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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens: A Contribution to
Modern Constitutional History by Georg Jellinek, Dr. Phil. et Jur. , Professor
of Law in the University of Heidelberg. Authorized translation from the German
by Max Farrand, Ph.D.. Revised by the Author (New York: Henry Holt and Company,
1901). Chapter V. Comparison with American Bills of Rights.
Copyright: The text is in the public domain.
Fair Use: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
Georg Jellinek compares, section by section, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen with similar sections from American state Bills of Rights, in order to show how the latter influenced the former.
CHAPTER
V. COMPARISON OF THE FRENCH AND AMERICAN DECLARATIONS.
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DÉCLARATION DES DROITS DE L'HOMME ET DU CITOYEN.
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AMERICAN BILLS OF RIGHTS.
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ART. I. Les homes naissent et demeurent libres et égaux en droits.
Les distinctions sociales ne peuvent être fondées que sur l'utilité commune.
2.
Le but de toute association politique est la conservation des droits
naturels et imprescriptibles de l'homme. Ces droits sont la liberté,
la propriété, la s?reté et la résistance à l'oppression.
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VIRGINIA, I. That all men are by nature equally free and
independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter
into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest
their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means
of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness
and safety.
VIRGINIA, IV. That no man, or set of men, are entitled to exclusive or
separate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration
of public services.
MASSACHUSETTS, Preamble to the Constitution. The end of the institution,
maintenance, and administration of government is to secure the existence
of the bodypolitic, to protect it, and to furnish the individuals who compose
it with the power of enjoying, in safety and tranquillity, their natural
rights and the blessings of life.
MARYLAND, IV. The doctrine of nonresistance, against arbitrary power and
oppression, is absurd, slavish and destructive of the good and happiness
of mankind.
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| 3. Le principe de toute souveraineté réside essentiellement
dans la nation. Nul corps, nul individu ne peut exercer d'autorité qui
n'en émane expréssement. |
VIRGINIA, II. That all power is vested in, and
consequently derived from, the people; that magistrates are their trustees
and servants, and at all times amenable to them. |
| 4. La liberté consiste à pouvoir faire tout ce qui ne
nuit pas à autrui; aussi l'exercise des droits naturels de chaque homme
n'a de bornes que celles qui assurent aux autres membres de la société
la jouissance de ces mêmes droits. Ces bornes ne peuvent étre déterminées
que par la loi. |
MASSACHUSETTS, Preamble. The bodypolitic is
formed by a voluntary association of individuals; it is a social compact
by which the whole people covenants with each citizen and each citizen
with the whole people that all shall be governed by certain laws for the
common good.
MASSACHUSETTS, X. Each individual of the society has a right to be protected
by it in the enjoyment of his life, liberty, and property, according to
standing laws.
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| 5. La loi n'a le droit de défendre que les actions nuisibles
à la société. Tout ce qui n'est pas défendu par la loi ne peut être empêtre
contraint à faire ce qu'elle n'ordonne pas. |
MASSACHUSETTS, XI. Every subject of the commonwealth
ought to find a certain remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all
injuries or wrongs which he may receive in his person, property, or character.
NORTH CAROLINA XIII. That every freeman, restrained of his liberty, is
entitled to a remedy, to inquire into the lawfulness thereof, and to remove
the same, if unlawful; and that such remedy ought not to be denied or delayed.
VIRGINIA, VII. That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of
laws, by any authority, without consent of the representatives of the people,
is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exercised.
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| 6. La loi est l'expression de la volonté générale. Tous
les citoyens ont le droit de concourir personnellement ou par leurs représentants
à sa formation. Elle doit être la même pour tous, soit qu'elle protège,
soit qu'elle punisse. Tous les citoyens étant égaux à ses yeux, sont
également admissibles à toutes dignités, places et emplois publics, selon
leur capacité, et sans autre distinction que celle de leurs vertus et
leurs talents. |
MARYLAND, V. That the right in the people to
participate in the Legislature, is the best security of liberty, and the
foundation of all free government.
MASSACHUSETTS, IX. All elections ought to be free; and all the inhabitants
of this commonwealth, having such qualifications as they shall establish
by their frame of government, have an equal right to elect officers, and
to be elected, for public employments.
NEW HAMPSHIRE, XII. Nor are the inhabitants of this State controllable
by any other laws than those to which they or their representative body
have given their consent.
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| 7. Nul homme ne peut être accusé, arrêté, ni détenu que
dans les cas déterminés par la loi et selon les formes qu'elle a prescrites.
Ceux qui sollicitent, expédient, exécutent ou font exécuter des ordres
arbitraires, doivent être punis; mais tout citoyen appelé ou saisi en
vertu de la loi doit obéir à l'instant; il se rend coupable par sa résistance. |
MASSACHUSETTS, XII. No subject shall be held
to answer for any crimes or no offence until the same is fully and plainly,
substantially and formally, described to him; or be compelled to accuse,
or furnish evidence against himself; and every subject shall have a right
to produce all proofs that may be favorable to him; to meet the witnesses
against him face to face, and to be fully heard in his defence by himself,
or his counsel at his election. And no subject shall be arrested, imprisoned,
despoiled, or deprived of his property, immunities, or privileges, put
out of the protection of the law, exiled or deprived of his life, liberty,
or estate, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land.
VIRGINIA, X. That general warrants, whereby an officer or messenger may
be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of a fact committed,
or to seize any person or persons not named, or whose offence is not particularly
described and supported by evidence, are grievous and oppressive, and ought
not to be granted.
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| 8. La loi ne doit établir que des peines strictement nécessaires
et nul ne peut être puni qu'en vertu d'une loi établie et promulguée
antérieurement au délit et légalement appliquée. |
NEW HAMPSHIRE, XVIII. All penalties ought to
be proportioned to the nature of the offence.
MARYLAND, XIV. That sanguinary laws ought to be avoided, as far as is
consistent with the safety of the State; and no law, to inflict cruel and
unusual pains and penalties, ought to be made in any case, or at any time
hereafter.
MARYLAND, XV. That retrospective laws, punishing facts committed before
the existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal, are oppressive,
unjust, and incompatible with liberty; wherefore no ex post facto law
ought to be made.
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| 9. Tout homme étant présumé innocent jusqu' à ce qu'il
ait été déclaré coupable, s'il est jugé indispensable de l'arrêter, toute
rigueur qui ne serait pas nécessaire pour s'assurer de sa personne doit
être sévèrement réprimée par la loi. |
Cf. above, Massachusetts, XII; further
MASSACHUSETTS, XIV. Every subject has a right to be secure from all
unreasonable searches and seizures of his person, his houses, his papers,
and all his possessions.
MASSACHUSETTS, XXVI. No magistrate or court of law shall demand excessive
bail or sureties, impose excessive fines. . .
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| 10. Nul doit étre inquiété pour ses opinions, même religieuses,
pourvu que leur manifestation ne trouble pas l'ordre public établi par
la loi. |
NEW HAMPSHIRE, V. Every individual has a natural
and unalienable right to worship GOD according to the dictates of his own
conscience, and reason; and no subject shall be hurt, molested or restrained
in his person, liberty or estate for worshipping GOD, in the manner and
season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience, or for his
religious profession, sentiments or persuasion; provided he doth not disturb
the public peace, or disturb others, in their religious worship. |
| 11. La libre communication des pensées et des opinions
est un des droits les plus précieux de l'homme; tout citoyen peut donc
parler, écrire, imprimer librement sauf à répondre de l'abus de cette
liberté dans les cas determinés par la loi. |
VIRGINIA, XII. That the freedom of the press
is one of the great bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained but
by despotic governments.
PENNSYLVANIA, XII. That the people have a right
to freedom of speech, and of writing, and publishing their sentiments
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| 12. La garantie des droits de l'homme et du citoyen nécessité
une force publique. Cette force est donc instituée pour l'avantage de
tous, et non pour l'utilité particulière de ceux auxquels elle est confiée. |
PENNSYLVANIA, V. That government is, or ought
to be, instituted for the common benefit, protection and security of the
people, nation or community; and not for the particular emolument or advantage
of any single man, family, or sett of men, who are a part only of that
community. |
| 13. Pour l'entretien de la force publique et pour les
dépenses d'administration, une contribution commune est indispensable;
elle doit ére également répartie entre tous les citoyens en raison de
leurs facultés. |
MASSACHUSETTS, X. Each individual of the society
has a right to be protected by it in the enjoyment of his life, liberty,
and property, according to standing laws. He is obliged, consequently,
to contribute his share to the expense of this protection; to give his
personal service, or an equivalent, when necessary. |
| 14. Tous les citoyens ont le droit de constater, par eux
mêmes ou par leur représentants, la nécessité de la contribution publique,
de la consentir librement, d' en suivre l'emploi, et d'en déterminer
la qualité, l'assiette, le recouvrement et la durée. |
MASSACHUSETTS, XXIII. No subsidy, charge, tax,
impost, or duties, ought to be established, fixed, laid or levied, under
any pretext whatsoever, without the consent of the people, or their representatives
in the legislature. |
| 15. La société a le droit de demander compte à tout agent
public de son administration. |
See above, VIRGINIA, II; further
MASSACHUSETTS
V. All power residing originally in the people, and being derived from
them, the several magistrates and officers of government vested with
authority, whether legislative, executive, or judicial, are the substitutes
and agents, and are at all times accountable to them.
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| 16. Toute société, dans laquelle la garantie des droits
n'est pas assurée, ni la séparation des pouvoirs déterminée, n'a point
de constitution. |
NEW HAMPSHIRE, III. When men enter into a state
of society, they surrender up some of their natural rights to that society,
in order to insure the protection of others; and without such an equivalent,
the surrender is void.
MASSACHUSETTS, XXX. In the government of this commonwealth, the legislative
department shall never exercise the executive and judicial powers, or either
of them; the executive shall never exercise the legislative and judicial
powers, or either of them; the judicial shall never exercise the legislative
and executive powers, or either of them; to the end it may be a government
of laws, and not of men.
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| 17. La propriété étant un droit inviolable et sacré, nul
ne peut en être privé, si ce n'est lors que la nécessité publique, légalement
constatée, l'exige évidemment, et sous la condition d'une juste et préalable
indemnité. |
MASSACHUSETTS, X. . . . But no part of the property
of any individual can, with justice, be taken from him, or applied to public
uses, without his own consent, or that of the representative body of the
people. . .. And whenever the public exigencies require that the property
of any individual should be appropriated to public uses, he shall receive
a reasonable compensation therefor.
VERMONT, II. That private property ought to be subservient to public uses,
when necessity requires it; nevertheless, whenever any particular man's
property is taken for the use of the public, the owner ought to receive
an equivalent in money.
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Endnotes
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