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• Introduction
• A Note On the Text
• Acknowledgments
• To John Young, Esquire,1professor of Greek In the University of Glasgow.
• Account of the Life and Writings of John Millar, Esq.
• The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks.
• Introduction
• Chapter I: Of the Rank and Condition of Women In Different Ages
• Section I: The Effects of Poverty and Barbarism, With Respect to the Condition of Women.
• Section II: The Influence Acquired By the Mother of a Family, Before Marriage Is Completely Established.
• Section III: The Refinement of the Passions of Sex, In the Pastoral Ages.
• Section IV: The Consequences of the Introduction of Agriculture, With Respect to the Intercourse of the Sexes.
• Section V: Changes In the Condition of Women, Arising From the Improvement of Useful Arts and Manufactures.
• Section VI: The Effects of Great Opulence, and the Culture of the Elegant Arts, Upon the Relative Condition of the Sexes.
• Chapter II: Of the Jurisdiction and Authority of a Father Over His Children
• Section I: The Power of a Father In Early Ages.
• Section II: The Influence of the Improvement of Arts Upon the Jurisdiction of the Father.
• Chapter III: The Authority of a Chief Over the Members of a Tribe Or Village
• Section I: The Origin of a Chief, and the Degrees of Influence Which He Is Enabled to Acquire.
• Section II: The Powers With Which the Chief of a Rude Tribe Is Commonly Invested.
• Chapter IV: The Authority of a Sovereign, and of Subordinate Officers, Over a Society Composed of Different Tribes Or Villages
• Section I: The Constitution of Government Arising From the Union of Different Tribes Or Villages.
• Section II: The Natural Progress of Government In a Rude Kingdom.
• Chapter V: The Changes Produced In the Government of a People, By Their Progress In Arts, and In Polished Manners
• Section I: Circumstances, In a Polished Nation, Which Tend to Increase the Power of the Sovereign.
• Section II: Other Circumstances, Which Contribute to Advance the Privileges of the People.
• Section III: Result of the Opposition Between These Different Principles.
• Chapter VI: The Authority of a Master Over His Servants
• Section I: The Condition of Servants In the Primitive Ages of the World.
• Section II: The Usual Effects of Opulence and Civilized Manners, With Regard to the Treatment of Servants.
• Section III: Causes of the Freedom Acquired By the Labouring People In the Modern Nations of Europe.
• Section IV: Political Consequences of Slavery.
• Appendix 1: Note On the Editions
• Appendix 2: Millar’s Preface to the First Edition
• Appendix 3: Millar’s “lectures On Government”
• Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Modern Texts

The following texts are the works that Millar drew on in the footnotes to Ranks. They are not necessarily the editions Millar consulted, although I have tried to use the editions he would likely have used whenever I could identify them. I have also included ancient works that Millar cites in a specific contemporary edition, for example, Gillies’ Lysias or Pope’s Odyssey and Iliad. The remaining ancient works are listed in a separate section.

• Anderson, Adam. An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce. 2 vols. London, 1764.
• Anonymous. A Curious Collection of Voyages, Selected from the Writers of All Nations. 9 vols. London, 1761.
• Anonymous. Travels of the Jesuits, into various parts of the world: particularly China and the East Indies. 2nd ed., 2 vols. Trans. Mr. Lockman. London, 1762. [Abridged and translated from Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des missions étrangères, par quelques missionaires de la Compagnie de Jésus. 34 vols. Paris, 1703–76.]
• Anson, George. A Voyage Around the World. Ed. R. Walter. London, 1748.
• Arvieux, Laurent de. The Travels of the Chevalier d’Arvieux in Arabia the desart, written by himself, and published by Mr. De Roque. … To which is added, a general description of Arabia, by Sultan Ishmael Abulfeda. 2nd ed. London, 1732.
• Benezet, Anthony. A caution and warning to Great Britain and her colonies, in a short representation of the calamitous state of the enslaved Negroes in the British dominions. Philadelphia, 1766.
• ———. Observation on the inslaving, importing and purchasing of Negroes. Germantown, Pa., 1759.
• ———. A short account of that part of Africa, inhabited by the negroes. Philadelphia, 1762.
• ———. Some historical account of Guinea, its situation, produce and the general disposition of its inhabitants. Philadelphia, 1771.
• Bossu, Jean-Bernard. Nouveaux voyages aux Indes Occidentales; contenant une relation des differens peuples qui habitent les environs du grand fleuve Saint-Louis, appellé vulgairement le Mississippi; leur religion; leur gouvernement; leurs moeurs; leurs guerres & commerce. 2 vols. Paris, 1768.
• Boulainvilliers, Henri, comte de. Histoire des anciens Parlemens de France, ou États Généraux du royaume … London, 1737.
• ———. An historical account of the antient parliaments of France, or States-general of the kingdom … 2 vols. London, 1739.
• ———. Lettres sur les anciens parlemens de France que l’on nomme États-généraux. 2 vols. London, 1753.
• Bouquet, Pierre. Le droit public de France, éclairci par les monuments de l’antiquité. Paris, 1756.
• Brisson, Barnabé. Opera Minorae Varii Argumenta. Lugduni Batavorum, 1747.
• Brosses, Charles de. Histoire des navigations aux Terres Australes. 3 vols. Paris, 1756.
• Bruce, James. An Interesting Narrative of the Travels of James Bruce into Abyssinia, to discover the source of the Nile. 2nd ed. Boston, 1798.
• Bynkershoek, Cornelius van. Opera Omnia. 2 vols. Lugduni Batavorum, 1767. [“De jure occidendi et exponendi liberos apud veteres Romanos” first appeared in 1723.]
• Byron, John. The Narrative of the Honourable John Byron (Commodore in the Late Expedition around the World) Containing an Account of the Great Distresses Suffered by Himself and His Companions on the Coast of Patagonia From the Year of 1740, till their Arrival in England, 1746. London, 1768.
• Callander, John. Terra australis cognita; or, voyages to the Terra Australis, or southern hemisphere, during the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1766–68. [This is actually Callander’s translation, with additions, of de Brosse’s Histoire des navigations aux Terres Australes.]
• Chantereau-Lefebvre, Louis. Traité des fiefs. Paris: L. Billaine, 1662.
• Chardin, Jean. Voyage de Paris à Ispahan. 4 vols. Amsterdam, 1735. [First published in both French and English in 1686.]
• Charlevoix, Père Pierre-François-Xavier de. Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle-France, avec le Journal historique d’un voyage fait par ordre du roi dans l’Amérique Septentrionale. 3 vols. Paris, 1744.
• Dampier, William. A new voyage around the world: describing particularly the isthmus of America, several coasts and islands in the West Indies, the isles of Cape Verd, the passage by Terra del Fuego, the South Sea coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, the isle of Guam, one of the Ladrones, Mindanao, and other Philippine and East-India islands near Cambodia, China, Formosa, Luconia, Celebes &c., New Holland, Sumatra, Nicobar Isles, the Cape of Good Hope, and Santa Hellena … London, 1697.
• De Pauw, Cornelius. Recherches philosophiques sur les Américains. 3 vols. Berlin, 1768–70.
• Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste. The general history of China. Containing a geographical, historical, chronological, political and physical description of the empire of China, Chinese-Tartary, Corea and Thibet … 3rd ed., 4 vols. Trans. Richard Brookes. London: J. Watts, 1741. [First published in French in 1735.]
• Filmer, Sir Robert. Patriarchia. 1680.
• Fontenelle, Bernard de. Oeuvres. 3 vols. Amsterdam, 1764.
• Gillies, John, ed. and trans. The orations of Lysias and Isocrates, translated from the Greek: with some account of their lives; and A discourse on the history, manners, and character of the Greeks, from the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War, to the Battle of Chaeronea. London: J. Murray, 1778.
• Gmelin, Johann Georg. Voyage en Sibérie; contenant la description des moeurs & usages des peuples de ce pays. 2 vols. Trans. M. de Keralio. Paris, 1767. [First published in German in 1751–52.]
• Goguet, Antoine-Yves. The Origin of Laws, Arts and Sciences among the most ancient Nations. Edinburgh: A. Donaldson & J. Reid, 1761. [First published in French in 1758.]
• Grotius, Hugo. Annotationes in Vetus & Novum Testamentum juxta editionem amstelaedamensem, MDCLXXIX, in compendium redactae. London, 1727.
• Hawkesworth, John, ed. An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of His present Majesty for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere: and successively performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret, and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavor, drawn up from the journals which were kept by the several commanders, and from the papers of Joseph Banks, Esq. 3 vols. London, 1773.
• Heineccius, Johann Gottlieb. Antiquitatum Romanarum Jurisprudentiam. 2nd ed. Argentotati, 1724.
• ———. Elementa iuris Germanici. 2 vols. Halae, 1736–37.
• Hénault, Charles Jean François. Nouvel abrégé chronologique de l’histoire de France. 2nd ed. Paris, 1746.
• Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de. The general history of the vast continent and islands of America, commonly call’d, the West-Indies, from the first discovery thereof. 2nd ed., 6 vols. Trans. Capt. John Stevens. London, 1740.
• Hume, David. Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects. 2 vols. London, 1768. (Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary. Rev. ed. Edited by Eugene F. Miller. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1987.)
• Kames (Henry Home), Lord. Elements of Criticism. 6th ed. 2 vols. Edinburgh: J. Bell and W. Creech, 1785. (Elements of Criticism. Edited by Peter Jones. 2 vols. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005.)
• ———. Historical Law-Tracts. 2 vols. Edinburgh: A. Kincaid and J. Bell, 1758.
• Kolb, Peter. The present state of the Cape of Good Hope: or, A particular account of the several nations of the Hottentot. 2 vols. Trans. Mr. Medley. London, 1731. [First published in German in 1719.]
• Krasheninnikov, Stepan Petrovitch. The History of Kamtschatka, and the Kurilski Islands. Gloucester: T. Jefferys, 1764.
• Lafitau, Père Joseph-François. Moeurs des sauvages Amériquains. 4 vols. Paris, 1724.
• Le Comte, Louis. Memoirs and observations topographical, physical, mathematical, mechanical, natural, civil, and ecclesiastical made in a late journey through the empire of China. 3rd ed. London, 1699.
• Le Gobien, Père Charles. Histoire des isles Marianes, nouvellement converties à la religion chrestienne; & du martyre des premiers a-postres qui y ont prêché la foy. Paris, 1700.
• Lockman, John. Travels of the Jesuits, into various parts of the world: particularly China and the East-Indies. 2d ed. London: T. Piety, 1762.
• Loyseau, Charles. Traité des seigneuries. 3rd ed. Paris, 1620.
• Mably, Abbé de. Observations sur l’histoire de France. 2 vols. Geneva, 1765.
• Macpherson, James. The Poems of Ossian and Related Works. Ed. Howard Gaskill. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996. [The poems in this volume began to appear in 1762.]
• Mexía, Pedro, et al. Archaio-ploutos. Containing, ten follovving bookes to the former Treasurie of auncient and moderne times: being the learned collections, iudicious readings, and memorable obseruations, not onely diuine, morall, and philosophicall, but also poeticall, martiall, politicall, historicall, astrologicall, &c. London, 1619.
• Mézeray, François Eudes de. Histoire de France avant Clovis. Amsterdam: A. Wolfgang, 1692.
• Mitchell, John, and Arthur Young. American Husbandry. Containing an Account of the Soil, Climate, Production and Agriculture of the British Colonies in North-America and the West-Indies. London: J. Bew, 1775.
• Montaigne, Michel de. Essais. 8 vols. Paris: Abel l’Angelier, 1604.
• Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de. L’Esprit des Loix. Geneva, 1748.
• Noodt, Gerard de. Julius Paulus, sive De partus expositione et nece apud veteres liber singularis. Leiden, 1710.
• Noort, Olivier van. Voyage autour du monde, par le d’étroit de Magellan, en 1598. Amsterdam, 1705.
• Perizonius, Jacobus. Ant. Fil. Dissertationum Septem. Halae Magdeburgiae, 1722.
• Petit, Pierre. De Amazonibus dissertatio, quâ an verè extiterint, necne, variis ultro citroque conjecturis & argumentis disputatur. Multa etiam ad eam gentem pertinentia, ex antiquis monumentis eruuntur atque illustrantur. Paris, 1685.
• Poivre, Pierre. The Travels of a Philosopher. London, 1769. [First published in French in 1768.]
• Pope, Alexander, trans. Homer’s Iliad. 6 vols. London, 1715–20.
• ———. Homer’s Odyssey. 5 vols. London, 1760.
• Potgieser, Joachim. Commentariorum iuris Germanici de statu servorum veteri perinde atque novo libri quinque. Lemgoviae, 1736.
• Potter, John. Archaeologia graeca: or, The antiquities of Greece. 2 vols. Oxford, 1697.
• Potter, R., ed. and trans. The Tragedies of Aeschylus. Norwich, 1777.
• Prévost d’Exile, Abbé. Histoire générale des voyages; ou, Nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre qui ont été publiées jusqu’à present dans les différentes langues de toutes les nations connues … 2 vols. Paris, 1746–89.
• Racine, Jean. Phèdre. Paris, 1677.
• Renneville, Constantin de. Recueil des voyages qui ont servi a l’établissement et aux progrès de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales, formée dans les Provinces Unies des Païs-Bas. 7 vols. Amsterdam, 1702–7.
• Ricaut, Paul. The present state of the Ottoman Empire: containing the maxims of the Turkish polity, the most material points of the Mahometan religion, their sects and heresies, their convents and religious votaries, their military discipline: with an exact computation of their forces both by sea and land. London, 1682.
• Richardson, S., et al. The Modern Part of an Universal History: From the Earliest Account of Time. 44 vols. London, 1759–66.
• Rush, Benjamin. An address to the inhabitants of the British settlements: on the slavery of the negroes in America. To which is added, A vindication of the address, in answer to a pamphlet entitled, “Slavery not forbidden in Scripture; or, A defence of the West India planters.” 2nd ed. Philadelphia, 1773.
• Sainte-Palaye, Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de. Mémoires sur l’ancienne chevalerie. 3 vols. Paris: Duchesne, 1759–81.
• Salvaing de Boissieu, Denis. De l’usage des fiefs et autres droits seigneuriaux. 3rd ed. 1644; Avignon, 1731.
• Shaw, Thomas. Travels or Observations relating to several parts of Barbary and the Levant. 2nd ed. London, 1757.
• Sigonio, Carlo. De Antiquo Iure Civium Romanorum Libri Duo. Venice, 1562.
• Smith, Adam. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Ed. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie. 1759; Oxford, 1976. (The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Edited by D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1984.)
• Smith, Thomas. The common-vvelth of England, and maner of gouernment thereof. London, 1589. [English translation of De republica anglorum, 1583.]
• Spelman, Sir Henry. Glossarium archaiologicum: continens latino-barbara, peregrina, obsoleta, & novatae significationis vocabula, quae post labefactatas a gothis, vandalisque res Europaeas, in ecclesiasticis, profanisque scriptoribus, variarum item gentium legibus antiquis municipalibus, chartis, & formulis occurrunt, scholiis & commentariis illustrata, in quibus prisci ritus quam-plurimi, magistratus, dignitates, munera, officia, mores, leges ipsae, &c. consuetudines enarrantur. 3 vols. London, 1687.
• ———. Reliquiae Spellmannianae: The posthumous works of Sir Henry Spelman Kt. Relating to the laws and antiquities of England. 2 vols. Ed. Edmund Gibson. Oxford/London, 1723.
• Stuart, Gilbert. Historical dissertation concerning the antiquity of the English constitution. Edinburgh, 1768.
• Ulloa, Antonio de, and George Juan. A Voyage to South America: Describing at Large the Spanish Cities, Towns, Provinces, &c. on that extensive Continent. 2 vols. London, 1758.
• Velly, Abbé Paul François. Histoire de France, depuis l’établissement de la monarchie Jusqu’au règne de Louis XIV. 30 vols. Paris, 1755–86.
• Wallace, Robert. A dissertation on the numbers of mankind in antient and modern times: in which the superior populousness of antiquity is maintained. With an appendix, … and some remarks on Mr. Hume’s Political discourse. Edinburgh, 1753.
• Weber, Friedrich Christian. The Present State of Russia. 2 vols. London, 1722–23. [First published in German in 1715.]
• Wright, Sir Martin. An introduction to the law of tenures. 3rd ed. Dublin: M. Owen, 1750.

Ancient Texts

I have given Roman titles in Latin and Greek titles in English because for the most part Millar did not cite Greek works by Greek titles. Millar cited ancient titles in abbreviated form, but his abbreviations should become evident when compared with this list.

• Aelian, Varia Historia
• Aelius Donatus, Commentum Terenti
• Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics
• Athenaeus, History
• Caesar, De Bello Gallico
• Cicero, De Senectute, Pro Flacco, In Verrem
• Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus
• Diodorus Siculus, History
• Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae
• Herodian, History of the Roman Empire
• Herodotus, History
• Homer, Iliad, Odyssey
• Horace, Sermones [cited as Satires]
• Juvenal, Saturae
• Lucan, Pharsalia
• Lysias, Orations
• Ovid, Metamorphoses
• Plautus, Amphitryon
• Pliny, Naturalis Historia
• Plutarch, Lives of Eminent Men
• Seneca, De Beneficiis, De Tranquilitate
• Strabo, Geography
• Suetonius, De Vita Caesarum
• Tacitus, De Origine et Situ Germanorum [Millar knew Tacitus’s work as De Moribus Germanorum and cited it accordingly.]
• Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War
• Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabiliorum
• Virgil, Aeneid

Roman, German, and Medieval Legal Works and Other Sources

Besides the omnipresent Digest, Codex, and Institutes of Justinian, Millar made use of the Codex Theodosianus, Gaius’s Institutionem iuris civilis Commentarii, Ulpian’s Fragments, the Lex Salica and Lex Burgundionum, Marculfus’s Formulae, the Hebrew Bible, and the New Testament.

Translations Used in Preparation of This Edition

• Edwards, H. J., trans. and ed. Julius Caesar: The Gallic War. Cambridge: Loeb, 1917.
• Grene, David, trans. Herodotus: The History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
• Mandelbaum, Allen, trans. The Aeneid of Virgil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.
• ———. The Metamorphoses of Ovid. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1993.
• Rackham, H., trans. Aristotle: Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1944.
• Ramsay, G. G., trans. and ed. Juvenal and Persius. Cambridge: Loeb, 1918.
• Rives, J. B., trans. and ed. Tacitus: Germania. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999.
• Rowe, Nicholas, trans. Lucan: The Civil War. London: J. M. Dent, 1998. [Reissue of Rowe’s edition of 1719.]
• Watson, Alan, trans. The Digest of Justinian. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985.

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