Adam Ferguson on Democracy

Found in An Essay on the History of Civil Society

In Part 1, Sect. 2, of An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767), Adam Ferguson reflects on Democracy:

Mr. Montesquieu has pointed out the sentiments or maxims from which men must be supposed to act under these different governments.

In democracy, they must love equality; they must respect the rights of their fellow-citizens; they must unite by the common ties of affection to the state. In forming personal pretensions, they must be satisfied with that degree of consideration they can procure by their abilities fairly measured with those of an opponent; they must labour for the public without hope of profit; they must reject every attempt to create a personal dependence. Candour, force, and elevation of mind, in short, are the props of democracy; and virtue is the principle of conduct required to its preservation.

How beautiful a pre-eminence on the side of popular government! and how ardently should mankind wish for the form, if it tended to establish the principle, or were, in every instance, a sure indication of its presence! (From: SECT. X.: The same Subject continued.)

Following Montesquieu, Ferguson claims that in a democracy, citizens must “love equality” and “respect the rights of their fellow-citizens”. That is the uncontroversial bit, for it seems built into the very idea of democratic self-governance. Yet Ferguson also claims that in a democracy citizens must “labour for the public without hope of profit” and “reject every attempt to create personal dependence.” This might strike some readers as strange. Why does Ferguson believe that citizens in a democratic regime should not serve the public out of their own self-interest? One plausible answer: Perhaps Ferguson thinks that the addition of a “hope for profit”—or what we might call a “profit-motive”—corrupts public officials. But is this true?