTOGENES, FLORUS.
QUESTION II.: What humored Man is he that Plato calls ϰεϱασβόλος? And why do those Seeds that fall on the oxen’s horns become ἀτεϱάμονα?
PLUTARCH, PATROCLES, EUTHYDEMUS, FLORUS.
QUESTION III.: Why the Middle of Wine, the Top of Oil, and the Bottom of Honey is Best.
ALEXION, PLUTARCH, OTHERS.
QUESTION IV.: What was the Reason of that Custom of the Ancient Romans to Remove the Table before all the Meat was eaten, and not to put out the Lamp?
FLORUS, EUSTROPHUS, CAESERNIUS, LUCIUS.
QUESTION V.: That we ought carefully to Preserve Ourselves from Pleasures arising from Bad Music. And how it may be done.
CALLISTRATUS, LAMPRIAS.
QUESTION VI.: Concerning those Guests that are called Shadows, and whether being invited by some to go to another’s House, they ought to go; and when, and to whom.
PLUTARCH, FLORUS, CAESERNIUS.
QUESTION VII.: Whether Flute-girls are to be Admitted to a Feast?
DIOGENIANUS, A SOPHIST, PHILIP.
QUESTION VIII.: What sort of Music is fittest for an Entertainment?
DIOGENIANUS, A SOPHIST, PHILIP.
QUESTION IX.: That it was the Custom of the Greeks as well as Persians to Debate of State Affairs at their Entertainments.
NICOSTRATUS, GLAUCLAS.
QUESTION X.: Whether they did well who Deliberated midst their Cups.
GLAUCIAS, NICOSTRATUS.
BOOK VIII.
QUESTION I.: Concerning those Days in which some Famous Men were Born; and also concerning the Generation of the Gods.
DIOGENIANUS, PLUTARCH, FLORUS, TYNDARES.
QUESTION II.: What is Plato’s Meaning, when he says that God always plays the Geometer?
DIOGENIANUS, TYNDARES, FLORUS, AUTOBULUS.
QUESTION III.: Why Noises are better Heard in the Night than the Day.
AMMONIUS, BOETHUS, PLUTARCH, THRASYLLUS, ARISTODEMUS.
QUESTION IV.: Why, when in the Sacred Games one sort of Garland was given in one, and another in another, the Palm was common to all. And why they call the great Dates Νιϰόλαοι.
SOSPIS, HERODES, PROTOGENES, PRAXITELES, CAPHISUS.
QUESTION V.: Why those that sail upon the Nile take up the Water they are to use before Day.
QUESTION VI.: Concerning those who come Late to an Entertainment; and from whence these Words, ἀϰϱάτισμα, ἄϱιστον, and δεῖπνον, are Derived.
PLUTARCH’S SONS, THEON’S SONS, THEON, PLUTARCH, SOCLARUS.
QUESTION VII.: Concerning Pythagoras’s Symbols, in which he forbids us to receive a Swallow into our House, and bids us as soon as we are risen to ruffle the Bedclothes.
SYLLA, LUCIUS, PLUTARCH, PHILINUS.
QUESTION VIII.: Why the Pythagoreans command Fish not to be eaten, more strictly than other Animals.
EMPEDOCLES, SYLLA, LUCIUS, TYNDARES, NESTOR.
QUESTION IX.: Whether there can be New Diseases, and how Caused.
PHILO, DLOGENIANUS, PLUTARCH.
QUESTION X.: Why we give least Credit to Dreams in Autumn.
FLORUS, PLUTARCH, PLUTARCH’S SONS, FAVORINUS.
BOOK IX.
QUESTION I.: Concerning Verses Seasonably and Unseasonably applied.
AMMONIUS, PLUTARCH, ERATO, CERTAIN SCHOOLMASTERS, AND FRIENDS OF AMMONIUS.
QUESTIONS II. III.: What is the Reason that Alpha is placed First in the Alphabet, and what is the Proportion between the Number of Vowels and Semi-vowels?
AMMONIUS, HERMEAS, PROTOGENES, PLUTARCH, ZOPYRION.
QUESTION IV.: Which of Venus’s Hands Diomedes wounded.
HERMEAS, ZOPYRION, MAXIMUS.
QUESTION V.: Why Plato says that Ajax’s Soul came to draw her lot in the twentieth place in Hell.
HYLAS, SOSPIS, AMMONIUS, LAMPRIAS.
QUESTION VI.: What is meant by the Fable about the Defeat of Neptune? and also, Why do the Athenians take out the second day of the month Boedromion?
MENEPHYLUS, HYLAS, LAMPRIAS.
QUESTION VII.: Why the Accords in Music are divided into three.
QUESTION VIII.: Wherein the intervals or spaces melodious differ from those that are accordant.
QUESTION IX.: What cause produceth Accord? and also, Why, when two Accordant Strings are touched together, is the Melody ascribed to the Base?
QUESTION X.: Why, when the Ecliptic Periods of the Sun and the Moon are equal in number, there are more Eclipses of the Moon than of the Sun.
QUESTION XI.: That we continue not always one and the same, in regard of the daily deflux of our Substance.
QUESTION XII.: Whether of the Twain is more probable, that the Number of the Stars is even or odd?
QUESTION XIII.: A Moot-point out of the Third Book of Homer’s Iliads.
PLUTARCH, PROTOGENES, GLAUCIAS, SOSPIS.
QUESTION XIV.: Some Observations about the Number of the Muses, not commonly known.
HERODES, AMMONIUS, LAMPRIAS, TRYPHON, DIONYSIUS, MENEPHYLUS, PLUTARCH.
QUESTION XV.: That There are three Parts in Dancing: φοϱά, Motion, σχῆμα Gesture, and δεῖξις, Representation. What each of those is and what is Common to both Poetry and Dancing.
AMMONIUS AND THRASYBULUS.
OF MORAL VIRTUE.
PLUTARCH’S NATURAL QUESTIONS.
I.: What is the Reason that Sea-water nourishes not Trees?
II.: Why do Trees and Seeds thrive better with Rain than with Watering?
III.: Why do Herdsmen set Salt before Cattle?
IV.: Why is the Water of Showers which falls in Thunder and Lightning fitter to Water Seeds? And they are therefore called Thunder-showers.
V.: How comes it to pass, that since there be Eight Kinds of Tastes, we find the Salt in no Fruit whatever?
VI.: What is the Reason that, if a Man frequently pass along Dewy Trees, those Limbs that touch the Wood are seized with a Leprosy?
VII.: Why in Winter do Ships sail slower in Rivers, but do not so in the Sea?
VIII.: Why, since all other Liquors upon moving and stirring about grow cold, does the Sea by being tossed in Waves grow hot?
IX.: Why in Winter is the Sea least salt and bitter to the Taste? For they say that Dionysius the Hydragogue reported this.
X.: Why do Men pour Sea-water upon Wine, and say the Fishermen had an Oracle given them, whereby they were bid to dip Bacchus into the Sea? And why do they that live far from the Sea cast in some Zacynthian Earth toasted?
XI.: Why are they Sicker that Sail on the Sea than they that Sail in fresh Rivers, even in Calm Weather?
XII.: Why does pouring Oil on the Sea make it Clear and Calm?
XIII.: Why do Fishermen’s Nets rot more in Winter than in Summer, since other things rot more in Summer?
XIV.: Why do the Dorians pray for bad making of their hay?
XV.: Why is a fat and deep Soil fruitful of Wheat, and a lean Soil of Barley?
XVI.: Why do Men say, Sow wheat in Clay and Barley in Dust?
XVII.: Why do Men use the Hair of Horses rather than of Mares for Fishing-Lines?
XVIII.: Why is the Sight of a Cuttle-fish a Sign of a great Storm?
XIX.: Why does the Polypus change Color?
XX.: What is the Reason, that the Tears of wild Boars are sweet, and the Tears of the Hart salt and hurtful?
XXI.: Why do tame Sows farrow often, some at one time and others at another; and the wild but once a Year, and all of them about the same time at the beginning of summer, whence it is said, —
XXII.: Why are the Paws of Bears the sweetest and pleasantest Food?
XXIII.: Why are the Steps of wild Beasts most difficultly Traced in Spring-time?
XXIV.: Why are the Tracks of Wild Beasts worse Scented about the Full Moon?
XXV.: Why does Frost make Hunting difficult?
XXVI.: What is the Reason that Brutes, when they ail any thing, seek and pursue Remedies, and are often cured by the use of them?
XXVII.: Why does Must, if the Vessel stand in the Cold, continue long sweet?
XXVIII.: Why, of all Wild Beasts, does not the Boar bite the Toil, although both Wolves and Foxes do this?
XXIX.: What is the Reason that we admire Hot Waters (i. e. Baths) and not Cold; since it is plain that Cold is as much the cause of one sort as Heat is of the other?
XXX.: Why are Vines which are rank of leaves, but otherwise fruitless, said τϱαγᾶν?
XXXI.: Why does the Vine irrigated with Wine die, especially the very Wine made from its own Grapes?
XXXII.*: Why doth the Palm alone of all trees bend Upward when a weight is laid thereupon?
XXXIII.: What is the Reason that Pit-water is less nutritive than either that which ariseth out of Springs or that which falleth down from Heaven?
XXXIV.: Why is the West Wind held commonly to be the Swiftest, according to this Verse of Homer:
XXXV.: Why cannot Bees abide Smoke?
XXXVI.: Why will Bees sooner Sting those who newly before have committed Whoredom?
XXXVII.: Why do Dogs follow after a Stone that is thrown at them and bite it, letting the Man alone who flung it?
XXXVIII.: Why at a certain time of the year do all She-wolves Whelp within the compass of twelve days?
XXXIX.: How cometh it that Water, seeming White aloft, showeth to be Black in the bottom?

The Morals, vol. 3

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