The Online Library of Liberty

A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.

• Preface to the Liberty Fund Edition: 1943 and All That
• Preface to the 1965 Edition
• Part One: the English Heritage and the Colonial Historical View
• Chapter I: History and the Eighteenth-century Colonist
• Chapter II: The Colonial Perspective: Ancient and Medieval
• Chapter III: The Colonial Perspective: Tudors, Stuarts, and Hanoverians
• Part Two: the Revolutionary Use of History
• Chapter IV: The New England Historical Conscience
• Chapter V: John Adams: Political Scientist As Historian
• Chapter VI: Three Pennsylvanians: John Dickinson, James Wilson, Benjamin Franklin
• Chapter VII: The Historical Mind of the South
• Chapter VIII: Thomas Jefferson and the Rights of Expatriated Men
• Chapter IX: The Whig Historical Tradition and the Origins of the American Revolution
• Appendix I: The Saxon Myth Dies Hard
• Appendix II: History In the Colonial Library

CHAPTER IX

The Whig Historical Tradition and the Origins of the American Revolution

In seventeenth-century England men found history peculiarly instructive and useful. By the eighteenth century, history had become the practical study for gentlemen on both sides of the Atlantic. Americans praised history as “the least fallible guide,” and their “oracle of truth.”1 The British colonies may have been predominantly agricultural but they produced a society with remarkably bookish (if not literary) tastes. Shelf after shelf of historical studies in college libraries, booksellers’ shops, library societies, lawyers’ offices, and personal libraries attest to the measure of the colonists’ historical interest and opportunity. Their study of history was a vital part of their intellectual environment. With history the Revolutionary generation of Americans sought to extend its political experience; with assistance from the past, Americans determined their future.

I

The colonial focus was on the history of the mother country. “The history of Great Britain,” remarked John Jay in The Federalist, “is the one with which we are in general the best acquainted.”2 To know English history was to know America’s origins. And to know English history in the mid-eighteenth century was to know history as it was written and sometimes made by Englishmen of the “True Whig” persuasion, so designated by Robert Molesworth. These were the writers, so aptly called “Commonwealthmen” by Caroline Robbins, who justified political action against the Stuarts in the seventeenth century by appeals to the antiquity of the privileges sought. These were the writers who offered a historical justification of the Glorious Revolution, reveled briefly in its accomplishment, and then found to their horror that after 1688 neither England’s government nor its society remained true to its professed purposes. They became fearful for the future of their country as they saw the love of luxury increase and attachment to virtue diminish. The power and ambition of the Crown was not yet curbed; Parliament threatened a new despotism as dire as that of the Stuarts—indeed, threatened a despotism made worse by an alliance with the Crown at the expense of the people.

What these radical whig historians and critics said about their government and society made sense to many Americans. Well read on the golden age of their Saxon ancestors, colonial patriots thoughtfully noted the contrast presented in the whig portrayal of modern England. There seemed to be a conspiracy to defraud Englishmen of their constitutional rights overseas as well as at home. John Adams was quite specific: “the conspiracy … against the Public Liberty,” he declared in 1774, “was first regularly formed, and begun to be executed, in 1763 or 4.”3 The American interpretation of English history colored colonial explanations of events and furnished Americans with an arsenal of arguments that eventually transformed a rebellion into a revolution.

Independence—which required revolution—was not initially intended by the colonial leaders. As Clinton Rossiter observed when studying their political theory, “however radical the principles of the Revolution may have seemed to the rest of the world, in the minds of the colonists they were thoroughly preservative and respectful of the past.”4 Their respect for the past brought them to their rebellious and finally revolutionary posture. The last stage of their journey was the most difficult and also the most carefully related to history: on the eve of independence colonists were consulting such whig oracles as Hulme’s Historical Essay on the English Constitution (it was “invaluable”), noting anew how the Saxons secured “the free election of their magistrates and governors; without which our ancestors thought all our liberties were but a species of bondage.” Comparisons were irresistible: “How different from, and how much superior to, our present form of government, was the Saxon, or old constitution of England!”5 The language of history was commonplace: “Provoke us not too far!!” warned a Rhode Islander; “Runymede is still to be found, as we may there assert our rights.”6 Mounting doubt about England’s interest in this common legacy of liberty played its part in the colonial decision. “Cassandra,” writing in March 1776, cited Hulme and Burgh as he contended that “the British constitution is so effectually undermined by the influence of the crown, that the people of Britain have no security for the enjoyment of their own liberties.” He concluded that “Americans can never be safe in being dependent on such a state [as Britain].” Englishmen in the mother country had “lost the distinguishing character between freemen and slaves.”7 A New Englander employed more colorful phrasing: England was no longer “in a Condition at present to Suckle us, being pregnant with Vermin that corrupt her Milk, and convert her Blood and Juices into Poison.”8

Revolution became both a preventative and a preservative course of action. Americans wanted to prevent the spread of “the poison of corruption” to their own shores.9 (“May placemen and pensioners never find seats in American senates” was one toast drunk in June 1776.10 ) Americans wanted to preserve their inherited rights and liberties. And above all they wanted to maintain their virtue. For whig historians and colonial readers Clio was a highly moral muse. Virtue was considered as important to the body politic as virginity to a young maiden. Americans were repeatedly told that they represented a last outpost of English freedom, that they were the last sentinels of English virtue. They labored thus under “a double obligation”—to preserve their own virtue and in so doing “rouse the dormant spirit of liberty in England, give a check to luxury and a spring to virtue.”11 Joseph Warren in his 1775 “Massacre” oration expressed a widespread hope “that Britain’s liberty, as well as ours, will eventually be preserved by the virtue of America.”12

Sincerely imbued as they were with a sense of imperial public service as well as historical obligation, many Americans were much encouraged by the historical commentaries crossing the Atlantic: John Dickinson’s exchange with Edward Dilly, Richard Henry Lee’s correspondence with Catherine Macaulay, the Boston Sons of Liberty letters to John Wilkes—all brought comfort, information, and an enhanced awareness of common history and common purpose.13 “Thank God,” ran a letter of Wilkes carried by the Maryland Gazette, “our Ancestors were Heroes and Patriots, not prudent Men. Russell and Sydney were considered by the Townshends of their Age as imprudent Men. They risked all for liberty.”14 When Wilkes campaigned in 1774, Americans read of his ambition for electoral reform, the “restoration” of Saxon annual parliaments, and a reversal of the ministerial policies toward the colonies.15 (He likened critics of the American cause to Charles I’s infamous attack on Parliament in 1628.16 ) Several years before the Declaration of Independence Wilkes was reported asking publicly whether “in a few years the independent Americans may not celebrate the glorious era of the revolution of 1775, as we do that of 1688?”17

And yet the final decision was distinctively American. Real Whigs in England might sympathize with the colonists, but there were few who looked for American independence. The whig purpose was limited to offering colonial virtue as a mirror for the mother country. The repetitive historical reviews of corruption, the unrepresentative character of the House of Commons, and the unholy conspiracy of Crown and Parliament against the ancient English constitution were intended to educate and enlighten, to create the climate for redress and reform at home. Neither a Hulme nor a Blackstone countenanced colonial claims to self-government under the cloak of English constitutional rights; they might deplore some consequences of the Glorious Revolution, but as Charles H. McIlwain has observed, for them prerogative was such of the ancient discretionary rights of the Crown as Parliament chose to leave untouched.18 Whigs questioned the wisdom but rarely doubted the authority of Parliament. They might offer a justification for certain colonial claims to redress of grievances but they preferred not to counsel revolution at home or in America.

The colonists were selective in their use of whig history. They seized and made their own, specific concepts and ideas only. They took seventeenth-century historical arguments against the Stuarts and directed these arguments against the eighteenth-century Parliament. They wrenched whig history from its monarchical framework and gave emphasis to the revolutionary acts of the Puritan Revolution of the 1640s—something English historians rarely cared to do. The American achievement was one of adaptation and translation. They used whig history, they used whig arguments, but their borrowing fed ideas and led to decisions appropriate only to the colonial circumstances. Had the Founding Fathers remained totally true to the English whig historical tradition they would never have produced a revolution—and their counterparts in England did not.

In the process of seeking to educate Grenville, Townshend, and North, Americans educated themselves. Persuaded of the historical reality of their constitutional claims, convinced that political depravity had indeed “swallowed up all the virtue of the island of Great-Britain,”19 Americans moved beyond protest, beyond mere resistance, to revolution. And yet the Declaration of Independence pretended to nothing new. It offered only “the common sense of the subject,” its authority resting “on the harmonizing sentiments of the day, whether expressed in conversation, in letters, printed essays, or the elementary books of public right.” It presented the record of “absolute tyranny” as a brief for the contention that British governmental purpose was intrinsically at fault, precluding any likelihood of reform.20 The constitution so admired and respected by Americans no longer existed in Britain; the natural rights of mankind, once secure under British law, now lacked protection.21 In these circumstances the purpose of government itself demanded restatement.

It was this identification of English rights with natural rights that made relatively easy the transition from history to political theory. Hitherto colonists had hesitated to trust themselves to philosophical abstractions, notwithstanding their acceptance of Locke’s libertarian principles. Many had felt, as James Duane expressed it in 1774, that “the Law of Nature … will be a feeble support.” He felt more secure grounding his rights on the laws and constitution of the mother country, “without recurring to the Law of Nature.”22 But by the summer of 1776 there seemed no choice but to appeal to the natural rights which the British constitution had once embodied but no longer supported. Americans knew that historically sovereignty lay with the people rather than with any law-making power; the time had come for the people to exercise that sovereignty; the time had come to address the future rather than the past.

The Revolution came with Americans abandoning the conservative, evolutionary progress normally advocated by their whig friends. But the whig interpretation of history had served significantly. It had shown, as one Pennsylvanian noted, that “whether you be English, Irish, Germans, or Swedes, whether you be churchmen presbyterians, quakers, or of any other denomination of religion, whatsoever, you are by your residence, and the laws of your country, freemen and not slaves.” It had shown Americans that they were “entitled to all the liberties of Englishmen and the freedom of this constitution.”23 It allowed Americans to approach the issue of independence gradually, almost obliquely. In insisting upon rights which their history showed were deeply embedded in antiquity, American Revolutionaries argued that their stand was essentially conservative; it was the corrupted mother country which was pursuing a radical course of action, pressing innovations and encroachments upon her long-suffering colonies. Independence was in large measure the product of the historical concepts of the men who made it, men who furnished intellectual as well as political leadership to a new nation.

II

The first publication of the Declaration of Independence in book form took place early in July 1776. It was an integral part of a little volume prepared by one “Demophilus” entitled The Genuine Principles of the Ancient Saxon, or English Constitution.24 It was, claimed the author, “carefully collected from the best AUTHORITIES; with some OBSERVATIONS, on their peculiar fitness, for the UNITED COLONIES in general, and PENNSYLVANIA in particular.” The title page also carried two quotations. The first was from Sidney: “All human Constitutions are subject to Corruption, and must perish, unless they are ‘timely renewed’ by reducing them to their first Principles.”25 The second, even more familiar, came from Hulme’s Historical Essay: “Where ANNUAL ELECTION ends, TYRANNY begins.”26 Almost three-quarters of the book comprised excerpts from Hulme. Americans were reminded how their Saxon ancestors “founded their government on the common rights of mankind. They made the elective power of the people the first principle of the constitution.”27 The point could hardly be missed: “the old Saxon form of government, will be the best model, that human wisdom, improved by experience, has left … to copy.”28

Whig history survived. But with a few notable exceptions, it failed to excite American interest and allegiance. Once independence was declared and institutionalized, the whig view of English history became less prominent in the American mind. When the colonists’ quarrel with England began, they already had much of what English whig writers had long sought for themselves. A major objective of the American Revolution was the maintenance of liberties already enjoyed.

After independence new tasks created new needs, new interests. When Americans contemplated a new federal union in 1787 they found other aspects of their historical education of value. They gave renewed attention to their classical literature. Polybius now came into his own as an authority on the Greek city-states, and American constitution-makers pored over his pages, studying again the causes of the dissolution of ancient republics.29 They reviewed European history, mainly for examples of modern confederations, such as the Dutch. Sir William Temple’s Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands enjoyed a new vogue (none of the delegates in Philadelphia read Dutch), and Franklin, Wilson, Madison, and Benjamin Rush were among those looking to the Dutch experience for constitutional wisdom, arguing that the Dutch confederacy, like the American government under the Articles of Confederation, was both ineffective and unjust.30 Yet English history was hardly neglected—the English constitution still excited admiration—and there persisted the confident feeling that Americans could profit from the English experience “without paying the price which it cost them.”31 “Happy that country which can avail itself of the misfortunes of others,” commented John Marshall.32 In a distinctive way the new federal union was as much a product of history as the Revolution itself;33 but the Constitution of 1787 reflected different needs and problems and was accordingly the subject of a broader historical canvas.

III

History is made in the minds of men, and in the eighteenth century there were men whose minds were filled with history. The history made by the American Revolutionaries was in part the product of the history they read, in part the product of their translation of a whiggish Clio into “an expression of the American mind”34 of universal significance. The historical principles of whiggery relating to the right of resistance, royal prerogative, and civil liberty were basic ingredients in the colonial constitutional theory of the pre-Revolutionary period. Americans read history in a highly selective manner, shrewdly sorting out and altering to American requirements whiggish views in support of their doctrines on their rights as Englishmen. They were, as Franklin put it, “Whigs in a Reign when Whiggism is out of Fashion.”35

APPENDIX I

The Saxon Myth Dies Hard

For all its inaccuracies, the interpretation of English history presented by the Real Whigs proved remarkably durable. In the mid-nineteenth century Americans were praising Algernon Sidney as “one of the noblest martyrs of that liberty which the progress of civilization and the developments of time seem to point out as the heritage of the Anglo-Saxon race.”1 And another scholar carefully identified the Goths as “the noblest branch of the Caucasian race.” “We are,” he added, “their children.”2

The crux of the whig view was the concept of Germanic superiority and the peculiarly felicitous capacity of the Anglo-Saxon for democratic ways; these ideas remained popular throughout the nineteenth century. At the Johns Hopkins University, America’s first great center of graduate study, Herbert Baxter Adams put forward his germ theory of American history. Keenly alive to “the possibility of tracing the great stream of American democracy to its earlier English source,” Professor Adams asserted that it was from the primitive Teutonic constitution that American democracy derived.3 Woodrow Wilson, one of Adams’s many notable students, commented that the only examples he knew of successful democracy were in governments “begotten of English race,” and where “the old Teutonic habit has had the same persistency as in England.”4

In Berlin, American historian John Burgess, who received his training under the great Rudolf Gneist, learned of “the great struggle for liberty conducted by the English subsequent to the Norman Conquest.” Burgess in turn preached Saxon democracy and its moral for Americans.5 John Fiske’s social Darwinism was in the same vein as the Teutonism of Burgess,6 and evolutionary thought led to a racist adaptation of the whig concept of the noble Saxon. Imperialists reached back into their past, Josiah Strong proclaiming that “the Anglo-Saxon holds in his hands the destinies of mankind.” Strong believed Anglo-Saxons “a race of unequaled energy,” and representative of “the largest liberty, the purest Christianity, the highest civilizations.” In the Darwinian struggle for existence, Strong found the fitter Saxons had survived owing to “their traditions of civil liberty.”7

In England, the radical Charles Dilke surveyed his world and forecast that the Anglo-Saxon race was the only one which could maintain its freedom.8 Well-intentioned politicians like Dilke’s friend Joseph Chamberlain spoke proudly of “the greatness and importance of the destiny which is reserved for the Anglo-Saxons”;9 he sought to cultivate a union of the Saxon Powers—America, Britain, and Germany. America’s Mr. Dooley was sceptical: “You an’ me, Hinnisey, has got to bring on this here Anglo-Saxon ’lieance.” To Mr. Hennessy’s enquiry, Mr. Dooley explained that “an Anglo-Saxon is a German that’s forgot who was his parents.”10 But in Europe, von Treitschke was both certain and proud of his ancestry and wrote at length of the glories he and his nation derived therefrom. Houston Stewart Chamberlain was sufficiently carried away to propose that Jesus Christ must have been of the Germanic race.11

No one factor can explain completely these racial perversions, but apart from the powerful influence of Darwinian thought, some responsibility rests with those major nineteenth-century historians who lent their names to enough of the Saxon myth to dignify its degeneration into racial and nationalistic causes. “The strong man and the strong nation,” explained William Stubbs, “feel the pulsation of the past in the life of the present.”

According to Bishop Stubbs, “it is to Ancient Germany that we must look for the earliest traces of our forefathers, for the best part of almost all of us originally were German.”12 Stubbs subscribed to the Tacitus interpretation of a noble and democratic Germanic race who transferred their liberal customs to England. Professor Petit-Dutaillis has explained Stubbs’s attitude in terms that make the Bishop seem very nationalistic indeed: “He belonged to the liberal generation which had seen and assisted in the attainment of electoral reforms in England. … He had formed himself in his youth under the discipline of the patriotic German scholars who saw in the primitive German institutions the source of all human independence. He thought he saw in the development of the English Constitution the magnificent and unique expansion of those germs of self-government, and England was for him the messenger of liberty to the world.”13

Historians like Edward Freeman, John Green, John Kemble, and even Henry Adams joined Bishop Stubbs in his conviction that the Anglo-Saxons had enjoyed a democratic society. Henry Adams was deeply interested in “the primitive popular assembly, parliament, law-court and army in one; which embraced every free man, rich or poor.” He noted how “among all German races, none have clung with sturdier independence or more tenacious conservatism to their ancient customs and liberties, than the great Saxon confederation.”14 Tacitus remained a largely unquestioned source. A nonfeudal land tenure and the elective German kingship were carried from the Saxon woods to England to bless that island until the arrival of the Normans. Late-nineteenth-century scholars had relatively few doubts on this subject.

Carl Stephenson has commented that to accept the nineteenth-century interpretation of Anglo-Saxon society, a historian had “first to read into comparatively late sources a meaning which they never had and then apply that misinterpretation to an imaginary society of a thousand years earlier.”15 Tacitus has received a closer examination today. Scholars now agree that the Germania depicted a warrior peasant far different from that claimed by the whig historians. Tacitus described the German people as dominated by a class of warriors who saw agriculture as degrading for them personally and lived off the produce of the lower peasants. Tacitus may have found the Germans a happy contrast to contemporary Rome, but Saxon society was certainly not the democratic one envisaged by Jefferson and the whigs. As a society, in fact, the Saxon was less agrarian than military, and the personal tie which bound peasant to lord involved the performance of a customary service nearly as rigid as that brought in by the Normans. On the credit side for the whigs, it must be emphasized that there was no professional class of knights sustained by military benefices in pre-Conquest England.

The true meaning of the term witan eluded the early historians: Sir Frank Stenton claims the Saxon councils were composed, not of all classes, but of the upper ranks of the aristocracy, along with ecclesiastics when the church became established. The best that Stenton has found is “the character of a constitutional monarchy,” which was “extremely narrow in form.”16

Other features of the whig interpretation have also been subjected to reexamination. The idea of the breach in English historical development occasioned by the Norman Conquest was less popular in the nineteenth than in the eighteenth century. Stubbs began the emancipation from this broken-continuity concept of the whigs, and his influence is evident in Stenton, although such notable scholars as J. H. Round and G. B. Adams continued to argue that the Conquest did interrupt English historical development.

In G. B. Adams’s view the English constitution rested wholly upon the feudal foundations laid by the Normans. The Saxons had been approaching a feudalistic state before the Conquest, but “beneath the superficial similarity, there was a great difference.” According to Adams, the Normans possessed a more centralized absolutism and imposed this upon the Saxons; he explained the similar legislative machinery that ensued as due to the Saxon Chronicles’ habit of persistently calling the Norman curia regis by the old name of witenagemot. The real institutional difference, Adams insisted, was very wide, despite this feudalistic similarity. But there was no real compromise with the whig interpretation: “The origin of the English limited monarchy is to be sought not in the primitive German state, nor in the idea of an elective monarchy or a coronation oath, nor in the survival of institutions of local freedom to exert increasing influence on the central government.”17

Today the prevailing tendency is to view the post-1066 Anglo-Norman state as unique, the result of many antecedents, Saxon, Flemish, Danish, and Breton.18 Most of the later features of whig history have been explored and revealed as false oversimplifications which endured because people wanted to believe. The myth of Magna Charta has been attacked by scholars distressed over extravagant claims made on its behalf. The feudal character of the document is now widely recognized. Its limitations may be disputed, but no longer in the political language of the 1680s.19 Most scholars see the Charter as a grant of privileges on the part of King John to the freemen of England and agree that it could not apply to the mass of a people still thoroughly servile.20 As Faith Thompson has commented, the famous Charter which was so important to seventeenth- and eighteenth-century lawyers and historians “meant many things to many groups, varying greatly from age to age in actual content [meaning] and realistic value.”21

Certainly few whig writers underestimated the Charter’s significance as a support for their claims. But, according to Professor Herbert Butterfield, such “wrong history” may well have been of great political advantage to England, if not to her historical erudition. Whig writers, by providing liberty with the steadying alliance of history and tradition, performed a service that the French (for example) sadly lacked. Revolts in England have been relatively quiet and sober affairs. At least a partial explanation is the manner in which the whig historians brought history, with its substantiation of man’s rights, to the aid of political radicalism. Thus neither Englishmen at home or in America underwent the rigors known to France between 1789–93.22 Viewed in this light, it is possibly the world’s misfortune that myths are becoming intellectual curiosities.

APPENDIX II

History in the Colonial Library

The listings which follow can assist in charting the historiographical environment of the American colonists and the character of their historical resources. Although these lists are samples only, even this partial survey should supply the flavor of the colonists’ interest in history and the nature of their reading. The frequency with which a given title recurs does not prove much in isolation; a book which crops up rarely may yet be of startling significance to a Thomas Jefferson or a Richard Bland. Nevertheless, the lists serve as a rough indication of the colonists’ common exposure when seeking historical knowledge.

In some instances, however, the lists make a point of their own. David Hall’s orders to William Strahan reflect how the market for history books was enlarging. The catalogues of the Library Company of Philadelphia show the persisting interests of the stockholders in history. And Jefferson’s book lists, with their repetition of titles, show his enduring attachment to particular history books.

The lists include some works which might not be catalogued as history today, but which nevertheless had a historical significance for eighteenth-century colonists. There may be special meaning in the frequent priority accorded Sidney’s Discourses over Locke’s Treatises on Civil Government. While these lists accurately reflect the colonial absorption in English history, they also confirm the availability of diversified histories dealing with revolutions and, as Edwin Wolf has put it, “the mutability of kings and states.” The popularity of Abbé Vertot is particularly eloquent testimony to this interest. A comparable reading of the English governing classes at this same period might throw additional light on Anglo-American misunderstandings.

The form of the listings below follows substantially the form employed in the original, and where the identity of a book remains obvious, the original misspellings and minor title variations are retained. For purposes of typographical clarity, there is an effort at consistent italicizing of titles, which was not the case in the originals. Entries marked with an asterisk have not been identified.

The entries are grouped under geographical categories: New England; New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; and the Southern Colonies.

I.

COLLEGE CATALOGUES

A. Harvard College

• 1. LIBRARY CATALOGUE OF 1723
  • Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion
  • Coke’s Institutes
  • Cambden’s Britannia
  • Harrington’s Oceana
  • Rushworth’s Historical Collections
  • John Speed’s History of Great Britain
  • Potter’s Greek Antiquities
• 2. ADDED BETWEEN 1725 AND 1735
  • Burnet: History of Own Time
  • Selden’s Works
  • Tyrril’s History of England
  • Rapin’s History of England
• 3. ADDED BY 1773
  • James Burgh: Dignity of Human Nature
  • Cato’s Letters
  • Echard’s Ecclesiastical History
  • Gordon’s Tacitus
  • ″ Sallust, with Cicero’s Orations against Cataline.
  • Hampden’s Tryal
  • David Hume’s History of England 6 v.
  • [White] Kennett’s Complete History of England 3 v. fol.
  • Basil Kennett: Roman Antiquities
  • John Locke: All his works. 3 v. fol.
  • Ludlow’s Memoirs
  • Catherine Macaulay’s History of England 5 v.
  • Milton: All his works
  • Molesworth: Account of Denmark and Sweden
  • William Molyneux: Case of Ireland, being bound by the Parliament of England
  • Edw[ard] W. Montagu: Rise and Fall of Republicks
  • Montesquieu, Oeuvres
  • Henry Neville on Government
  • John Oldmixon, History of England
  • Puffendorf: History of Sweden
  • ″ Law of Nature and Nations
  • ″ Intro. to the History of Europe
  • William Robertson: History of Scotland
  • ″ ″ History of the Emperor Charles V.
  • Rollin’s Roman History
  • Rycaut’s Ottoman Empire
  • Temple Stanyan’s Greek History
  • Sydney on Government
  • Sir William Temple’s Works
  • James Tyrrel on the Ancient Constitution of the English Government. fol.
• 4. ADDED BETWEEN 1773 AND 1790
  • William Guthrie’s General History of England 3 v.
  • Hottoman’s (Fr.) Franco Gallia two editions: 1573 and 1586
  • A second set of Hume’s History of England 1786
  • Three editions of Catherine Macaulay’s History of England: 2 v. 1763, 5 v. 1776, 4 v. 1769
  • [Second copy of] Molesworth’s Account of Denmark (both 1738 editions)
  • [Second set of] Rapin’s History of England (first, 1726, second, 1732)
  • Roger Acherley: Brittanic Constitution 1741
  • ″ ″ Free Parliaments 1731
  • Nathaniel Bacon: Historical & political discourse on the laws. … 1760 edn.
  • ″ ″ Discourse of the uniformity of the govt. of England 1647 edn.
  • Rob. Brady: A ful & clear answ. to a book written by W. Petit esq. 1681
  • James Burgh: Political Disquisitions London 1774 2 sets.
  • Dalrymple: Essay towards a general hist. of feudal property in Eng. 1759
  • Ellys: Tracts on Liberty 1765
  • [Henry] Care British Liberties, with an essay on political Liberty and view of the constitution of Great-Britain London 1766
  • J. Locke: Two Treatises on govt. London 1698 & 6th ed. 1764 2 sets.
  • M. Nedham: Excellencie of a Free State London 1767 2 copies
  • H[enry] Nevil: Plato Redivivus London, 1681, 1698, 1763. 3 copies.
  • Wm Petit: Ancient Right of the commons of Eng. asserted 1680
  • Granville Sharp Declaration of the People’s Right 1775
  • Algernon Sidney: Discourses concerning govt. London 1751, 1763. 2 copies.
  • Samuel Squire: Enquiry into the foundation of the english constitution.
  • G[ilbert] Stuart: Dissertation concerning antiquity of the English constitution London, 1753
  • ″ ″ Historical Essay on the english constitution Lond. 17711
  • Frank Sullivan: Lectures on the feudal law London, 1772.
  • J. Tyrrell: Bibliotheca politica London, 1727
  • Walter Moyle: Works, 2 v. London, 1726; 3 v. London, 1726, 1727. 2 sets.
  • Wm. Temple: Observations on the United Netherlands London, 1690.
  • ″ ″ Works London, 1720; London, 1740. 2 sets.
  • John Wilkes North Briton, 2 v. London, 1763

B. Yale College

• 1. LIBRARY CATALOGUE OF 1743
  • Puffendorf’s History of Europe
  • Cambden’s Brittania 2 v. fol.
  • Rushworth’s Historical Collections
  • Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion
  • Sir Thomas Smith’s de Republica Anglorum
  • Buchanani Rerum Scotarum fol.
  • Echard’s Roman History 5 v.
  • Taciti Opera 2 v.
  • Potter’s Greek Antiquities
• 2. ADDED BY 1755
  • Raleigh’s History of the World
  • The History of King Henry VII*
  • ″ ″ ″ ″ Charles I*
  • ″ ″ ″ ″ Charles II*
  • ″ ″ ″ Oliver Cromwell*
  • ″ ″ ″ King William III*
  • ″ ″ ″ Queen Anne*
  • Ricaut’s Turkish History
  • Sir William Temple’s Works 2 v. fol.
  • The Antient and Modern Whigg
• 3. ADDED BY 1791
  • Macaulay’s History of England 5 v.

C. The College of New Jersey

• LIBRARY CATALOGUE OF JANUARY 29, 1760
• Burnet’s History of his own Times
• ″ History of the Reformation
• Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion 6 v.
• Cato’s Letters
• Eachard’s Eccleciastical History 2 v.
• ″ Roman History 5 v.
• History of the House of the Stewarts*
• Puffendorf’s Introduction to the History of Europe
• Potter’s Antiquities of Greece 2 v.
• Rapin’s History of England, with Tindal’s Continuation. 5 v. 3 sets in all.
• Sidney on Government
• Tacitus, Englished by several Hands, 3 v.
• Sir William Temple, Letters & Observations on the United Provinces 3 v.

D. Rhode Island College

• LIBRARY CATALOGUE OF 1782
• Oldmixon’s History of England
• Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion
• Burnet’s History of his own Times
• Universal History 8 v.
• Robertson’s History of Scotland 2 v.
• Mrs. Macaulay’s History of England 3 v.
• Puffendorf’s History

II.

SOCIAL OR PUBLIC LIBRARIES

A. New England

• 1. SAYBROOK, LYME AND GUILFORD, CONNECTICUT
  • Library Catalogue, 1737
    • Burnet’s History of his own Time
    • Camden’s Britannia
    • Locke on Education
    • Rollin’s Ancient History
    • Rapin’s History of England
• 2. REDWOOD-LIBRARY, NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND
  • Library Catalogue, 1750
    • Acherley’s Britannic Constitution
    • Burnet’s History of the Reformation 3 v.
    • ″ History of His own Times 2 v.
    • Camden’s Britannia 2 v.
    • Hale’s Pleas of the Crown
    • Hawkin’s Pleas of the Crown
    • Kennet’s History of England 3 v.
    • Locke’s Works 3 v.
    • Rawleigh’s History of the World
    • Rapin’s History of England 2 v. fol.
    • Tindal’s Continuation of Rapin 3 v.
    • Selden’s Works 6 v. (in Latin)
    • Spelman’s Works (in English)
    • Temple’s Works 2 v.
    • Buchanan’s History of Scotland 3 v.
    • Puffendorf’s History of Sweden
    • Voltaire’s History of Charles XII
    • Molesworth’s Account of Denmark and Sweden
    • Echard’s Ecclesiastical History 2 v.
    • Potter’s Antiquities of Greece
• 3. PROVIDENCE LIBRARY, PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND
  • Library Catalogue, 1768
    • Bolingbroke’s Letters on History
    • ″ Letters on Patriotism
    • Buchanan’s History of Scotland
    • Burnet’s History of the Reformation
    • ″ History of His Own Times
    • Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion
    • Echard’s Roman History
    • Gordon’s Tacitus 5 v.
    • ″ Sallust
    • Hume’s History of the Stuarts
    • Life of Alfred
    • Locke’s Works 3 v.
    • Ludlow’s Memoirs
    • Machiavel’s Works
    • Modern Universal History
    • Molesworth’s History of Denmark
    • Montague on Ancient Republics
    • Plutarch’s Lives
    • Puffendorf’s History of Sweden
    • ″ Intro. to History of Europe
    • Raleigh’s History abridged
    • Rapin’s History of England 21 vol.
    • Ricaut’s History of the Turks
    • Rise and Fall of the Romans, by Montesquieu
    • Rollin’s Ancient History
    • Montesquieu Spirit of Laws
    • Temple’s Works 2 v.

B. New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania

• 1. NEW YORK SOCIETY LIBRARY
  • Library Catalogue, 1754
    • Buchanan’s History of Scotland
    • Guthrie’s History of England
    • Harrington’s Oceana
    • Locke’s Works 3 v.
    • Ludlow’s Memoirs
    • Rapin’s History of England
    • Rushworth’s Historical Collections
    • Sidney on Government
    • Tyrrel’s History of England 5 v.
    • Temple’s Works 2 v.
    • Vertot’s Revolutions of Sweden
    • ″ ″ ″ Spain
    • ″ ″ ″ Rome
    • ″ ″ ″ Portugal
    • Smollett’s History of England 3 v.
    • Bolingbroke on Patriotism
    • ″ Works 5 v.
    • Gordon’s Tacitus 4 v.
    • Rollin’s Roman History 2 sets
    • Burnet’s History of his own Times
    • Cato’s Letters 4 v.
    • Independent Whig 4 v.
• 2. BURLINGTON, NEW JERSEY, LIBRARY COMPANY
  • Library Catalogue, 1758
    • Sidney, Discourses on Government fol.
    • Rapin’s History of England 2 v. fol. 1743
    • Independent Whig 4 copies
    • Cato’s Letters 4 v. 1737
    • Henry Care’s English Liberties 5th ed. 2 copies
    • Burgh’s Britain’s Remembrancer 7th ed., 1748
    • Burnet’s History of His Own Time 4 v. London, 1753
    • Edmund Ludlow, Memoirs 3rd ed., 3 v. Edinburgh, 1751
• 3. LIBRARY COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA
  • a.Library Catalogue, 17332
    • The Annals and History of Tacitus, translated by Mr. Gordon. 2 v. 1728
    • Wood’s Institutes of the Laws of England 1728
    • Sidney’s Discourses on Government 1704
    • Puffendorf’s Law of Nature and Nations, translated by Basil Kennett, 1729
    • ″ Introduction to the History of the principal Kingdoms and States of Europe 1728
    • De Rapin Thoyras, The History of England 15 v. 1731
    • Vertot, The History of the Revolutions that happened in the Government of the Roman Republick 2 v. 1732
    • ″ The History of the Revolution in Sweden 1729
    • ″ The History of the Revolutions in Spain 5 v. 1724
    • ″ The Revolutions of Portugal 1724
    • ″ A Critical History of the Establishment of the Bretons among the Gauls 2 v. 1722
    • Plutarch’s Lives 8 v. 1727
    • Chevalier Ramsay, The Travels of Cyrus 2 v. 1728
    • De Voltaire, The History of Charles XII King of Sweden 1732
    • Joseph Addison, Miscellaneous Works 3 v. 1726
  • b.Added by 1764
    • Camden’s Britannia 2 v.
    • Harrington’s Oceana 1737
    • Temple’s Works 2 v. 1738
    • Locke’s Works 3 v. 1740
    • Rushworth’s Collections 1721
    • Acherley’s Britannic Constitution 1727
    • Raleigh’s History of the World 2 v. 1733
    • Rycaut’s Ottoman Empire
    • Burnet’s History of his Own Time 2 v. 1734
    • William Robertson’s History of Scotland 2 v. 1759
    • David Hume, History of England … to 1688 6 v. 1762
    • Molesworth, Account of Denmark 1738 Second copy, 1694
    • Hotman, Franco-Gallia, translated by Molesworth 1721
    • Potter, Antiquities of Greece
    • Rollin, Roman History 10 v. 1744
    • Clarendon, History of the Rebellion 2 v. 1720 2 sets
    • Buchanan’s History of Scotland 2 v. 1733
    • Temple Stanyan, Grecian History 2 v. 1739
    • Walter Moyle, Works 2 v. 1726
    • Bolingbroke, Dissertation on Parties 1743
    • Thornhagh Gurdon, History of the High Court of Parliament 2 v. 1731
    • Care’s English Liberties 1719
    • Locke’s Treatises on Government 1698
    • John Chamberlayne, The Present State of Great Britain 1729
    • Verstegan, Restitution of Decayed Antiquities Antwerp, 1605
    • Bolingbroke, Letters on the Study and Use of History 2 v. 1752
    • Tacitus, Works, translated by Thomas Gordon. 2nd ed., 4 v. 1737
    • Samuel Puffendorf, Compleat History of Sweden London, 1702
    • E. W. Montagu, Reflections on the Rise and Fall of the antient Republics 1759
    • John Dalrymple, History of Feudal Property 3d. ed., 1758
    • Independent Whig 3 v. 1735
    • Cato’s Letters 4 v.
  • c.Added by 1770
    • N[athaniel] Bacon’s Discourses of the Laws and Government of England 5th ed. 1760
    • Care’s British [sic] Liberties 1767
    • Burgh’s Dignity of Human Nature
    • Wharton True Briton 2 v. 1723
    • Milton, History of England 1677
    • Echard, History of England
    • Mascou, History of the ancient Germans 2 v. 1738
    • Sidney, Discourses on Government 2 v. 1750
    • Ellis: Liberty of Subjects in England 1765 Tracts on Liberty
    • Ludlow: Memoirs 3 v. 1698
    • Macaulay: History of England 4 v. 1767
    • Robertson’s History of Scotland 4th ed. 1761
    • Temple’s Works 4 v. 1757
    • Warner’s History of Civil War in Ireland 2d ed. vol. 1 only 1768
    • Rapin’s History of England 1st ed., 30 v. 1728; 4th ed., 21 v. 1757
  • d.Added by 1775
    • Robertson’s History of Charles V. 3 v. Robert Bell’s Philadelphia edition
    • Allan Ramsay An Essay on the Constitution of England 1766
    • [Obadiah Hulme] An Historical Essay on the English Constitution London, 1771. “Where Annual Election Ends, There Slavery Begins.”
    • Molyneux, The Case of Ireland being bound by Acts of Parliament, Stated London, 1770
    • Francis Sullivan, History of Feudal Law London, 1772
• 4. UNION LIBRARY COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA
  • a.Library Catalogue, 1754
    • Raleigh’s History of the World
    • Puffendorf’s Introduction to the History of Europe
    • Tacitus, Annals 3 v. London, 1698. “Made English by several Hands.”
    • Temple’s Introduction to the History of England 2 v. London, 1699
    • Vertot: History of the Revolution in Sweden
    • ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ Roman Republic
    • ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ Portugal
    • Locke’s Human Understanding London, 1748
    • ″ Thoughts concerning Education London, 1696
    • Rapin: History of England 28 v. London, 1728
    • Buchanan’s History of Scotland 2 v. 1738
    • Henry Care: English Liberties 4th ed. London, 1719
    • Independent Whig 7th ed., 3 v. London, 1743. 2 sets.
    • Molesworth, Account of Denmark, 5th ed., London, 1745
    • Cato’s Letters, 4 v. London, 1724
  • b.Added by 1765
    • Kennet: Antiquities of Rome 3 sets.
    • Burnet’s Abridgement of his own times: also unabridged in 4 v.
    • Rushworth’s Collections 1659 2 sets
    • Smollett’s History of England
    • Sidney’s Discourses
    • Temple’s Observations on the United Provinces
• 5. ASSOCIATION LIBRARY COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA
  • Library Catalogue, 1765
    • Cato’s Letters
    • Guthrie’s History of England
    • Gordon’s Annals of Tacitus
    • Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion
    • Vertot: Revolutions of Sweden
    • ″ ″ ″ Portugal
    • Buchanan’s History of Scotland
    • Independent Whig
    • Locke’s Works
    • Smollet, History of England
    • Warner’s History of Ireland
• 6. JULIANA LIBRARY-COMPANY, LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA
  • Library Catalogue, 1766
    • Rapin’s History of England & Continuation 1743, 1758
    • Cambden’s Britannia
    • Sidney’s Discourses on Government 1751
    • Locke’s Essay concerning Human Understanding 2 v. 1753
    • Kennet’s Antiquities of Rome 1717
    • Molesworth’s Account of Denmark 1694
    • Bolingbroke: Letters on Patriotism & Parties 1749
    • Temple’s Observations on the United Provinces 1705
    • Locke, On Education 1752
    • ″ Two Treatises on Government 1713 (Given by Mr. Christopher Marshall)
    • Rollin’s Roman History 16 v. Dublin, 1740

C. The Southern Colonies

• 1. CHARLESTOWN LIBRARY SOCIETY
  • a.Library Catalogue, 1750
    • Acherley’s Britannic Constitution
    • Nathaniel Bacon’s Discourse on the Laws and Government of England
    • Burnet’s Hist. of His Own Times
    • Harrington, Oceana
    • Rapin’s History of England, and Tindal’s Continuation
    • Milton’s Works
    • Clarendon’s History of the Civil Wars
    • Hakwell’s Modus Tenendi Parliamentum
    • Independent Whig 4 v.
    • [Montagu?] Reflections on the Grandeur and Decension of the Romans
    • Clarke’s Essay upon Study
    • Rollin’s Antient History
    • Cato’s Letters 4 v.
    • Gordon’s Sallust
    • Rollin’s Roman History
    • Gordon’s Tacitus
    • Kennett’s Antiquities of Rome
    • Vertot, Revolutions in Rome
    • ″ Revolutions in Sweden
    • Hale’s Original Institution of Parliaments
    • Bolingbroke’s Dissertation on Parties
    • Locke’s Works 3 v.
    • Raleigh’s History of the World 2 v. 2 sets
    • Potter’s Antiquities of Greece
    • Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws 2 v.
    • Fortescue, The Difference between an absolute and limited Monarchy
    • Atkyan’s Parliamentary Tracts
    • Petyt’s Ancient Right of the Commons
  • b.Catalogue, 1770 (As above, but added:)
    • Rushworth’s Historical Collections
    • Temple’s Works
    • Bolingbroke’s Works 1754 5 v.
    • Blackstone’s Commentaries 4 v. Oxford, 1768
    • Hume’s History of England 6 v. 1762
    • Robertson’s History of Scotland 1759
    • ″ Reign of Charles V 3 v. 1769
    • Smollett’s History of England 4 v. 1757
    • Warner’s History of rebellion and civil wars in Ireland 1767
    • Bolingbroke’s Letters on Study and Use of History 2 v. 1752
    • Fletcher (of Salton) Political Works 1732
    • Goldsmith’s Roman History 1769
    • Hotoman’s Franco-Gallia 1721
    • Horn’s Mirror of Justices 1768
    • Hakewell’s Modus Tenendi 1671
    • Montague on ancient republicks 1760
    • Molesworth’s Account of Denmark
    • Petyt’s Ancient Right of the Commons 1680
    • Samuel Squire’s Enquiry into the Foundation of the English Constitution 1745
    • Sidney’s Discourses on Government 2 v. Edinburgh, 1750
    • Dalrymple Feudal Property 1759
    • Macaulay’s History of England 1769
    • Stanyan’s Grecian History 1751

III. PRIVATE LIBRARIES

A. New England

• 1. SAMUEL LEE, BOSTON
  • Library Catalogue, 1693 (MS in Massachusetts Historical Society)
    • Raleigh’s History of the World
    • Langhorn’s Introduction to the History of England
    • Petit’s Ancient Right of the Commons of England
    • Tacitus
• 2. GEORGE CURWIN, “LATE OF SALEM”
  • Auction List, 1718 (Photostat in Historical Society of Pennsylvania)
    • Care’s English Liberties
    • Sir William Temple’s History of the Netherlands
    • Potter’s Antiquities of Greece
• 3. JOHN ADAMS, BOSTON
  • a.Library Catalogue, 1790 (MS in Massachusetts Historical Society)
    • Acherley, Brittannic Constitution
    • Blackstone’s Commentaries
    • ″ Law Tracts
    • Coke’s Institutes
    • ″ Reports
    • Hale’s History of the Pleas of the Crown 2 copies
    • Hawkins’ Pleas of the Crown
    • Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws
    • Puffendorf, Law of Nature and Nations 1729
    • Rushworth’s Historical Collections 2 sets
    • Seldeni, Opera
    • Sharpe’s Declaration of the People’s Rights
    • Wood’s Institutes
    • Burnet’s History of his own time 2 sets
    • Buchanan’s historia Scot
    • Caesar’s Commentaries
    • Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion
    • Davila’s Civil wars of france
    • Echard’s Roman History
    • Guiccardini’s History of Italy
    • Gordon’s Tacitus 2 sets
    • ″ Sallust
    • Hume’s History of England 8 v.
    • Rollin’s Histoire Romaine 16 v.
    • Littleton’s History of Henry II 6 v.
    • Ludlow’s Memoirs 3 v. only
    • [Blackburne, ed.,] Memoirs of Thomas Hollis
    • Macaulay’s History of England 5 v.
    • Machiavel’s Works 4 v.
    • Molesworth’s Account of Denmark
    • Plutarch, Lives 5 v.
    • ″ Oeuvres
    • ″ Opera
    • Potter’s Antiquities of Greece 2 sets
    • Puffendorf, History of Sweden 1702
    • Robertson’s History of Scotland 2 sets
    • Sheridan’s History of Revolution in Sweden
    • Smollett’s History of England 16 v.
    • Temple’s Observations on the United Provinces
    • Tacitus on Germany. Aikin.
    • Tyrrell’s History of England. 1st and 5th vols. only
    • Temple’s Works 1st vol.
    • Harrington’s Works 2 sets
    • Bolingbroke, Letters on Patriotism
    • Locke on Government 1694
    • Milton’s historical political & miscellaneous Works 3 v. fol.
    • Montagu on Republics
    • Burgh Political disquisitions. 2 v. 3rd vol. missing. [Presentation copies from the author.]
    • Sidney on Government 2 v.
    • Addison’s Works 4 v.
    • Locke’s Works 3 v. fol.
    • Bolinbroke’s Works 11 v.
  • b.Added between 1790 and 18263
    • John Cartwright, The English Constitution 1823 2 copies, sent by the author
    • Cato’s Letters
    • Edward Spelman, Roman Antiquities 1768
    • Sir John Fortescue, De Laudibus legum Angliae
    • John Gillies, History of Ancient Greece 1786 2 v.
    • Thomas Gordon, A Cordial for Low Spirits 3 v. 1743
    • Gordon and Trenchard, Independent Whig 2 v. 1782
    • Kames’s Historical Law Tracts 1761
    • ″ British Antiquities 1763
    • John Jebb, Works ed. John Disney 1787 3 v.
    • Marchamont Nedham, Excellencie of a free state 1747 Gift from Brand Hollis
    • Henry Neville, Plato Redivivus 1681. Gift from Brand Hollis
    • John Oldmixon, History of England 1730
    • Rapin’s History of England 1732–33 2 v. fol.
    • Robertson, History of the reign of Charles V 1777
    • Rollin, Ancient History
    • John Somers’s The Judgement of whole kingdoms 12th ed. Boston, 1774

B. New York and Pennsylvania

• 1. JOHN MONTGOMERY, NEW YORK
  • Sale List of Library, 1732 (MS in New York Public Library)
    • Clarendon’s History
    • Rushworth’s Collections
    • [Sir William Temple?] History of Holland
    • Vertot, Revolutions of Rome
    • ″ History of Malta
    • ″ History of Spain
    • ″ Revolutions of Sweden
    • ″ Revolutions of Portugal
    • ″ Revolutions d’Angleterre
    • History of Greece
    • Caesar’s Commentaries
    • Tacitus
    • Sallust
    • Harrington’s Works
    • Tyrrell’s General History of England
    • Raleigh’s History of the World
    • Sir William Temple’s Works
    • Milton’s Works
    • Sidney On Government
    • Ludlow’s Memoirs
    • True Brittain Philip, Duke of Wharton
    • Locke’s Works
    • Cato’s Letters
    • Ricaut’s Ottoman Empire
    • Rapin’s History of England
    • Baker’s Chronicle
    • Moyle’s Works
    • History of Charles V William Robertson
• 2. JAMES LOGAN, PHILADELPHIA
  • Library Catalogue, 1760 (MS in the Library Company of Philadelphia)
    • Burnet’s History of the Reformation
    • Brady, Introduction to old English History 1684
    • ″ Complete History of England 2 v. 1685
    • Buchanan, Opera Edinburgh, 1715
    • Camden: Britannia
    • Herbert: Henry VII 1672
    • Harrington: Oceana 1656
    • Rapin: History of England 2 v. 1732
    • Paul Rycaut: Present State of the Ottoman Empire 1670
    • John Speed: History of Great-Britain
    • Tacitus: Opera Antwerp, 1607
    • James Tyrell: General History of England 1700
    • Bullstrode Whitlocke: History of England 1713
    • ″ ″ Memorials 1682
    • Davila: Historia delle Guerre civili di Francia in lione, 1641
    • Guiccardini: Historia d’Italia Venice, 1589 2 v.
    • Vertot: Histoire des Revolutions de la Republique Romaine Lay Haye, 1724
    • Buchanan: De jure regni apud Scotos 1594
    • Clarendon: History of the Rebellion 1705 6 v.
    • Molesworth: Account of Denmark 1694
    • Echard: Roman History 1695 2 v.
    • Hotoman: Franco-Gallia 1665
    • Ludlow: Memoirs
    • Potter’s Antiquities of Greece 1722 2 v.
    • Puffendorf: Introduction to the History of Europe 1728
    • ″ Present State of Germany 1696
    • Raleigh: History of the World, abridged 1698
    • Sir William Temple: Observations upon the Provinces of the Netherlands 1673
    • Vertot: History of Revolutions in Sweden 1721
    • ″ History of Revolutions in Portugal
    • Spelman’s Posthumous Works Oxford, 1698
    • Selden’s Opera 3 v. 1726
• 3. BENJAMIN RUSH, PHILADELPHIA
  • Library Catalogue, 1790 (MS in the Library Company of Philadelphia)
    • Rollin’s Roman History
    • Goldsmith’s Roman History
    • Rappin History of England
    • Universal History
    • Macaulay’s History of England
    • Robertson’s History of Charles the Vth
    • Goldsmith’s History of England
    • De Lolme’s English Constitution
    • Political Disquisitions James Burgh
    • Harrington, Oceana
    • Vertot, Revolutions of Portugal
    • Sharp’s Declaration of the People’s Rights
    • Bolingbroke’s Letters on Patriotism
    • Kennett’s Antiquities
    • Tacitus, Opera

C. The Southern Colonies

• 1. ROBERT “KING” CARTER, COROTOMAN, LANCASTER COUNTY, VIRGINIA
  • Library Catalogue, 1732 (Louis B. Wright, “The Gentleman’s Library in Early Virginia,” Huntington Library Quarterly, 1 [1937], 3–61)
    • Coke on Littleton 1628
    • Coke’s Institutes
    • Nathaniel Bacon, An Historical & Political Discourse 1689
    • Sidney’s Discourses 1698
    • Baker’s Chronicles 1643
    • Burnet’s History of his Own Time 1724–34
    • Camden’s Britannia 1586
    • Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion 1702–4
    • Echard’s Roman History 1698–99
    • Sir William Temple, Introduction to the History of England 1695
    • Ludlow’s Memoirs 1698–99
    • Puffendorf’s Introduction to the history of Europe 1699
    • Rushworth’s Historical Collections 1680–1701
    • Rapin’s History of England 15 v. 1725–31
    • Tacitus, Works, translated by Thomas Gordon 1728–31
• 2. WILLIAM DUNLOP, PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY, VIRGINIA
  • “William Dunlop’s Library” May 25, 1740 (William and Mary College Quarterly, 1st Ser., 15 [1907], 275–79)
    • Rapin History of England
    • Burnet’s History of his Own Time
    • Temple’s Works
    • ″ Memoirs
    • Rollin’s Historie Ancienne
• 3. WILLIAM BYRD II, WESTOVER, CHARLES CITY COUNTY, VIRGINIA
  • (Byrd died in 1744, and the catalogue of his library was compiled subsequently; MS in the Library Company of Philadelphia)
    • Brady’s History of England
    • Baker’s Chronicle
    • Cambden’s Britannia
    • Harrington’s Oceana
    • Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion
    • Ludlow’s Memoirs
    • Molesworth’s Account of Denmark
    • Temple’s Memoirs
    • Milton’s History of England
    • Echard’s History of the Revolution
    • Potter’s Antiquities of Greece
    • Vertot’s Revolutions of Sweden
    • Rushworth’s Historical Collections 7 vol.
    • Kames’s Antiquities of England British Antiquities
    • Coke’s Institutes
    • Bracton, de Legibus
    • Seldeni, Fleta
    • Fortescue’s Laws of England
    • Mirror of Justice [Andrew Horn?]
    • Hale’s Common Law
    • Henry Care’s English Liberty 2 copies
    • Bolingbroke Dissertation upon Parties
    • James Burgh Britain’s Remembrancer
    • Locke on Government
    • Tacitus Opera 4 vol.
• 4. “COUNCILLOR” ROBERT CARTER, NOMINI HALL, WESTMORELAND COUNTY, VIRGINIA
  • Library Catalogue, 1772 (William and Mary College Quarterly, 1st Ser., 10 [1902], 232–41; 11 [1903], 21–28; grandson of “King” Carter, “Councillor” Carter died in 1804; he had over 1500 volumes in his library by 1774.)
    • Postlethwayt’s Dictionary of Trade and Commerce
    • Locke’s Works 3 v.
    • Temple’s Works 2 v.
    • Ackerley’s Britannick Constitution
    • Spelman’s Works
    • Bacon’s Government Historical Discourse
    • Raleigh’s History of the World
    • Cooke on Littleton
    • Sidney on Government
    • Blackstone’s Commentaries
    • Universal History 21 v. & supplement
    • Bolingbroke Dissertation upon Parties
    • Buchanan’s History of Scotland
    • Echard’s Roman History
    • Hale’s History of the Common Law
    • Kaims’s Law Tracts
    • Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws 2 v.
    • Kennet’s Roman Antiquities 2 sets
    • Salmon’s History of England
    • Molesworth’s Account of Denmark
    • Smollet’s History of England 10 v.
    • Littleton’s History of Henry VII 3 v.
    • Locke on human understanding
    • Oldcastle’s Remarks on the History of England. Reprinted from The Craftsman, written by Bolingbroke
    • Potter’s Greek Antiquities
    • Robertson’s History of Scotland 2 v.
    • Thoyras [Rapin], History of England
    • Gordon’s Tacitus 4 v.
    • Voltaire History of Charles XII of Sweden 3 v.
    • Sarpi History of the Council of Trent
    • Hume’s History of England 8 v.
    • Vertot’s Revolutions of Sweden
    • Littleton’s Life of Henry II 2 v.
    • Burnet’s History of his own Time of England 6 v.
    • Plutarch’s Lives 7 v.
    • Addison’s Works 3 v.
    • Trenchard’s Tracts 2 v.
• 5. THOMAS JEFFERSON, MONTICELLO, ALBEMARLE COUNTY, VIRGINIA
  • a.The First Library (burned at Shadwell, 1770; this list compiled from books inherited from Peter Jefferson, 1757, from the Virginia Gazette Day Books for the 1760s, and the invoice from Messrs Perkins, Buchanan and Brown, October, 1769. See Boyd et al., eds., Jefferson Papers, I, 34.)
    • David Hume’s History of England
    • William Robertson’s History of Scotland
    • Coke’s Institutes
    • Kames’s Historical Law Tracts
    • Dalrymple’s Essay on Feudal Property
    • Matthew Hale’s History of the Common Law
    • William Petyt, Jus Parliamentum
    • Thornhagh Gurdon’s History of Parliaments
    • Locke, On Government
    • Ellis, Tracts on Liberty
    • Warner’s History of Ireland
    • ″ History of the Civil Wars in Ireland
    • Montesquieu, Oeuvres
  • b.The Second (Main) Library 1770–1815
    • (1) Jefferson’s list for Robert Skipwith, August 3, 1771 (Boyd et al., eds., Jefferson Papers, I, 79–80) indicates his familiarity with the following items not noted in the first library.
      • Sidney on Government
      • Ld. Bolingbroke’s political works 5 v.
      • Blackstone’s Commentaries 4 v.
      • Rollin’s Antient history. Eng. 13 v.
      • Stanyan’s Graecian history 2 v.
      • Livy. (the late translation)
      • Sallust by Gordon
      • Tacitus by Gordon
      • Vertot’s Revolutions of Rome Eng.
      • Plutarch’s Lives by Langhorns 6 v.
      • Robertson’s History of Charles the Vth 3 v.
      • Clarendon’s history of the rebellion 6 v.
      • Locke on Education
    • (2) Added by 1783 (All the above items were included in the 1783 manuscript catalogue Jefferson prepared prior to his expected voyage to France. Original in the Massachusetts Historical Society. In addition the following historical works were listed.)4
      • Goldsmith’s Roman History
      • Kennet’s Antiquities of Rome
      • Universal History
      • Raleigh’s History of the World
      • Pelloutier’s Histoire des Celtes
      • Ld Molesworth’s edition of Franco-Gallia [TJ wanted but did not yet own a copy]
      • ″ ″ account of Denmark
      • Cambden’s Britannia
      • Verstegan’s Antiquities
      • Temple’s Introduction to the history of England
      • Brady’s History of England
      • Tyrrel’s History of England
      • Speed’s History of England
      • Baker’s Chronicle
      • Rapin’s Histoire d’Angleterre
      • Temple’s Works
      • Kennet’s compilation of a History of England, 1060–1702
      • Guthrie’s History of England, 54 A.C.–1702
      • Bish. Burnet’s History of his own times
      • Blackburne, ed., Memoirs of Thomas Hollis
      • Mrs. Macaulay’s History of England, 1603–1742
      • Chamberlayne’s Present State of Great Britain (1759)
      • Care’s English Liberties 2 copies
      • Fortescue on Monarchy
      • Acherley’s Britannic Constitution
      • Sommers’ rights of king & people
      • Nathaniel Bacon on government of England 2 copies
      • De Lolme sur la constitution d’Angleterre
      • [Hulme] An Historical Essay on the English Constitution
      • Stuart’s historical dissertation on the antiquity of the British constitution
      • Burgh’s Political Disquisitions
      • Rushworth’s Historical Collections
      • Spelman’s Works
      • Gordon and Trenchard, Cato’s Letters
      • ″ ″ ″ Independent Whig
      • Wharton True Briton
      • St. Amand’s historical essay on parliament
      • Petyt’s Antient Rights of the Commons of England
      • Selden on the judicature of parliaments
      • Parliamentary and Political Tracts by Atkyns and others
      • Wilkes’ Speeches
  • c.The Third Library, 1815–26
    • (From Nathaniel Poor’s auction list, President Jefferson’s Library [Washington, D.C., 1829])
    • Gillies, History of Greece 4 v.
    • Potter’s Antiquities of Greece 2 v.
    • Rollin’s Ancient History 9th volume
    • Vertot’s Roman History
    • Tacitus Cronovii et Gordon, Lat. Eng. 8 v. [this was TJ’s third collated version]
    • Echard’s Roman History 5th vol.
    • The Universal History, Ancient 20 v.
    • Guicciardini, Istoria d’Italia 2 v.
    • Davila, Guerre civile de Francia 6 v.
    • Milot’s History of France 3d vol.
    • Voltaire, Histoire de Charles XII
    • Puffendorf’s Introduction to History
    • Cambden’s Britannia
    • Verstegan’s Original of Nations
    • Baker’s Chronicle
    • Rapin’s History of England 15 v.
    • Rushworth’s Historical Collections 2d vol. fol.
    • Fox’s History of James II
    • Burnet’s History of his own Times 6 v.
    • Blackstone’s Commentaries 4 v.
    • Spelmani Glossarium fol.
  • d.The “Fourth” Library, 1824
    • (Jefferson’s catalogue for the University of Virginia, completed September 1824, formed the base for the 1828 Catalogue of the Library of the University of Virginia, ed. William H. Peden [Charlottesville, Va., 1945])
    • Stanyan’s Grecian History
    • Potter’s Antiquities of Greece
    • Vertot’s Revolutions de Rome
    • Gordon’s Tacitus
    • Basil Kennet’s Roman Antiquities
    • The Universal History
    • Vertot’s Revolutions de Portugal
    • Pelloutier, Histoire des Celtes
    • Ld Molesworth’s Account of Denmark
    • Camden’s Britannia by Gibson
    • Milton’s History of England
    • Brady’s History of England
    • Tyrrel’s History of England
    • Speed’s History of England
    • Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion
    • Temple’s Works
    • Rapin’s History of England
    • John Baxter’s New and Impartial History of England
    • Guthrie’s History of England and continuation
    • Burnet’s History of own times
    • Macaulay’s History of England
    • Buchanan’s History of Scotland
    • Robertson’s History of Scotland
    • Warner’s History of Ireland
    • Dalrymple’s Essay on Feudal Property
    • Sullivan’s Lectures on Feudal Law
    • Kaims’s Historical Law Tracts
    • ″ British Antiquities
    • Spelman’s English Works
    • Filmer on Government
    • Sidney on Government
    • Nedham’s Excellencie of a free state
    • Nathaniel Bacon On the government of England
    • Acherley’s Britiannic Constitution
    • Tyrrell’s Bibliotheca Politica
    • Sir Thomas Smith, De republica Anglorum
    • Coke, Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England
    • ″ Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England
    • Kames, Historical Law Tracts
    • Sir John Dalrymple: Essay towards a general history of Feudal Property
    • Hale’s History of the Common Law
    • Warner’s History of Ireland
    • Pelloutier, Histoire des Celtes
    • ″ Histoire des Galates
    • Stanyan, Grecian History
    • Raleigh, History of the World
    • Malachy Postlethwayt, The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce 1751
    • Spelman, De Terminis Juridicis
    • ″ Glossarium Archailogicum
    • William Somner, A Treatise of Gavelkind
    • Blackstone, Commentaries
    • Abraham Stanyan, An account of Switzerland 1714
    • William Camden, Britannia
    • William Temple, Observations upon the United Provinces
    • Paul Henry Mallet, Introduction a l’histoire de Danemark
    • William Guthrie, History of England
    • Robert Molesworth, An account of Denmark
    • Vertot, Histoire des Revolutions de Suède
    • Voltaire, Charles XII
    • Thomas Salmon, Modern History
    • [Obadiah Hulme] Historical Essay on the English Constitution, from the Saxon establishment 1771
    • Squire’s Enquiry into the Constitution of the Anglo-Saxon Government 1753
    • Sharpe, Declaration of the right of the people in legislation 1774
    • Care’s British Liberties 1767
    • Care’s English Liberties by Nelson 1719
    • Ellys on the Spiritual and Temperal Liberties of England 1763
    • Gilbert Stuart: Dissertation on the Antiquity of the English Constitution 1790
    • Burgh’s Political Disquisitions 1774
    • De Lolme’s Constitution of England
    • Fortescue on Monarchy
    • Sommers’ Judgement on the rights of Kings and People 1771
    • Rushworth’s Historical Collections 1659
    • Bolingbroke’s Political Writings
    • Gordon & Trenchard’s Cato’s Letters 1724
    • Gurdon’s History of Parliament 1731
    • Petyt’s Ancient Rights of the Commons 1680
    • ″ Jus Parliamentum 1739
  • e.Historical Works on which Jefferson made notes
    • (From The Commonplace Book of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Gilbert Chinard; Chinard observed “it is remarkable that … political philosophers occupy so little space.”)
    • William Robertson, History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V
    • Francis Stoughton Sullivan, An Historical Treatise on the Feudal Laws
    • Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois (TJ: “has done mischief everywhere.”)
    • [Hulme,] An historical Essay on the English Constitution
    • Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae
    • David Hume, History of England
• 6. JOHN MACKENZIE, CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
  • (A Catalogue of Books Given and Devised by John Mackenzie Esquire to the Charleston Library Society. … [Charleston, 1772])
    • Burnet’s History of own Times 2 v. 1724
    • Camden’s Britannia 2 v. 1753
    • Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion 1759 Oxford, 1721 2 sets
    • Harrington, Oceana 1747
    • Locke’s Works 3 v. 1759
    • Raleigh’s History of the World 2 v. 1736
    • Rapin’s History of England 2 v. fol. 1743
    • Sidney’s Discourse 1751
    • Bacon Nathaniel, on the Laws & Government of England 1760
    • Blackstone, Commentaries 1770 Oxford
    • Bracton, De Legibus 1640
    • Hume’s History of England 6 v. 1762
    • Lyttleton’s Henry II 2 v. 1760
    • Tacitus 2 v. 1721
    • Warner’s History of Ireland 1763
    • ″ History of Rebellion and Civil Wars in Ireland 1767
    • Bolingbroke’s Dissertation on Parties 1743
    • Buchanan’s History of Scotland 1722 2 v.
    • Chamberlain’s Present State of Britain 1755
    • Coke’s Reports 7 v. 1738
    • Dalrymple on Feudal Property 1758
    • Kames’s Historical Law Tracts 1761 Edinburgh
    • Macaulay, History of England 4 v. 1769
    • Molesworth, Account of Denmark 1738
    • Montagu, Rise and Fall of ancient Republicks 1759
    • Plutarch’s Lives 6 v. 1758
    • Potter’s Antiquities of Greece
    • Smollett’s History of England 7 v. 1758
    • Stanyan’s Grecian History 2 v. 1751
    • Temple’s Works 1757
    • Cato’s Letters 4 v. 1755
    • Fletcher of Salton’s Political works Glasgow 1749
    • Gordon’s Tacitus 5 v. 1753
    • Rollin’s ancient history 12 v. 1749

IV. THE BOOK TRADE

A. New England

• 1. JOHN MEIN, BOSTON PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER
  • 1765 Catalogue (Original in Massachusetts Historical Society)
    • Rollin’s Ancient History
    • Hume’s History of England to 1688 8 v.
    • Robertson’s History of Scotland
    • Potter’s Antiquities of Greece
    • Kennett’s Antiquities of Rome
    • Burnet’s History of his own Time
    • Ludlow’s Memoirs
    • Vertot’s Revolutions of Portugal
    • Buchanan’s History of Scotland 2 v.
    • Sidney on Government
    • Locke on Human Understanding
    • Temple’s Works
    • Kaims’s Law Tracts
• 2. HENRY KNOX, BOSTON BOOKSELLER
  • 1773 Catalogue (A Catalogue of Books Imported and to be Sold [Boston, 1773])
    • Addison’s Cato, a Tragedy
    • Blackstone’s Commentaries
    • ″ Tracts chiefly relating to the Antiquities and Laws of England
    • Burgh’s Dignity of Human Nature 2 v.
    • Cato’s Letters 4 v.
    • Hume’s History of England 8 v.
    • Hawkins Pleas of the Crown
    • Hutchinson’s Hist. of Mass. 2 v.
    • History of Magna Charta
    • Independent Whig 4 v.
    • Kennet’s Roman Antiquities
    • Locke on Govt.
    • ″ on Education
    • ″ on Human Understanding
    • Macaulay’s (Mrs.) History of England 4 v.
    • Rappin’s Summary of the History of Eng. 3 v.
    • Rollin’s Ancient History 7 v.
    • ″ Roman History
    • Trenchard and Gordon’s Tracts 2 v.
• 3. JOHN FOSTER CONDY, BOOKSELLER, UNION STREET, BOSTON
  • 1774 Booklist (Advertised “To be sold,” Boston-Gazette, Jan. 3 and 10, 1774)
    • Blackstone’s Commentaries, 5 vol.
    • Robertson’s History of Charles the 5th 3 vols.
    • Hutchinson’s History of Mass. Bay 3 vols.
    • Lord Sommers On Nations and King’s [sic]
• 4. JOHN LANGDON, BOOKSELLER IN CORNHILL, BOSTON1774 Advertisement (Boston-Gazette, Feb. 7, 1774) Advertises “the 12th edition of Lord Somers Judgment of whole Kingdoms and Nations,” with remark that ten editions have been issued in London in less than twelve months. The 11th edition was published in Philadelphia in 1773, followed closely by this 12th edition from Newport, R.I., in 1774.
• 5. SMITH AND COIT, HARTFORD BOOKSELLERS, 1772
  • a.1772 Advertisement (Connecticut Courant, July 28, 1772; see also issues of Aug. 3, Aug. 11, 1772)
    • Kimber’s History of England
    • Rapin’s History of England Abridg’d
    • Robinson’s [sic] History of Scotland
    • Rollin’s Ancient History
    • Cato’s Letters
    • Independent Whig
    • Locke on Government
    • ″ on Education
  • b.1773 Advertisement (Connecticut Courant, July 5 and 13, 1773)
    • As above, but adding
    • Goldsmith’s History of England
  • c.1776 Advertisement (Connecticut Courant, Feb. 12, 1776)
    • As above, but adding
    • Blackstone’s Commentaries
    • Mrs. Macaulay’s History of England
• 6. HEZEKIAH MERRILL, HARTFORD BOOKSELLER, AND APOTHECARY
  • 1773 Advertisement (“Just imported from London,” Connecticut Courant, May 11, 1773; see also issue of Dec. 21, 1773)
    • Kimber’s History of England
    • Robinson’s [sic] History of Scotland
    • ″ History of Charles V
    • Rollin’s Antient History

B. New York and Pennsylvania

• 1. GARRAT NOEL AND EBENEZER HAZARD, BOOKSELLERS, NEW YORK
  • 1771 Catalogue (Catalogue of Books [N.Y. 1771])
  • 1st category: “History, Voyages, and Travels &c.”
    • Buchanan’s History of Scotland 2 vols.
    • Caesar’s Commentaries, tr. Prof, Duncan 2 v.
    • Goldsmith’s Roman History 2 v.
    • Hutchinson’s History of Mass. Bay 3 v.
    • Hume’s History of England 8 v.
    • Kennet’s Antiquities of Rome
    • Littleton’s History of King Henry II 4 v.
    • Livy’s Roman History tr. with Notes 8 v.
    • Mrs. Macaulay’s History of England 4 v.
    • Robertson’s Hist. of Scotland 2 v.
    • ″ Hist. of Charles V
    • Rollin’s Roman History 10 v.
    • ″ Antient History 12 v.
    • Vertot’s Revolutions of Sweden and Portugal
  • “Law” category
    • Henry Care’s British Liberties, or the Freeborn Subject’s Inheritance
    • Dalrymple on Feudal Property
    • Kaims’s Historical Law Tracts
  • “Misc.” category
    • Burgh’s Dignity of Human Nature 2 v.
    • Bolingbroke’s Collection of Political Tracts
    • Home’s Lord Kames Essays concerning British Antiquities
    • Locke on Government
    • ″ on Education
  • “Pamphlets” category
    • North Briton Extraordinary
• 2. NOEL AND HAZARD, NEW YORK BOOKSELLERS
  • 1773 Advertisement (“Imported in the last vessels, and to be sold by Noel and Hazard,” Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer, July 1, 1773)
    • Goldsmith’s Roman History
    • ″ History of England
• 3. JOHN DONALDSON, NEW YORK BOOKSELLER
  • 1773 Advertisement (Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer, Sept. 9, 1773)
    • Lord Bolingbroke’s Miscellaneous Works 4 vols.
    • Rollin’s Ancient History
    • Vertot’s Revolutions of Rome
• 4. SAMUEL LONDON, SHIP-CHANDLER AND BOOKSELLER, NEW YORK
  • 1773 Advertisement (Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer, July 8, 1773)
    • Hume’s, M’Caulay’s, &c. Histories of England
    • Robertson’s Hist. of Scotland
    • Others “too numerous to insert particulars here.”
• 5. WILLIAM GREEN, NEW YORK BOOKSELLER
  • a.1775 Advertisement (Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer, May 11, 1775)The Chronicles of the King’s of England … down to His present Majesty, George III “This excellent History contains a true Description of royal Life and Manners.”
  • b.1775 Advertisement (Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer, June 22, 1775)“Political Disquisitions by J. Burgh, Gentleman. 2 v. price 20/- Pa. peculiarly necessary at this time for all friends of Constitutional Liberty, whether Britons or Americans.” [Long quotation from Burgh’s Preface follows.]
• 6. JAMES RIVINGTON, BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER
  • 1775 Advertisement (Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer, Nov. 23, 1775)
  • Advertisement for the complete Political Disquisitions by James Burgh (Robert Bell’s Philadelphia edition), which shows “how, and by what means, the royal, ministerial, and Parliamentary managers cajole, tempt, and bribe the people to commit suicide on their own liberties. … The perusal of the work at this important period, will be attended with the most salutary and certain advantages, if the inhabitants of America will be so rational, as to act wisely, in taking warning from the folly of others. …”
• 7. ANDREW BRADFORD, BOOKSELLER, SECOND STREET, PHILADELPHIA
  • 1731 Advertisement (American Weekly Mercury, Dec. 28, 1731)
    • Burnet’s History of His Own Time
    • Temple’s Observations on the United Provinces
• 8. DAVID HALL, PHILADELPHIA BOOKSELLER
  • a.Book orders to William Strahan, 1751–1765 (From David Hall Letterbooks, American Philosophical Society)
    • (1) Order of Mar. 28, 1751 (Letterbook #1)
      • Locke on Understanding
      • Addison’s Works
      • Raleigh’s History of the World (abridged)
    • (2) Order of Jan. 3, 1754 (Letterbook #1)
      • Gordon’s Tacitus
      • Locke on Education
    • (3) Order of Aug. 7, 1754 (Letterbook #1)
      • 3 Copies Kennet’s Roman Antiquities
      • 3 Copies Locke on Government
      • 3 Copies Cato’s Letters
    • (4) Order of Jan. 3, 1755 (Letterbook #1)
      • 2 Copies Gordon’s Tacitus
    • (5) Order of Apr. 4, 1757 (Letterbook #1)
      • Sidney on Government
      • Gordon’s Tacitus
      • Cato’s Letters
      • Locke on Education
    • (6) Order of Dec. 22, 1760 (Letterbook #2)
      • Sidney on Government
      • Montague’s Rise and Fall of Republicks
      • 3 Copies Rollin’s Ancient History
      • 3