A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, vol. 4
A four volume set edited by the by the “Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin” in New York city. It consists of: Vol. 1: “The United States,” by W.G. Sumner. Vol. 2: “Great Britain,” by H.D. Macleod; “The Russian Empire,” by A.E. Horn; “Savings Banks in the United States,” by J.P. Townsend. Vol. 3: “The Latin Nations,” by P. Des Essars; “The Banks of Alsace-Lorraine after the Annexation,” by A. Raffalovich; “Canada,” by B.E. Walker. Vol. 4: “Germany and Austria-Hungary,” by M. Wirth; “The Netherlands,” by R. van der Borght; “The Scandinavian Nations,” by A. Jensen; “Japan,” by J. Soyeda; “China,” by T.R. Jernigan.
A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations; comprising the United States; Great Britain; Germany; Austro-Hungary; France; Italy; Belgium; Spain; Switzerland; Portugal; Roumania; Russia; Holland; The Scandinavian Nations; Canada; China; Japan; compiled by thirteen authors. Edited by the Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin. In Four Volumes. (New York: The Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, 1896). Vol. 4 A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Netherlands, Scandinavian Nations, Japan, China).
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- A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, 4 vols. (Editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin)
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Table of Contents
- CONTENTS.
- BANKING IN GERMANY.
- CHAPTER I.: NON-ISSUING CREDIT INSTITUTIONS.
- ORIGINS OF BANKING.
- THE FIRST BANK OF ISSUE.
- LAND CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS.
- JOINT-STOCK MORTGAGE BANKS.
- CRÉDIT MOBILIER INSTITUTIONS—PRUSSIAN MARITIME ASSOCIATION.
- CHAPTER II.: GERMAN BANKS OF ISSUE.
- SECTION I.: THE BANK OF PRUSSIA.
- THE ACT OF OCTOBER, 1846.
- REGULATION OF THE BANK’S NOTE ISSUES.
- THE BANK’S PROFITS, MANAGEMENT, AND PROGRESS.
- SECTION II.: BANKING UNDER THE SEVERAL STATES.
- SECTION III.: CURRENCY REFORMS.
- IMPERIAL BANK NOTES.
- SECTION IV.: THE GERMAN IMPERIAL BANK. (DIE DEUTSCHE REICHSBANK)
- WORKING REGULATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL BANK.
- DISCOUNT BUSINESS.
- COLLECTIONS.
- LOANS.
- AVAILABLE PAPER SECURITIES.
- CHEQUES.
- NEGOTIATION OF COMMERCIAL PAPER.
- CUSTODY OF VALUABLE SECURITIES.
- SEALED DEPOSITS.
- AMOUNT OF THE BANK’S TRANSACTIONS.
- COIN RESERVE.
- THE REICHSBANK CLEARING-HOUSE.
- PERIODICAL STATEMENTS OF THE REICHSBANK.—COIN RESERVE.
- FATE OF PRIVATE BANKS OF ISSUE UNDER ACT OF 1875.
- SECTION V.: THE PRUSSIAN MARITIME ASSOCIATION.
- BUSINESS RESULTS.
- PRIVATE NON-ISSUING BANKS IN THE LATTER PART OF THE 19th CENTURY.
- GERMAN MORTGAGE BANKS.
- GERMAN CO-OPERATIVE FINANCIAL SOCIETIES.
- HISTORY OF BANKING IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
- CHAPTER I.: THE AUSTRIAN NATIONAL BANK.
- SECTION I.: ORIGIN OF THE BANK.
- RENEWALS OF THE BANK’S CHARTER.
- THE AUSTRIAN SILVER STANDARD.
- SUSPENSION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS IN 1859.
- SECTION II.: WORKING ARRANGEMENTS BETWEEN THE BANK AND THE STATE.
- THE STATE’S DEBT TO THE BANK.
- FINANCING BETWEEN BANK AND STATE.
- CONSOLIDATION OF THE STATE DEBT.
- STATUS OF THE STATE DEBT.
- SECTION III.: THE BANK AND FINANCIAL EVENTS, 1850 TO 1876.
- TROUBLES FOLLOWING THE REVOLUTION OF FEBRUARY, 1848.
- INSTITUTION OF A MORTGAGE DEPARTMENT.
- BRANCH BANKS AND LOAN OFFICES.
- RESUMPTION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS FAILS.
- A NEW STATE LOAN OF 200,000,000 FLORINS.
- REDUCTION OF SHARE LIABILITIES AND SPECULATIVE TRANSACTIONS.
- THE CRISIS OF 1873.
- INCREASE OF DISCOUNTS.
- MORTGAGE BONDS.
- SUSPENSION OF THE BANK ACT.
- THE NEW GOLD RESERVE.
- REMARKABLE SALES OF SILVER.
- SECTION IV.: REORGANIZATION OF THE BANK.
- ATTITUDE OF THE HUNGARIANS.
- UNMERITED REMOVAL OF VON LUCAM.
- BRANCH BANKS.
- THE BANK’S RATE OF INTEREST.
- THE SILVER CRISIS.
- SECTION V.: THE CONSOLIDATION ACT OF 1878.
- UNION OF THE AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN BANKS.
- BUSINESS OPERATIONS.
- ACCESSORY BRANCHES.—CORRESPONDENTS.
- THE BANK DIRECTORY.
- PRINCIPLES OBSERVED IN GRANTING CREDIT.
- LOANS.
- APPROPRIATIONS OF WORKING RESOURCES.
- DISCOUNTS.
- LOANS—KINDS OF SECURITY ACCEPTED.
- MINOR ITEMS OF BUSINESS.
- THE MORTGAGE DEPARTMENT.
- THE BANK’S WORKING CAPITAL.
- SECTION VI.: CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS GOVERNING THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN BANK.
- REGULATIONS OF THE MORTGAGE DEPARTMENT.
- SECTION VII.: STEPS TOWARD RESUMPTION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS.
- CURRENCY REFORMS.
- COINAGE CHANGES.
- THE PROCUREMENT OF GOLD FOR RESUMPTION.
- RISE IN AUSTRIAN SECURITIES.
- THE SPECULATIVE REACTION.
- SUSPENSION OF THE INDIA COINAGE.
- RELATIONS OF THE BANK TO THE STATE.
- PROPOSED RESTORATION OF BANK OF HUNGARY’S INDEPENDENCE.
- THE BANK’S PROFITS IN 1895.
- CHAPTER II.: AUSTRIAN JOINT-STOCK BANKS AND BANKING ASSOCIATIONS.
- THE VIENNA CLEARING-HOUSE.
- THE GIRO UND CASSEN-VEREIN.
- AUSTRIAN CREDIT BANK FOR TRADE AND INDUSTRY. (Oesterreichische Credit-Anstalt für Handel und Gewerbe.)
- LOWER AUSTRIAN DISCOUNT COMPANY.
- ANGLO-AUSTRIAN BANK.
- AUSTRIAN TERRITORIAL BANK.
- GENERAL AUSTRIAN MORTGAGE BANK.
- THE UNION BANK.
- VIENNA BANKING ASSOCIATION.
- GENERAL SURVEY OF OTHER AUSTRIAN BANKS.
- AUSTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS, OR CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES.
- SAVINGS-BANKS.
- CHAPTER III.: HUNGARIAN JOINT-STOCK BANKS AND PRIVATE CREDIT INSTITUTIONS.
- THE ERA OF PRIVATE BANKING.
- HUNGARIAN MORTGAGE BANKS.
- HUNGARIAN CREDIT ORGANIZATIONS IN 1892.
- HUNGARIAN GENERAL CREDIT BANK.
- HUNGARIAN CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES.
- HUNGARIAN SAVINGS-BANKS.
- THE POST SAVINGS-BANK.
- AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN INSURANCE COMPANIES.
- APPENDIX to BANKING IN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
- I.: STATISTICS OF BANKING IN GERMANY.
- NON-ISSUING BANKS.
- COMPARISON OF PRIVATE BANKS WITH THE REICHSBANK.
- BANKS OF DEPOSIT.
- MORTGAGE OR LAND BANKS.
- Proportion of Capital to Mortgages.
- Mortgage Bonds Issued by Each Class of Land Banks.
- Open Obligations of Land Banks.
- Circulating Acceptances.
- Foreclosures of Mortgages.
- Dividends of Mortgage Banks.
- Net Profits and Expenses of Land Banks.
- Surplus Accruing from Loans.
- II.: STATISTICS OF BANKING IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
- THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN BANK.
- THE AUSTRIAN CREDIT BANK.
- THE AUSTRIAN CREDIT BANK FOR TRADE AND INDUSTRY.
- THE VIENNA UNION BANK.
- THE AUSTRIAN TERRITORIAL BANK.
- THE VIENNA BANKING ASSOCIATION.
- THE GENERAL AUSTRIAN MORTGAGE BANK.
- THE ANGLO-AUSTRIAN BANK.
- THE LOWER AUSTRIAN DISCOUNT COMPANY.
- VIENNA GIRO UND CASSEN-VEREIN (BANK ACCOUNT AND CASH ASSOCIATION).
- IMPERIAL AND ROYAL AUSTRIAN POST SAVINGS-BANK.
- THE FIRST AUSTRIAN SAVINGS-BANK.
- THE SAVINGS-BANKS OF AUSTRIA.
- HUNGARIAN GENERAL CREDIT BANK.
- HUNGARIAN COMMERCIAL BANK.
- HUNGARIAN MORTGAGE BANK.
- HUNGARIAN MORTGAGE CREDIT INSTITUTION.
- BANKING IN THE NETHERLANDS.
- INTRODUCTION.
- MONEY-CHANGERS LICENSED.
- CHAPTER I.: ERA OF EXCHANGE BANKS.
- SECTION I.: THEIR FIRST ORGANIZATION.
- CREATION OF THE AMSTERDAM WISSELBANK.
- MODIFYING THE BANK MONOPOLY.
- EXTENSION OF THE WISSELBANK SYSTEM.
- SECTION II.: EXCHANGE BANKS IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES.
- THE REGULATING INFLUENCE OF “BANK MONEY.”
- THE COIN PREMIUM AND THE NEEDS OF COMMERCE
- “BANK MONEY” AND THE CURRENCY.
- THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LOAN AND CURRENCY SYSTEM.
- THE CITY OF AMSTERDAM AND THE BANK.
- THE ROTTERDAM BANK.
- THE MIDDELBURG WISSELBANK FAILURE.
- DEVELOPMENT OF THE RECEIPT SYSTEM.
- VALUATION OF COIN AND BULLION.
- SECTION III.: DECADENCE AND END OF THE EXCHANGE BANKS.
- THE ANTECEDENTS OF A CRISIS.
- DIFFICULTIES OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY.
- THE EVILS OF SECRET MANAGEMENT.
- THE BEGINNING OF THE END.
- BANK MONEY BELOW PAR.
- THE END OF THE AMSTERDAM BANK.
- FATE OF THE ROTTERDAM BANK.
- THE MIDDELBURG BANK.
- A NOVEL SYSTEM OF CONTROL.
- A LATE SURVIVAL BUT FINAL COLLAPSE.
- CHAPTER II.: PERIOD FROM 1814. MODERN DUTCH BANKING.
- THE BANK NOTE SYSTEM.
- EARLY SUBSTITUTES FOR BANK NOTES.
- FOUNDING OF THE BANK OF THE NETHERLANDS.
- THE JAVA BANK.
- THE SURINAM BANK.
- CHAPTER III.: PERIOD 1814-1863. THE NETHERLANDS BANK.
- SECTION I.: ITS LEGAL POSITION, ORGANIZATION, AND OBJECTS.
- THE METHOD OF MANAGEMENT.
- THE BANK’S MONOPOLY OF NOTE ISSUES.
- THE BANK’S FUNCTIONS, PRIVILEGES, AND RESTRICTIONS.
- INCREASED PUBLICITY OF OPERATIONS.
- THE BANK AND THE GOVERNMENT.
- LIMITS OF THE BANK’S INDEPENDENCE.
- THE AMOUNT OF NOTE ISSUES.
- EXPANDING THE CIRCULATION.
- SECTION II.: WORKING ARRANGEMENTS OF THE BANK.
- HOW THE RATE OF INTEREST VARIED.
- THE BANK AS A REGULATOR.
- INTERNATIONAL MONETARY CONDITIONS.
- THE LOAN AND THE DISCOUNT RATE.
- ACCOUNTS CURRENT OPERATIONS.
- NOTE CIRCULATION.
- DECLINE IN THE PAPER CIRCULATION.
- CHANGES IN THE COINAGE.
- DIFFICULTIES OF RECOINAGE.
- A NEW OPENING FOR THE BANK’S NOTES.
- EXPANSION OF THE NOTE CIRCULATION.
- THE BANK’S METALLIC RESERVE.
- THE BANK’S PROFITS.
- CHAPTER IV.: THE NETHERLANDS BANK, 1864 TO 1895.
- SECTION I.: NEW LEGAL STATUS OF THE BANK.
- THE GOVERNMENT’S RELATION TO THE BANK.
- EXTENSION OF THE BANK’S SPHERE.
- THE BANK’S CAPITAL AND RESERVE.
- RULES OF MANAGEMENT.
- COMPOUNDING FOR TREASURY SERVICE.
- THE LATEST EXTENSION OF THE CHARTER.
- AN ENLARGED SPHERE OF OPERATIONS.
- MODIFIED METHODS OF MANAGEMENT.
- SECTION II.: THE NETHERLANDS BANK, 1864 TO 1895.
- ITS OPERATIONS.
- INCREASED USE OF BANK REMITTANCES.
- DEPOSIT ACCOUNT BALANCES.
- CHARGES ON PRIVATE DEPOSITS.
- THE VOLUME OF NOTE ISSUES.
- THE QUESTION OF A MONETARY STANDARD.
- COIN FOR CIRCULATION AND EXPORT.
- THE NOTE CIRCULATION.
- DEALINGS IN BULLION.
- SILVER PURCHASES AND COINAGE.
- THE SAFE DEPOSIT BUSINESS.
- THE DISCOUNT BUSINESS.
- LOANS ON SECURITIES.
- LOANS ON MERCHANDISE.
- LOANS ON SPECIE AND BULLION.
- THE DISCOUNT BUSINESS.
- DECLINE IN VOLUME OF DISCOUNTS.
- FLUCTUATION OF THE RATE OF DISCOUNT.
- THE CRISIS OF 1866.
- A TRANSITION PERIOD.
- TEN YEARS OF CHANGEFUL CONDITIONS.
- THE CRISIS OF 1890.
- THE DIFFICULTIES OF 1893.
- RESERVE, EARNINGS, AND DIVIDENDS.
- CHAPTER V.: BANKS OF ISSUE IN THE DUTCH COLONIES.
- SECTION I.: THE JAVA BANK.
- THE BANK’S SPHERE OF ACTION.
- DUTCH COLONIAL CURRENCY.
- CONFLICT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND THE BANK.
- INADEQUATE COIN RESERVE.
- THE PROCESS OF RECOVERY.
- NEW BANKING REGULATIONS.
- REFORMING THE CURRENCY.
- THE BANK’S DEVELOPMENT.
- THE QUESTION OF A MAXIMUM NOTE ISSUE.
- A NEW PLAN OF BANK MANAGEMENT.
- INCREASING BUSINESS AND NOTE ISSUES.
- THE BANK UNDER PRESSURE.
- SECTION II.: THE SURINAM BANK.
- EARLY REORGANIZATION AND RENEWAL OF THE CHARTER.
- CHAPTER VI.: “CASHIERS,” JOINT-STOCK BANKS, AND PRIVATE BANKERS.
- SECTION I.
- EVOLUTION OF THE “CASHIER” BUSINESS.
- PRIVATE BANKS.
- JOINT-STOCK BANKS.
- SCOPE OF BUSINESS.
- STOCK CAPITAL AND DIVIDENDS.
- SECTION II.: SPECIAL GROUPS OF BANKS.
- CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS—MORTGAGE BANKS.
- MORTGAGE BANKS
- OTHER AGRICULTURAL CREDIT INSTITUTIONS.
- SAVINGS INSTITUTIONS.
- FINANCE COMPANIES.
- BANKING IN THE SCANDINAVIAN NATIONS.
- PART I.: BANKING IN DENMARK.
- CHAPTER I.: HISTORY PREVIOUS TO THE NATIONAL BANK.
- THE COURANTBANK.
- ATTEMPTS AT CURRENCY REFORM.
- A NEW BANK AND WAR FINANCE.
- NEW ROYAL BANK AND REPUDIATION.
- NEW NATIONAL BANK.
- CHAPTER II.: THE NATIONAL BANK DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
- READJUSTMENT OF THE NOTE CIRCULATION.
- FUNDING OF THE BANK’S NOTES.
- THE BANK PUT ON THE GOLD BASIS.
- CHAPTER III.: PRIVATE BANKS.
- SURVEY OF BANKING SINCE 1850.
- PRIVATE BANKS.
- BANKS OUTSIDE COPENHAGEN.
- BANKING ACTIVITY DURING THE LATTER HALF OF THE CENTURY.
- PART II.: BANKING IN SWEDEN.
- STATE AND PRIVATE BANKS. SEVENTEENTH TO NINETEENTH CENTURIES.
- PALMSTRUCH’S BANK.
- REGULATIONS OF THE FIRST BANK OF ISSUE.
- DIFFICULTIES OF THE BANK; RELIEF SOUGHT IN NOTE ISSUES.
- THE NOTES BECOME UNREDEEMABLE.
- CREATION OF THE ROYAL SWEDISH BANK—1668.
- LOANS TO THE GOVERNMENT LEAD TO UNCOVERED ISSUES OF NOTES—DISASTROUS DEPRECIATION OF PAPER MONEY.
- AFTER THE “REALIZATION SCHEME.”
- REORGANIZATION OF THE CURRENCY—CAPITALIZATION OF THE BANK.
- VICISSITUDES OF THE BANK CIRCULATION.
- ADMINISTRATION OF THE ROYAL BANK.
- PRIVATE BANKS.
- PRIVATE BANKS OF ISSUE.
- PART III.: BANKING IN NORWAY.
- ORIGIN OF THE ROYAL BANK.
- NORWAY BANK ACT OF 1819.
- NEW CONDITIONS OF REDEMPTION.
- PRIVATE NON-ISSUING BANKS.
- SAVINGS-BANKS.
- BANKING AND MONEY IN JAPAN.
- PART I.: THE BANKING SYSTEM.
- CHAPTER I.: COMMON BANKS.
- SECTION I.: EARLY METHODS.
- USURY LAWS.
- BLIND MEN AS LENDERS.
- THE GERMS OF REAL BANKING.
- SECTION II.: THE PRESENT.
- INSTITUTION OF BANKING PROPER.
- GOVERNMENT SUPERVISION.
- THE BANK ACT OF 1890.
- THE SAVINGS-BANK ACT.
- TENDENCY TOWARD CONSOLIDATION.
- CHAPTER II.: THE NATIONAL BANKS.
- SECTION I.: THEIR ORIGIN AND ORGANIZATION.
- THE OLD BANK ACT.
- THE REVISION OF THE ACT.
- THE FINAL REVISION OF THE ACT.
- THE RISE AND FALL.
- RESTRICTIVE REGULATIONS.
- THE EXISTING CONDITION.
- EXCEPTIONAL CASES.
- A.—: DOLLAR CERTIFICATES AND THE SECOND NATIONAL BANK
- B.—: THE GOVERNMENT AS A BORROWER FROM THE FIFTEENTH NATIONAL BANK.
- SECTION II.: THE FUTURE OF NATIONAL BANKS.
- THEIR PROLONGATION AND TRANSFORMATION.
- A.—: EXPECTATION.
- B—: REALIZATION.
- C.—: FIRST FAILURE.
- D.—: SECOND FAILURE.
- E.—: THE PROSPECT.
- CLEARING-HOUSE AND BANKERS’ LEAGUE.
- CHAPTER III.: THE YOKOHAMA SPECIE BANK. (SHIOKINGINKO.)
- ITS HISTORY.
- THE BANK’S FIELD OF ACTION ABROAD.
- GOVERNMENT CONTROL AND AID.
- FOREIGN BANKS IN JAPAN.
- CHAPTER IV.: THE BANK OF JAPAN. (NIPPON GINKO)
- ITS ORIGIN.
- THE BANK FOUNDED BY ACT OF 1882.
- PROSPERITY OF THE BRANCH AT OSAKA.
- RELATIONS OF THE BANK WITH THE GOVERNMENT.
- THE POWER TO ISSUE CONVERTIBLE NOTES.
- REDEMPTION IN SILVER.
- GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF THE BANK.
- THE BANK’S OBLIGATIONS IN THE FUTURE.
- CHAPTER V.: LAND MORTGAGE BANKS.
- ANCIENT MORTGAGE LAWS.
- THE FIRST LAND CREDIT ASSOCIATION.
- A MORTGAGE LAW ENACTED IN 1873, FOLLOWED BY MORTGAGE BANKS.
- COMPARISON OF BORROWERS BY OCCUPATIONS.
- AGRICULTURAL CREDIT INSTITUTIONS AS A SOLUTION OF JAPAN’S LAND TENURE SYSTEM.
- SUGGESTED SCHEME FOR LAND BANKS.
- THE SPECIAL FUNCTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL BANKS.
- PART II.: THE CURRENCY OF JAPAN.
- CHAPTER I.: THE OLD COINAGE SYSTEM.
- THE EARLIEST FORMS OF CURRENCY.
- CONFUSION AND DEBASEMENT OF COINS.
- THE KOBANG PERIOD—CREATION OF MINTS—VALUE OF COINS.
- SCARCITY OF COIN AND MEASURES TO CONSERVE IT
- FRESH DEBASEMENTS OF THE COIN.
- VICISSITUDES OF THE COINAGE FROM 1715 TO 1884.
- COINAGE UNDER THE NEW COMMERCIAL ERA.
- CHAPTER II.: THE NEW COINAGE PERIOD.
- READJUSTMENT OF COINS AND NEW MINT, 1868-1891.
- THE GOLD STANDARD ADOPTED 1871.
- FURTHER REVISIONS OF COINS.
- THE VIRTUAL DISUSE OF GOLD.
- CIRCULATION OF COINS.
- COUNTERFEITING OF COINS.
- CHAPTER III.: THE PAPER CURRENCY.
- A: CHAOTIC PERIOD.
- ISSUES OF INCONVERTIBLE PAPER BY THE GOVERNMENT AND DAIMIOS.
- THE TREASURY ASSUMES REDEMPTION OF THE DAIMIO NOTES.
- OVER-ISSUES PRODUCE DEPRECIATION OF PAPER AND A RISE IN PRICES.
- CHAPTER IV.: READJUSTMENT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT.
- RETIREMENT OF CIRCULATING NOTES.
- MINISTER MATSUKATA’S INTERVENTION.
- GROWTH OF THE METALLIC RESERVE.
- CREATION OF THE BANK OF JAPAN.
- CONSUMMATION OF THE NOTE-CONVERSION SCHEME.
- THE NOTES NOW IN USE.
- CHAPTER V.: THE FUTURE MONEY STANDARD.
- LOOKING TO THE GOLD BASIS.
- THE IMPERIAL STANDARD COMMISSION.
- THE COMMISSION’S SUMMING UP.
- REASONS FOR THE GOLD STANDARD.
- CONCLUSION.
- APPENDICES.
- Appendix A.: Exports and Imports of Merchandise.
- Appendix B.: Exports and Imports of Specie.
- Appendix C.: Prices of Government Bonds.
- Appendix D.: National Debt in Japan. (From the “British Economic Association Journal” of June, 1895.)
- BANKING, CURRENCY AND LAND TENURE IN THE CHINESE EMPIRE.
- I.: CHINA’S CURRENCIES.
- FROM 524 bc TO PRESENT TIMES.
- “CASH” MONEY.
- PAPER CURRENCY.
- “FLYING MONEY.”
- PAPER MONEY IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
- ABOLITION OF PAPER FOR SILVER.
- THE THREE BELTS OF CIRCULATION.
- CURRENCY OF THE PRESENT.
- SYCEE SILVER.
- THE STANDARD OF SYCEE.
- THE STATUS OF GOLD IN CHINA.
- II.: CHINESE BANKING: ANCIENT AND MODERN.
- THE ABSENCE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION.
- METHODS OF BANKING.
- CORPOREAL PUNISHMENT FOR DEFAULT.
- BILLS OF EXCHANGE.
- THE BANKS AND THE GOVERNMENT.
- BANKERS’ CLEARINGS.
- PAWNBROKERS AS BANKERS.
- MONEY-LENDING COMPANIES.
- III.: LAND TENURE AND TAXATION IN CHINA.
- TWO KINDS OF TENURE.
- THE TRANSFER OF LAND.
- LAND MORTGAGES.
- THE LAW OF SUCCESSION.
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