The Online Library of Liberty

A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.

• “herbert Spencer: a Century Later,” By Tibor R. Machan
• The Principles of Ethics. General Preface
• Preface to Volume I
• Preface to Part I. (when First Issued Separately)
• Part I.: The Data of Ethics
• Chapter 1.: Conduct In General
• Chapter 2.: The Evolution of Conduct
• Chapter 3.: Good and Bad Conduct
• Chapter 4.: Ways of Judging Conduct
• Chapter 5.: The Physical View
• Chapter 6.: The Biological View
• Chapter 7.: The Psychological View
• Chapter 8.: The Sociological View
• Chapter 9.: Criticisms and Explanations
• Chapter 10.: The Relativity of Pains and Pleasures
• Chapter 11.: Egoism Versus Altruism
• Chapter 12.: Altruism Versus Egoism
• Chapter 13.: Trial and Compromise
• Chapter 14.: Conciliation
• Chapter 15.: Absolute and Relative Ethics
• Chapter 16.: The Scope of Ethics
• Appendix to Part I. The Conciliation
• Part II.: The Inductions of Ethics
• Chapter 1.: The Confusion of Ethical Thought
• Chapter 2.: What Ideas and Sentiments Are Ethical?
• Chapter 3.: Aggression
• Chapter 4.: Robbery
• Chapter 5.: Revenge
• Chapter 6.: Justice
• Chapter 7.: Generosity
• Chapter 8.: Humanity
• Chapter 9.: Veracity
• Chapter 10.: Obedience
• Chapter 11.: Industry
• Chapter 12.: Temperance
• Chapter 13.: Chastity
• Chapter 14.: Summary of Inductions
• Part III.: The Ethics of Individual Life
• Chapter 1.: Introductory
• Chapter 2.: Activity
• Chapter 3.: Rest
• Chapter 4.: Nutrition
• Chapter 5.: Stimulation
• Chapter 6.: Culture
• Chapter 7.: Amusements
• Chapter 8.: Marriage
• Chapter 9.: Parenthood
• Chapter 10.: General Conclusions
• References
• References to Volume I
• Titles of Works

References To Volume I

13. Aristotle (Arist. Nicom. Ethics, I, 7; Ib. I, 8, Gillies’ translation).

14. Hutcheson (Hutch, ch. IV).

14.* Blessed (Matthew v. 7, 9; Psalms xli. 1).

18. Dymond (Dym. pref. ix; ch. II).

52. Bodo and Dhimals (J.A.S.B. xviii, 741).

60. Plato (Pla. Rep., Davies and Vaughan’s trans. xxix)—Aristotle (Arist. Nic. Eth. I, 8; Ib. X, 7)—Jews (Psalms xvii. 2)—Early Christians (Collossians iv. 1)—Aristolle (Arist. Nic. Eth. V, 1).

74. "Love thy neighbor" (Leviticus xix. 18).

89. Kant (Kant, 54–5).

106. Socrates (Xen. Mem. III, 9)—Plato (Grote, Plato, i, 420, 479)—Aristotle (Arist. Nic. Eth. III, 4, Williams’ trans.)—Stoics (Zeller, The Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, translated by Reichel, pp. 253–4)—Epicurus (Zeller, 456)—Kant (Kant, 54–5).

112. Veddahs (Bailey in T.E.S.L. n.s. ii, 302)—Zulus (Call. pt. ii, 146–7)—Australians (Smyth, i, 107)— Tongans (Mar. ii, 100)—Gold Coast (Ellis, T-S.P. 11)—Anc. Mexicans (Zur. 138–141)— Hebrews (Schenk, v 431; Bruch, 368; Fritz. v, xxxiv)—Rig-Veda (R.V. i, 33, 4, 5; vi, 14, 3; x, 81, 7; iv, 17, 16)—Rameses (R.P. ii, 70)—Chryses (Hom. “Iliad,” Lang, bk. i, 2)—Med. Europe (Brace, 230).

113. Assyrians (R.P n.s. iv, 56; R.P. v, 8; xi, 49; ix, 42)—Egyptians (R.P. ii, 70–72).

114. Karens (Mason in J.A.S.B., xxxvii, Pt. ii, 143)—Dakotas (Scho. iv, 70)—Iroquois (Morg. 119)—Anc. Indians (Maha. xiii, 3880; Bhàravi, in Wil. 459; Cural, in Con. 220)—Chinese (Alex. 117, 254–5)—Egyptians (Renouf, 72).

115. Bp. of Durham (Herald of Peace, Dec. 1890)—L. Cranbrook (Standard, July 12, 1889)—Dr Moorhouse (Manchester Examiner, May 14, 1887)—German Emperor (Daily Papers, June 18, 1888).

116. Malagasy (Drury, 192)—Hebrews (Bruch, 311)—Egyptians (Poole in Cont. Rev. Aug. 1881, p. 286)—Mill (Mill, 124).

117. Otaheitans (Hawke. ii, 101–2)—Anc. Indians (Maha. iii, 1124, etc.)—Ramayana (Rich. 149)—Chinese (Edkins, 85, 179).

120. Arabs (Palg. 10–11)—Russians (Niemo. ii, 167)—Matelhapces (Licht. ii, 306)—Arabs (Baker, 263)—Makololo (Liv. Zamb. 285)—Eq. Africans (Reade, 260)— Araucanians (Smith, 214)—Chinooks (Lewis & C. 439)—Chukchi (Erm. ii, 530, note)— Mahabharata (Wheel. i, 121)—French (Leber, xiii, 10–11)—Patagonians (Falk. 125)— Dakotas (Irving, 134)—Esquimaux (Crantz, i, 154)—Caffers (Thomp. ii, 354)—Mayorunas (Reade, 158)—Bambarans (Caillié, i, 398)—Wa-kavirondo (Thom. 487)—Arabs (Peth. 151)—Khonds (Macpherson in Perc. 345)—Tahitians (Cooke in Hawke. ii, 203)—Vateans (Turn. "P.R." 450)—Fijians (Wilkes, iii, 100).

121. Innuits (Hall, ii, 315)—Ancient Peru- vians (Garci. bk. ii, ch. 12).

126. Bushmen (Liv. “Miss. Trav.” 159)—Uganda (Wils. & Fel. i, 224)—Bedouins (Burt. "Pilg." iii, 66–7)—Kukis (Rown. I87)—Pathans (Temp. "Rep." 63).

127. Ancient Indians (R.V. i, 74; vii, 6, 2; vii, 32, 7; Maha. xii, 5290; v. 5617)—Assyrians (R.P. i, 49, 78; v, 9; Ib. n.s. ii, 137, 143, 153; iv 61)—Sucvi (Caesar, iv 2; vi, 21)—Mottoes (Various Peerages)—Wolseley (Wolse. 5).

128. Ancient Indians (Maha. xiii, 5571, in Wil. 448; Jones, Works, iii, 242)—Persians (Sadi, i, st. 33; ii, st. 4)—Chinese (Lao-Tsze, xxxi; Conf. Anal. xii, 19; Mencius, bk. i, pt. i, ch. 6; Ib. iv, i, 14)—Sumatrans (Mars. 173)—Thârus (NesfieId in Calc. Rev. 1885, lxxx, 41)—Iroquois (Morg. 92, 330).

129. Fijians (Ersk. 247; Will. i, 218, 246–7)—Waganda (Wils. & Fel. i, 201)— Charlemagne (Hallam, 16).

131. Comanches (Möll. i, 185)—Patagonians (Snow, ii, 233)—E. Africans (Liv. "Miss. Trav." 526)—Kalmucks (Pallas, i, 105)—Kirghis (Atkin. "Amoor," 206; Ib. Sib. 506)—Merv Turcomans (O’Don. ii, 407, 278)—Pathans (Temp. "Rep." 62)—Afridi (Rown. 123–4)—Kukis (Dalt. 45)—Mongols (Gil. 273)—Angamis (Stewart, in J.A.S.B. xxiv, 652)—Chinooks (Waitz, iii, 337)—Waganda (Wils. & Fel. i, 224)—Fijians (Will. i, 127).

132. Vishnu (R.V. i, 61,7)—Tvashtri & Indra (Muir, O.S.T. v, 229; Wheel. i, 244)—Norse (Dasent, xxxiv)—Prim. Germans (Caesar vi, 21)—French (Ste. Pal. ii, 47)—Thirty Years’ War (Gind. ii, 393–7).

133. Wood-Veddahs (Hartshorne in Fort. Rev. Mar. 1876, p. 416)—Esquimaux (King in J.E.S. 1848, i, 131)—Fuegians (Darwin in Fitz. iii, 242; Snow, i, 328)—New Guinea (Macgil, i, 270, Earl, 80)—Lette

(Kolff, 61)—Vera Cruz Indians (Baker in P.R.G.S. Sept. 1887, p. 571)—Thârus (Nesfield in Calc. Rev. lxxx, 1, 41)—Iroquois (Morg. 333).

135. Australians (Grey, ii, 240)—Sioux (Burt. C.S. 125)—Guiana (Schom. i, 158)—Fijians (Will. i, 186)—New Zealanders (Thoms. ii, 86)—Kukis (Macrae in As. Res. vii, 189)—Arabs (Peth. 27)—E. Africans (Burt. C.A. ii, 329)—Japanese (Dening, pt. ii, 81)—Anc. Indians (R.V. x, 87; vii, 104; Wheel. i, 287–8, 290).

136. Anc. Indians (Manu, ii, 161; vi, 47–8, in Wil. 283; Cural, in Con. 427)—Persians (Con. 226; Sadi, ii, st. 41; Hafiz, in Jones, iii, 244)—Chinese (Lao-Tsze, lxiii; Mendus, bk. v, pt. i, ch. iii; Conf. Anal. xiv 36).

137. Lepchas (Campbell in J.E.S.L. July, 1869, pp. 150–1).

139. Philip. Islands (Fore. 213)— Quianganes (P.S.M. July 1891, p. 390)—Arabs (Burck. 84–5).

140. Guiana (Im Thurn, 213–4).

141. Anc. Indians (Wheel. i, 102, 103 note)—Todas (Shortt in T.E.S.L. n.s. vii, 241)—Bodo & Dhimáls (J.A.S.B. xviii, pt. ii, 744)—Hos (Hayes in Dalt. 194)—Pueblos (Ban. i, 555, 547)—Manansas (Holub, ii, 206–11)—Thârus (Nesfield in Calc. Rev. lxxx, 41)—Let-htas (Fytche, i, 343).

144. Arabs (Palg. i, 37)—Kirghiz (Atkin. Sib. 506)—E. Africans (Burt. C.A. ii, 274)—Fijians (Wilkes, iii, 77; Jackson, in Ersk. 460)—Ainos (Bird, ii, 101)—Australians (T.E.S.L. n.s. iii, 246)—Samoans (Jackson, in Ersk. 415)—Kaffirs (Licht. i, 272)—Africans (Wint. i, 213)—N. American Indians (Morg. 327)—NewZealand- ers (Angas, ii, 22; Thoms. i, 191, 98)—St. AugustineIsland (Turn. Samoa, 292–3).

145. Bushmen (Burch. ii, 54)—Hottentots (Burch. ii, 349; Kolben, i, 165)—EastAfricans (Liv “Miss. Trav.” 601)—Loango (Proyart in Pink. xvi, 565)—Australians (T.E.S.L. n.s. iii, 271)—Sand. Islanders (Van. iii, 21)—Guiana (Brett, 276)—Thibet (Bogle, 110).

146. Australians (Eyre, i, 278; Sturt, i, 114; ii, 105)—Tasmanians (Mered. i, 201)—Tongans (Mar. i, 228).

147. Anc. Indians (R.V. x, 107, 2, 5, &c.; Manu, iii, 105, 106; iv 29; iii, 98)—Apastamba (Bühler, 114, 119)—Persians (Shâyast, xii, 4, in West, 341; Sadi, viii, 60; Ib. viii, 2)—Chinese (Conf. Anal. vi, 28; viii, 11; x, 15).

148. EarlyGermans (Tac. Germ. xxi)—Christians (Lecky, ii, 93; Browne, pt. ii, sec. 2).

149. NewZealanders (Angas, i, 312; Cook in Hawke. iii, 447; Thoms. i, 149)—East Africans (Burt. C.A. ii, 333)—Fijians (Will. i, 55, 133)—Dacotas (Burt. C.S. 124–5)—Nagas (Butler, 58)—Steins (Colq. Shans, 160)—Chrysê (Colq. Chrysê ii, 120, 268)—Malayan Tribes (Favre, 97–100, 8, 73, 72, 100–2)—Arafuras (Kolff, 161–3).

150. Bushmen (Moffat, 58; Licht. ii, 195; Moffat, 156)—Hottentots (Kolben, i, 332, 165, 142, 318)—Dyaks (Boyle, 223.)

151. Karens (Mason in J.A.S.B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 144)—Honduras (Herr. iv 141)— Loando (Monte, i, 244)—Dahomans (Burt. "Miss." i, 195, note; Ib. ii, 190, note)— Ashantees (Burt. W. & W. 121, 128)—Damaras (Baines, 243; Galt. 190)—Dahomans (Burt. "Miss." i, 345)—Marutse (Holub, ii, 297)—West Africans (Wolseley in Fort. Rev. Dec. 1888)—Prairie Indians (Burt. C.S. 124–5)—Comanches (Bollaert in J.E.S. 1850, ii, 269).

152. Greeks (Grote, ii, 32).

153. Veddahs (Tenn. ii, 445)—Tannese (Turn. "P.R." 92)—Papuans (Jukes, ii, 248)—Dyaks (Boyle, 215)—Malagasy (Drury 230)—Esquimaux (Hall, ii, 312)—Iroquois (Morg. 171)—Chippewas (Scho. ii, 139)—Araucanians (Thomps. i, 416, 403)—Mandingos (Park in Pink. xvi, 871)—Luan (Kolff, 127).

154. Anc. Indians (Maha. iii, 16782, 16796, 16619, &c.)—Zend-Avesta (Haug, 242)—Persians (Sadi, i, st. 10)—Egyptians (Dunck. i, 203; Poole in Cont. Rev. Aug. 1881, p. 287)—Chinese (Legge, R. of Ch. 224, Conf. D. of Mean, ch. xx, Mencius. bk. ii, pt. i, ch. 6; bk. i, pt. i, ch. 7).

155. Karens (Mason in J.A.S.B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 152)—Afridis (MacGreg. i, 27)— Fijians (Will. i, 128–9)—Veddahs (Tenn. ii, 444; Prid. 460).

157. Dakotas (Burt. C.S. 130)—Mishmis (Grif. 40)—Kirghiz (Vali. 279)—Fijians (Will. i, 124)—Uganda (Wils. & Fel. i, 224)—Cent. Americans (Laet, bk. ix, ch. 2; Dun. 336)—Philip. Islands (Fore, 186–7).

158. Greeks (Mahaf. 27, 150)—Merovingian Period (Mart. ii, 709; Salv. iv, c. 14)—Early Feudal Period (Mart. ii, 709)—French Monarchy (Crowe, ii, 201)—Lecky (Lecky i, 138).

159. Kois (Morris, 89)—Sowrahs (Shortt, pt. iii, 38)—Cent. Indians (Fors. 164)—Ramosis (Sinclair in I.A. July, 1874, 186)—Sontháls (Sherwill in J.A.S.B. xx, 554; Man, 21)—Puluyan (Oppert in M.J.L.S. 1887–8, p. 104)—Wood-Veddahs (Bailey in T.E.S.L. n.s. ii, 291)—Ostiaks, &c. (Rev Sib. ii, 130)—Hottentots (Barrow, i, 101; Kolben, i, 59)—Iroquois (Morg. 335)—Patagonians (Snow, ii, 233)—Khonds (Macpherson in J.R.A.S. vii, 196)—Kolîs (Sinclair, in I.A. July, 1874, p. 188)—Khonds (Macph. Report, 27).

160. Mexicans (Tern. v, 102)—E. Africans (Liv. Zamb. 309)—Egyptians (St. John, 77)—France (Mich. i, 341)—English (Kirkus in Fort. Rev. Nov. 1866, p. 644).

162. Araucanians (Smith, 201)—Arawaks (Hillhouse in J.R.G.S. ii, 229)— Dakotas (Burt. C.S. 131)—E. Africans (Burt, C.A. ii, 333)—Bedouins (Burck. 201, 56)— Chippewayans (Hear. 345)—Kamtschadales (Kotze. ii, 16)—Dakotas (Burt. C.S. 131)— Fijians, Will. i, l77)—Hottentots (Kolben, i, 123)—Zulus (Thomp. ii, 418)—Karens (Ma- son in J.A.S.B. xxxvii, pt. ii, 144)—Esquimaux (Hall, ii, 314).

163. Assyrians (Smith, 14)—Hindus (Müller, H.L. 333–4)—Chinese (Conf. Anal. i, 2; Edkins, 155; Legge, R. of Ch. 104)—Egypt (Poole in Cont. Rev. Aug. 1881, p. 286).

164. Khonds (Rown. 101)— Bhils (Hunter in J.R.A.S. viii, 189; Mal. C.I. ii, 180)—Kalmucks (Pallas, i, 106)—Sgaus (Mason in J.A.S.B. xxxv, pt. ii, 12)—Chinese (Conf. Anal. I, 7; X, 4)—Persians (Sadi, i, st. 28, 31; Ib. I, 25)—Anc. Indians (Manu, vii, 8)—Egyptians (R.P n.s. iii, 21; Dunck. i, 184)—Mottoes (Burke’s & Debrett’s Peerages).

165. Mexicans (Herr. iii, 203; Tern. ii, 195; Herr. iv, 126)—Fijians (Ersk. 208, 456; Will. i, 30)—Dahomans (Ellis, E.-S.P. 162–3; Dalzel, 69; Ellis, l.c.)—Frederick II (Gould, ii, 302)—France.

168. Chippewas (Scho. v, 150)—Snakes (Lewis, 308)—Dakotas (Burt. C.S. 126)—Iroquois (Morg. 329)—Esquimaux (Crantz, i, 154)—Chippewayans (Hear. 90)—Guiana Tribes (Brett. 27)—Araucanians (Smith, 214)—Chippewayans (Frank. Journey, 161)—Greeks (Scho. v, 272)—Tupis (Sou. i, 250)—Palagonians (Falk. 125)—Hottentots (Kolben, i, 159)—Bechuanas (Burch. ii, 564)—Kaffirs (Shoo. 79)—Ashanti (Beech. 129)—FernandoPo (J.E.S. 1850, ii, 114)— Lower Niger (Allen & T. i, 396)—Chinooks (Ross, Oregon, 92)—Damaras (And. Ngami, 231)—Congo (Tuck. 120)—Dahome (Burt. "Miss." ii, 248)—Mishmees (Coop. 207)— Bushmen (Spar. i, 198)—Arabs (Niebuhr, in Pink. x, 131)—E. Africans (Liv. Zamb. 67)—Abyssinia (Bruce, iv, 474)—Canaris (Cieza, ch. 44).

169. Khonds (Camp. 50)— Javans (Raf. i, 246)—Caribs (Schom. ii, 427–8)—S.E. India (Lew. 90–1)—Santals (Sher- will in J.A.S.B. xx, 554).

170. Manu (Manu iv, 238, in Wil. 285)—Book of the Dead (Bunsen, v, 254–5)—Persians (Alb. 21; Fram. 48).

171. Greeks (Arist. Pol. bk. iii, ch. 5).

172. Manansas (Holub, ii, 211).

173. Confucius (Anal. I. 14; VIII. 21).

174. Australians (Grey ii, 277–8; Christison in J.A.I. vii, 148)—Esquimaux (Lyon, 181–2)—Yakuts, etc. (Coch. i, 254; Wrang. 384; Erm. ii, 361).

175. Tahitians (Cook in Hawke. ii, 202)—Arabs (Palg. i, 10)—Ancients (Manu, ii, 57; Muir, O.S.T. v. 324)— Egyptians (Dunck. i, 225).

176. Arafuras (Kolff, 161)—Ancient Indiansand Greeks (Mül- ler, R.V. i, 118; Muir, O.S.T. v, 260)—Dahomans (Burt. "Miss." ii, 250)—Ainos (Bird, ii, 96, 102)—Polynesians (Will. i, 141–5)—Ainos (Bird, ii, 68).

177. Kalmucks (Pallas, i, 131)—Khonds (Camp. l64)—Guiana (Brett, 349)—Guatemalans (Haef. 406)—Peruvians (Garci. bk. vi, ch. 22)—Yucatanese (Landa, secs. xxii, xxxii)—Mexicans (Saha. bk. i, ch. 22)—Veddahs (Bailey in T.E.S.L. n.s. ii, 291)—Lepchas (Campbell in J.E.S.L. July, 1869, p. 147)—Sumatrans (Mars. 173)—Foolas etc. (Wint. i, 72)—Negroes (Waitz, ii, 86).

178. Gauls (Diod. v, 2)—Prim. Germans (Tac. xxii)—Eonius (Greg. v, 41)— Charlemagne (Egin. ch. 24)—French (Mont. ii, 14)—English (Massey, ii, 60).

179. Asiatics (Balf. i, 164)—Bedouins (Burt. Pilg. iii, 93).

180. Kasias (Yule in J.A.S.B. xiii, 620)—Cyrus (Pluto. Symp. lib. I. qu. iv).

181. Thibet (Wilson, 235).

182. Early Indians (Wheel. i, 131–6, 142; Maha. v, 14667, &c.)—Lad~ khis (Drew, 287 239, 240 250)—Ancient Indians (Muir, O.S.T. iv, 41; v, 324; Maha. i, 47l9–22, in Muir, O.S.T. ii, 336).

183. Chinooks (Lewis, 439; Ross, 92)—Sioux (Lewis, 77)—Creeks (Scho. v, 272)—Tupis (Sou. i, 241)—Caribs (Waitz, iii, 382)—Esquimaux (Lubb. 556)— Chippewayans (Hear. 129)—Dakotas (Burt. C.S. 142)—Nicaragua (Pala. 120; Herr. iii, 340–1)—Kamtschadales &c. (Ploss, i, 293)—Kalmucks (Pallas, i, 105)—Kirghizes (Vali. 85)—Mongols (Prjev. i, 70)—Karens (Masons in J.A.S.B. xxxv, pt. ii, 19)—Todas (Shortt in T.E.S.L. vii, 240)—Shoa (Harris, iii, 167)—Upper Congo (Tuck. 181)—Bushmen (Licht. ii, 48–9)—Ladrone Isl. (Frey. ii, 369)—Pelew Isl. (Kubary 50–l)—Mandans (Cat. i, 121)— Chippewas (Keat. ii, 165)—Kaffirs (Barrow, i, 160)—Tongans (Mar. ii, 161)—Sumatrans (Mars. 222)—Borneo (Low, 300)—Dory (Kops in Earl, 81)—Loyalty Isl. (Ersk. 341)— Fuegians (Snow in T.E.S.L. i, 262)—Musheras (Càlc. Rev. April, 1888, p. 222)—Bodo & Dhimáls (Hodgson in J.A.S.B. xviii, 719)—Santals (Dalt. 217)—Veddahs (Virchow in A.k.A.W. 1881, 21)—Australians (Tap. 19)—Fijians (Ersk. 255; Sec. 191–2)—Tahitians (Cook in Hawke. ii, 196, 188).

184. Wotyaks (Buch, 45)—Chibchas (Simon, 254)— Japanese (Dixon, 472–3).

186. Tahitians (Cook in Hawke. ii, 186)—Dahomans (Burt. "Miss." i, 83)—E. Africans (Burt. C.A. ii, 332).

187. Ku-ka-tha (Tap. 101, 94, 95, 93).

190. Patháns (Oliv. 139–40)—Fijians (Ersk. 461–4)—Australians (Grey ii, 239)— Fijians (Ersk. 228)—Bilochs (Oliv. 29)—Bantyre (MacDon. i, 185)—Wotyaks (Buch, 46).

191. Bilochs (Oliv. 24)—Ainos (Bird, ii, 103)—Let-htas (Fytche, i, 343).

192. Wolseley (Wolse. 5; Debrett).

239. Uganda (Wils. and Fel. i, l86–7)—Fijians (See. 190)—Motu-Motu (Chalm. 162–3).

242. Mean (I.G. Smith, 57).