Herbert Spencer on the right of political and economic “dissenters” to have their different beliefs and practices respected by the state (1842)

In a very early work the young 22 year old Spencer wrote a pathbreaking work on “The Proper Sphere of Government” (1842) in which he argued that the government should be extremely limited to just “the preservation of order, and the protection of person and property.” Thus the government should not interfere with or regulate commerce or religion, and should not be involved with providing charity, education, or public health services, and should never engage in war or establishing colonies overseas. What is original about his argument is that he took a cornerstone of early liberal thought, that “the liberty of conscience” (i.e. religious belief and practice) was an “unalienable right” that every person should be free to enjoy unmolested by the state, and universalized it. He wanted to know why this right to religious dissent could’t be secularized and thus made universal to include political and economic “dissenters” as well. The example he gives here is the belief some liberals held that government provided “charity” is costly, inefficient, and violates the property rights of tax payers. This was a deeply held belief that was just as dear to them as religious beliefs were to others. So, if it was wrong to force religious dissenters to give up their deeply held beliefs and to abandon their religious practices for the sake of another government approved set of practices, why wasn’t this also true for the political and economic “dissenters” who objected to government coerced charity?