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• Preface
• A Memoir of Ricardo With Addenda
• Note On the Authorship of the Memoir
• Addenda to the Memoir of Ricardo
• I.: Introductory
• II.: The Family of Abraham Ricardo
• III.: The Delvalle Family
• IV.: Ricardo’s Childhood and Education
• V.: Independence and Marriage
• VI.: The Wilkinsons
• A Family Who’s Who
• I.: David Ricardo’s Brothers and Sisters
• II.: Ricardo’s Children
• Ricardo In Business
• Ricardo In Business
• I.: As a Jobber On the Stock Exchange
• II.: As Loan Contractor
• III.: A Canard
• IV.: Investments and Estates
• V.: Ricardo’s Will
• A Selection of Family and Private Letters
• I: Early Letters to J. H. Wilkinson
• 1.: Ricardo to Wilkinson1
• 2.: Ricardo to Wilkinson1
• 3: Ricardo to Wilkinson1
• 4: Ricardo to Wilkinson2
• 5: Ricardo to Wilkinson1
• 6: Ricardo to Wilkinson1
• Other Correspondence With J.h. Wilkinson
• II: ‘ricardo’s Letter to the Old Doctor’
• III: The Fraud of 5 May 1803
• IV: The Loan of 1807
• V: Jacob Ricardo
• VI: Two Sisters Decline a Present
• VII: A Visit to Cambridge
• VIII: A Letter to a Wine Merchant
• IX: The Cumberland Affair
• 1.: Sydney Cumberland to Ricardo3
• 2.: Sydney Cumberland to Ricardo1
• 3.: George Cumberland to Ricardo1
• 4.: Ricardo to George Cumberland 1
• 5.: George Cumberland to Ricardo1
• 6.: Ricardo to George Cumberland
• X: A Servant and Two Masters
• XI: Fanny’s Marriage
• Edward Austin Sen. to Ricardo 3
• Ricardo to Edward Austin Sen. 1
• XII: Ricardo to Miss Mary Ann
• From Maria Edgeworth’s Letters to Her Family
• 1.: To Her Stepmother Mrs Edgeworth From Gatcomb Park 9 Nov. 1821
• 2.: To the Same From Gatcomb Park 10 Nov. 1821
• 3.: To Her Sister Lucy Edgeworth From Gatcomb Park 12 Nov. 1821
• 4.: To Her Aunt Mrs Ruxton From London 9 March 1822
• Journal of a Tour On the Continent 1822
• Introductory Note to the Journal of a Tour On the Continent
• Appendices
• (a.) Bibliography of Ricardo’s Works
• (b.) a Survey of Ricardo Manuscripts
• (c.) Commonplace Books
• (d) Ricardo’s Library
• Supplement to Volume I New Evidence On the Subdivision of Chapter Viii of the ‘principles’ 1817
• Supplement to Volume Iv Notes On ‘a Reply to Mr. Say’s Letters to Mr. Malthus’
• Corrections to the First Printing of the Previous Volumes*

APPENDICES

(A.) Bibliography of Ricardo’s Works

This list includes the writings of Ricardo which were published separately. Apart from these there are only the contributions to the Morning Chronicle of 1809 and 1810, the article ‘Funding System’ in 1820, and after his death a few scattered letters which were printed at various times. References to these will be found where the items appear in the present edition.

To the bibliographical descriptions have been added some items of information that seemed of interest, such as the numbers of copies printed according to the publishers’ records. Since there was no official day of publication in Ricardo’s time (Murray’s ‘Publications date book’ begins only in 1840), the date on which the original editions appeared can only be inferred approximately, chiefly from advertisements in the newspapers; such dates, with the evidence on which they are based, have been quoted in the introduction to each work in the previous volumes. Facsimiles of title-pages have been included in vols. I-IV. The size is octavo, unless otherwise stated.

The bibliography closes in 1932, the year in which most of the material for it was collected. It has not seemed reasonable to trouble again so many people in so many places in order to extend it beyond that date. It may be mentioned, however, that the following foreign editions of the Principles have since come to the notice of the editor: a new French translation by C. Debyser (in 2 vols., Paris, A. Costes, 1933–34), a new Italian translation by R. Fubini (with appended new translations of four of the pamphlets byA. Campolongo, Turin, U.T.E.T., 1948) and for the first time a Spanish translation by E. Pepe (Buenos Aires, Claridad, 1937) and a Greek translation by N. P. Constantinides (Athens, 1938).

The absence till recently of a Spanish edition is curious, the more so since L. Cossa in one of his bibliographical essays (Supplement to Giornale degli Economisti, August 1895) lists a Spanish translation of Ricardo’s Principles by Juan Antonio Seoane as published at Madrid in 1848. No copy of such a translation has been traced, and its existence is extremely doubtful. Perhaps there had been some preliminary announcement, but the project was submerged by the events of that year.

Foreign editions have been grouped by countries; the American editions being placed after the English and the others following in the chronological order of their first translation. The list of Russian translations is mainly based on that given in the 1929 Moscow edition of the Principles.

Information on their respective editions has been kindly supplied by Sir John Murray, Messrs G. Bell and Sons, Messrs J. M. Dent and Sons and The Macmillan Company. Help in tracing foreign editions has to be acknowledged from: Professor Jacob Viner, Professor Fritz Machlup, Dr P. N. Rosenstein-Rodan, Dr Oskar Lange, Professor Harald Westergaard, Mr N. J. Kohanovsky of Riga, Professor Shinzo Koizumi of Keio University, Tokyo, Professor Tsuneo Hori of the Osaka University of Commerce, Professor T. Uyeda of the Tokyo University of Commerce, Mr M. Y. Chao of Yenching University, Peking, Mr T. C. Li of Shanghai and Mr P. C. Ghosh of the University of Calcutta.

[1a] The High Price of Bullion, A Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes. [tapering rule] By David Ricardo. [double rule]

London: Printed for John Murray, 32, Fleet-street; and sold by every other Bookseller in Town and Country. [rule] 1810.

Collation: [A]² B-D⁸; 26 leaves.

Contents: [A]1 title-page; [A]1v advertisement Just Published, The Quarterly Review, No. IV [contents given] and at the bottom imprint Harding and Wright, Printers, St. John’s-square, London; [A]2–2v (pp. [iii]-iv) Introduction; B1-D8v (pp. [1]–48) text, and at the bottom of D8v imprint Harding and Wright, Printers, St. John’s-Square, London.

Note: The price is given as 2s. in the advt. in The Times 3 Jan. 1810.

[1b] The High Price of Bullion, A Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes. [tapering rule] Second Edition, Corrected. [tapering rule] By David Ricardo. [double rule]

London: Printed for John Murray, 32, Fleet-street. [rule] 1810.

Collation: [*]² [A]² B-D⁸; 28 leaves. [*]2 is folded round the rest of the pamphlet so as to enclose it.

Contents: [*]1 half-title Second Edition. [rule] Ricardo on Bullion and Bank notes. [double rule] Price Two Shillings.; [*]1v imprint Harding and Whight [sic], Printers, St. John’s-Square, London.; [A]1 title-page; [A]1v blank; [A]2–2v (pp. [iii]-iv) Introduction; B1-D8v (pp. [1]–48) text; [*]2 blank; [*]2v advertisement Just published, The Quarterly Review, No. IV [contents given], and at the bottom imprint Harding and Wright, Printers, St. John’s-square, London.

[1c] The High Price of Bullion, A Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes. [tapering rule] Third Edition, with Additions. [tapering rule] By David Ricardo. [double rule]

London: Printed by Harding & Wright, St. John’s-square, for John Murray, 32, Fleet-street. [rule] 1810.

Collation: [*]² [A]² B-D⁸ E⁴; 32 leaves. [*]2 is folded round the rest of the pamphlet so as to enclose it.

Contents: [*]1 half-title Third Edition, with Additions. [tapering rule] Ricardo on Bullion and Bank Notes. [double rule] Price Two Shillings and Sixpence. [*]1v blank; [A]1 title-page;[A]1v blank; [A]2–2v (pp. [iii]-iv) Introduction; B1-E4v (pp. [1]–56) text; [*]2 blank; [*]2v advertisement Lately published by J. Murray, 32, Fleet-street. [list of six titles, the first being The Quarterly Review, No. IV., with note No. V. will be published in March]; at the bottom of [*]2v imprint Harding and Wright, Printers, St. John’s Square, London.

[1d] The High Price of Bullion, A Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes. [tapering rule] By David Ricardo. [tapering rule] The Fourth Edition, Corrected. To which is added, An Appendix, containing Observations on some passages in an Article in the Edinburgh Review, on the Depreciation of Paper Currency; also Suggestions for securing to the Public a Currency as Invariable as Gold, with a very moderate Supply of that Metal. [double rule]

London: Printed for John Murray, 32, Fleet-street; William Blackwood, Edinburgh; and M. N. Mahon, Dublin. [rule] 1811.

Collation: [A]² B-G⁸ H²; 52 leaves.

Contents: [A]1 half-title The High Price of Bullion, A Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes. [double rule] 4s. [rule] T. Davison, Lombard-street, Whitefriars, London. [A]1v blank;[A]2 title-page; [A]2v blank; B1-F1v (pp. [1]–66) text; F2-H1 (pp. [67]–97) Appendix [printed in smaller type]; H1v blank; H2–2v advertisement Books Published by John Murray, Fleet-street. [list of twelve titles including Ricardo’s Reply to Bosanquet and Huskisson’s Depreciation of our Currency, 7th ed.] and at bottom of H2v imprint T. Davison, Lombard-street, Whitefriars, London.

Notes: In some newspaper advertisements the price is given as 3s. 6d. (Monthly Literary Advertiser, 10 April, Morning Chronicle, 27 April 1811); but 4s., as stated on the pamphlet, seems more likely to be correct.

In Murray’s ledgers there is no record of the numbers printed of the first three eds.; as regards ed. 4 an entry ‘N^o. 500’ probably refers to the number printed, but it might be the order number. The cost of the first three eds. put together was £16 as compared with £18 for ed. 4 alone.

[1e] Observations on some passages in an Article in the Edinburgh Review, on the Depreciation of Paper Currency; also Suggestions for securing to the Public a Currency as Invariable as Gold, with a very moderate Supply of that Metal. [rule] Being the Appendix to the Fourth Edition of “High Price of Bullion,” &c. [rule] By David Ricardo. [tapering rule]

London: Printed for John Murray, 32, Fleet-street; William Blackwood, Edinburgh; and M. N. Mahon, Dublin. [rule] 1811.

Collation: [A]² B-C⁸; 18 leaves.

Contents: [A]1 half-title Appendix to Ricardo on Bullion. [double rule] 2s. [rule] T. Davison, Lombard-street, Whitefriars, London. [A]1v blank; [A]2 title-page; [A]2v blank; B1-C8 (pp. [1]–31) text; C8v imprint [double rule] T. Davison, Lombard-street, Whitefriars, London. [double rule]

[1f ] The High Price of Bullion...

Included in [9], Works ed. by M^cCulloch, 1846 etc.

[1g] The High Price of Bullion...

Included (without the Appendix) in A Select Collection of Scarce and Valuable Tracts and other Publications on Paper Currency and Banking, [edited by J. R. M^cCulloch, printed for Lord Overstone] London, 1857

Note: 150 copies printed.

[1h] The High Price of Bullion....

Included in [13], Economic Essays ed. by Gonner, 1923 etc.

[2a] Reply to Mr. Bosanquet’s Practical Observations on the Report of the Bullion Committee. [double rule] By David Ricardo. [double rule]

London: Printed for John Murray, 32, Fleet-street; William Blackwood, Edinburgh; and M. N. Mahon, Dublin. [rule] 1811.

Collation: [A]⁴ B-K⁸; 76 leaves. An Errata slip with five entries was issued and is found in some copies.

Contents: [A]1 half-title [double rule] Reply to Mr. Bosanquet’s Observations on the Report of the Bullion Committee. [double rule] Price 4s. [rule] T. Davison, Lombard-street, Whitefriars, London. [A]1v blank; [A]2 title-page; [A]2v blank; [A]3–4 (pp. [v]-vii) Contents; (A)4v blank; B1-I7 (pp. [1]–125) text; I7v (p. [126]) blank; I8-K7 (pp. [127]–141) Appendix; K7v-8 blank; K8v imprint [double rule] T. Davison, Lombard-street, Whitefriars, London. [double rule]

Note: 750 copies were printed.

[2b] Reply to Mr. Bosanquet....

Included in [9], Works ed. by M^cCulloch, 1846 etc.

[2c] Reply to Mr. Bosanquet...

Included in [13], Economic Essays ed. by Gonner, 1923 etc.

[3a] An Essay on The Influence of a low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock; shewing the Inexpediency of Restrictions on Importation: with Remarks on Mr. Malthus’ two last Publications: “An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent;” and “The Grounds of an Opinion on the Policy of restricting the Importation of Foreign Corn.” [double rule] By David Ricardo, Esq. [double rule]

London: Printed for John Murray, Albemarle Street.1815.

Collation: B-H⁴; 28 leaves. H3 and H4 are folded round the rest of the pamphlet so as to enclose it and form its half-title and title.

Contents: H3 half-title An Essay, &c. [rule] 3s.; H3v blank; H4 title-page; H4v imprint [rule] J. F. Dove, Printer, St. John’s Square.; B1–1v (pp. [1]–2) Introduction; B2-H1v (pp. [3]–50) text, and at bottom of the last page imprint [rule] J. F. Dove, Printer, St. John’s Square, London. [rule]; H2 blank; H2v advertisement Just Published [four Titles: Malthus’s Observations on the Corn Laws, Third Ed., 2s. 6d., Grounds of an Opinion, 2s. 6d., Inquiry into...Rent, 3s. and Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations, A new Edition...by David Buchanan, 4 vol. 8vo. 2l. 8s.]

Note: In Murray’s ledgers there is a single entry for this pamphlet, ‘Printing 500’, which presumably includes the ‘second edition’ issued immediately after.

[3b] An Essay...[as 3a up to ‘Ricardo, Esq.’] [double rule] Second Edition [double rule]

London: Printed for John Murray, Albemarle Street.1815.

Collation and Contents: Generally as in [3a]; the advertisement leaf, H2, however, is missing in all the copies examined.

Note: This ‘edition’ is identical with [3a] even in typographical detail (e.g. a displaced ‘t’ on p. 34, l. 1) and was obviously printed from the same standing type.

[3c] An Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock...

Included in [9], Works ed. by M^cCulloch, 1846 etc.

[3d] An Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock...

Included in [13], Economic Essays ed. by Gonner, 1923 etc.

[4a] Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency; with Observations on the Profits of the Bank of England, as they regard the Public and the Proprietors of Bank Stock. [double rule] By David Ricardo, Esq. [double rule]

London: Printed for John Murray, Albemarle-street. [rule] 1816.

Collation: [A]² B-I⁸; 66 leaves.

Contents: [A]1 half-title Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency. [rule] T. Davison, Lombard-street, Whitefriars, London. [A]1v blank; [A]2 title-page; [A]2v blank; B1–3v (pp. [1]–6) Introduction; B4-H1 (pp. [7]–97) text; H1v(p. [98]) blank; H2-I7v (pp. [99]–126) Appendix [printed in smaller type]; I8 blank; I8v imprint [double rule] T. Davison, Lombard-street, Whitefriars, London. [double rule]

Note: 500 copies were printed. Price 4s. 6d.

[4b] Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency; with Observations on the Profits of the Bank of England, as they regard the Public and the Proprietors of Bank Stock. [double rule] By David Ricardo, Esq. [double rule] Second Edition. [tapering rule]

London: Printed for John Murray, Albemarle-street. [rule] 1816.

Collation: [A]² B-I⁸; 66 leaves.

Contents: [A]1 half-title Second Edition. [rule] Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency. [rule] 4s. 6d. [rule] T. Davison, Lombard-street, Whitefriars, London. [A]1v blank; [A]2 title-page; [A]2v blank; B1–3v (pp. [1]–6) Introduction; B4-H2 (pp. [7]–99) text; H2v (p. [100]) blank; H3-I8v (pp. [101]–128) Appendix [printed in smaller type], and at the bottom of I8v advertisement In a few Days will be published, The Speech of Pascoe Grenfell, Esq., delivered...on Tuesday, Feb. 13, 1816...3s. 6d. and imprint T. Davison, Lombard-street, Whitefriars, London.

Note: 500 copies were printed.

[4c] Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency; with Observations on the Profits of the Bank of England, as they regard the Public and the Proprietors of Bank Stock. [rule] By David Ricardo, Esq. [rule] Third Edition. [rule]

London: John Murray, Albemarle-street. [rule]1819.

Collation: [A]² B-I⁸; 66 leaves.

Contents: [A]1 half-title Third Edition. [rule] Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency. [rule] 4s. 6d. [A]1v blank;[A]2 title-page; [A]2v imprint [rule] Printed by W. Clowes, Northumberland-court, Strand, London. [rule]; B1–3v (pp. [1]–6) Introduction; B4-H2 (pp. [7]–99) text; H2v (p. [100]) blank; H3-I8v (pp. [101]–128) Appendix [printed in smaller type], and at the bottom of I8v imprint London: Printed by W. Clowes, Northumberland-court, Strand.

Note: 750 copies were printed.

[4d] Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency...

Included in [9], Works ed. by M^cCulloch, 1846 etc.

[4e] Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency...

Included (without Appendix V) in [13], Economic Essays ed. by Gonner, 1923 etc.

[5a] On the Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation. [rule] By David Ricardo, Esq. [rule]

London: John Murray, Albemarle-street. [rule]1817.

Collation: [A]⁴ B-Z⁸ 2A-2P⁸ 2Q⁴ 2R²; 306 leaves.

Contents: [A]1 title-page; [A]1v imprint [rule] J. M’Creery, Printer, Black Horse Court, London. [A]2–3v (pp. [iii]-vi) Preface; [A]4–4v (pp. [vii]-viii) Contents; B1–2P7 (pp. [1]–589) text; 2P7v Errata [four corrections referring to pp. 190, 521, 543, 555]; 2P8–2R2 Index, and at the bottom of 2R2 imprint J. M’Creery, Printer, Black-Horse-court, London.; 2R2v blank.

Cancel: Leaves 6, 7 and 8 of signature P (pp. 219–224) are cancels: P6 and P7 in cancel state are conjugate and appear to have been imposed with the two leaves of 2R to form a half-sheet. See above, I, xxviii-xxx and (for reference to a copy which has P6 and P7 in both pre-cancel and cancel states) below, p. 403.

Binding: Brown paper boards with printed label on spine:

[double rule] | ricardo | on | political | economy | [rule] | 14s. | [double rule]. This is the usual binding, no doubt as issued by Murray. Some booksellers, however, used to buy copies in sheet and have them bound on their own, though with the same printed label (e.g. one copy examined, which is in blue boards with brown back, has Constable’s catalogue dated 20 March 1818 bound in).

Note: 750 copies were printed.

[5b] On the Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation. [rule] By David Ricardo, Esq. [rule] Second Edition.

London: John Murray, Albemarle-street. [rule] 1819.

Collation: [A]⁴ B-Z⁸ AA-MM⁸ NN⁴; 280 leaves. Contents: [A]1 title-page; [A]1v imprint G. Woodfall, Printer, Angel-court, Skinner-street, London. [A]2–3v (pp. [iii]-vi) Preface; [A]4–4v (pp. [vii]-viii) Contents; B1-MM 4 (pp. [1]–535) text; MM 4v (p. [536]) blank; MM 5-NN 3v (pp. [537]–550) Index, and at the bottom of NN 3v (p. 550) imprint G. Woodfall, Printer, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London. NN 4 advertisement Tracts By the Same Author [four titles] and Preparing for Publication, The Principles of Political Economy considered, with a View to their practical Application. By T. R. Malthus, A.M. 8vo. NN 4v advertisement Tracts Lately Published [nine titles by various authors].

Binding: Brown paper boards with printed label on spine: [double rule] | ricardo | on | political | economy. | [rule] | second edition. | [rule] | Price 14s. | [double rule].

Note: 1000 copies were printed.

[5c] On the Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation. [rule] By David Ricardo, Esq. [rule] Third Edition. [rule]

London: John Murray, Albemarle-street. [rule] 1821.

Collations: [*]² a⁴ B-Z⁸ AA-LL⁸ MM⁶; 276 leaves.

Contents: [*]1 half-title On the Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation. [*]1v blank; [*]2 title-page; [*]2v imprint G. Woodfall, Printer, Angel-court, Skinner-street, London. a1–2v (pp. [v]-viii) Preface; a3–3v (pp. [ix]-x) Advertisement to the Third Edition; a4–4v (pp. [xi]-xii) Contents; B1-LL 5 (pp. [1]–521) text; LL 5v (p. [522]) blank; LL 6-MM 5v (pp. [523]–538) Index, and at the bottom of MM 5v (p. 538) imprint G. Woodfall, Printer, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London. MM 6–6v blank.

Variant: Signature 2P exists in two states, according as the last line of 2P7 (the end of the text) has the word ‘differently’ or the word ‘variously’ (this being clearly the later version). See the ‘Corrections’, below, p. 411, referring to I, 429.

Binding: Paper boards, blue sides and brown spine, with printed label: [double rule] | ricardo | on | political | economy. | [rule] | Price 12s. | [double rule]

Notes: From ‘unopened’ copies it appears that MM was printed as a complete octavo sheet and that the two central leaves were cut out, these presumably being the title-leaves here denoted as [*].

In this edition there are running-titles to each page giving the number and title of the Chapter.

1000 copies were printed.

[5d] On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation...

Included in [9], Works ed. by M^cCulloch, 1846 etc.

[5e] Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, by David Ricardo. Edited, with Introductory Essay, Notes, and Appendices, by E. C. K. Gonner, M.A., Lecturer on Economic Science, University College, Liverpool.

London: George Bell and Sons, York Street Covent Garden. 1891.

pp. lxii, 2, 455.

A volume in Bohn’s Economic Library. Bound in cloth, price 5s., raised to 6s. after the first World War.

The edition contains an analytical table of contents and bibliographies of ‘Works by Ricardo’ (pp. 439–40) and of ‘Chief Works on Ricardo’ (pp. 441–46). The text is that of ed. 3. It has been ‘paragraphed’ by the editor; that is, divided into 151 numbered sections. The editorial notes indicate some of the variants of the earlier editions and also the minor errors which crept into M^cCulloch’s ed. Comparison of the latter with ed. 3 must have been given up before the last few pages, since no mention is made of the only deliberate omission by M^cCulloch which occurs near the end (see above, I, 426, n.).

The first printing was of 1500 copies. There were reprints in 1895, 1903, 1907, 1911, 1913, 1919, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1927 and 1929 aggregating a further 8250 copies.

[5f ] The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation by David Ricardo

London: Published by J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd. and in New York by E. P. Dutton & Co [1912]

pp. xvi, 300.

A volume in Everyman’s Library. Bound in ordinary cloth, price 2s., and library edition, 3s.

Introduction by F. W. Kolthammer, pp. vii-xiii.

First printing, 10,000 copies; reprinted 1917, 1923, 1926 and 1929, each impression of 4000 copies.

[6a] On Protection to Agriculture. By David Ricardo, Esq. M.P. [rule]

London: John Murray, Albemarle-street. [rule] mdcccxxii.

Collation: [A]² B-G⁸; 50 leaves, plus an inserted folding table.

Contents: [A]1 title-page; [A]1v imprint London: Printed by William Clowes, Northumberland-court. [A]2 Contents;[A]2v blank; B1–1v (pp. [1]–2) Introduction; B2-G4 (pp. [3]–87) text; G4v (p. [88]) blank; G5–7v (pp. [89]–94) Appendix A [printed in smaller type]; inserted folding table (p. 95) Appendix B [printed in smaller type]; G8 imprint London: Printed by William Clowes, Northumberland-court.; G8v blank.

Note: 500 copies printed. Price 3s.

[6b] On Protection to Agriculture. By David Ricardo, Esq. M.P. [rule] Second Edition. [rule]

London: John Murray, Albemarle-street. [rule] mdcccxxii.

Collation and Contents as in [6a].

Note: 250 copies printed.

[6c] On Protection to Agriculture. By David Ricardo, Esq. M.P. [rule] Third Edition. [rule]

London: John Murray, Albemarle-street. [rule] mdcccxxii.

Collation and Contents as in [6a].

Note: 250 copies printed.

[6d] On Protection to Agriculture. By David Ricardo, Esq. M.P. [rule] Fourth Edition. [rule]

London: John Murray, Albemarle-street. [rule] mdcccxxii.

Collation and Contents as in [6a].

Note: two impressions of 250 copies each.

[6e] On Protection to Agriculture.

Included in [9], Works ed. by M^cCulloch, 1846 etc.

[6f ] On Protection to Agriculture.

Included in [13], Economic Essays ed. by Gonner, 1923 etc.

[7] Mr. Ricardo’s Speech on Mr. Western’s Motion, for a Committee to consider the Effects produced by the Resumption of Cash Payments, delivered the 12th of June, 1822. [rule]

London: Printed by G. Harvey, Crane-court, Fleet-street. [rule] 1822.

Collation: [A]⁸; 8 leaves.

Contents: [A]1 title; [A]1v blank; [A]2–7v (pp. 3–14) text, with imprint repeated at bottom of p. 14; [A]8–8v blank.

[8a] Plan for the Establishment of a National Bank. [tapering rule] By (the late) David Ricardo, Esq. M.P. [double rule]

London: John Murray, Albemarle-street. mdcccxxiv.

Collation: [*]² A-B⁸ C²; 20 leaves.

Contents:[*]1 half-title Plan for a National Bank. [double rule]; [*]1v imprint [double rule] London: Printed by C. Roworth, Bell Yard, Temple Bar. [double rule]; [*]2 title-page; [*]2v blank; A1–1v (pp. [v]-vi) Preface; A2-C1v (pp. [1]–32) text; C2 advertisement Works of the late David Ricardo, Esq. M.P. [six titles; unusual features are that of The High Price of Bullion the third edition is listed, 2s., of the Essay on Profits the first, and of the Economical and Secure Currency the second]; C2v imprint [double rule] London: Printed by C. Roworth, Bell-yard, Temple-bar. [double rule]

Note: 500 copies were printed. Price 2s. 6d.

[8b] Plan for a National Bank.

Reprinted as an Appendix to A National Bank the Remedy for the Evils attendant upon our Present System of Paper Currency, by Samson Ricardo, Esq., London, Pelham Richardson, 1838, pp. 49–65.

[8c] Plan for the Establishment of a National Bank.

Included in [9], Works ed. by M^cCulloch, 1846 etc.

[8d] Plan for the Establishment of a National Bank.

Reprinted as a Supplement to History of the Bank ofEngland, by A. Andréadès, London, P. S. King & Son, 1909, pp. 417–427.

[9] The Works of David Ricardo, Esq., M.P. With a Notice of the Life and Writings of the Author, By J. R. M^cCulloch, Esq.

London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. mdcccxlvi

Collation: [a]⁸b-c⁸ B-Z⁸ AA-NN⁸ OO⁴; 308 leaves.

Contents: p. [i] half-title The Works of David Ricardo, Esq., M.P.; p. [iii] title-page; p. [v] ‘Advertisement’ [editorial note dated London, April 1846]; pp. [vii]-xiv Contents; pp. xv-xxxiii Life and Writings of Mr Ricardo [the last page is numbered xxxiii, but the subsequent pagination presupposes that it should be 1]; pp. [3]–260 Principles of Political Economy, 3rd ed.; pp. [261]– 301 High Price of Bullion, 4th ed.; pp. [303]–366 Reply to Mr. Bosanquet; pp. [367]–390 Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn, 2nd ed.; pp. [391]–454 Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency, 2nd ed.; pp. [455]–498 On Protection to Agriculture, 4th ed.; pp. [499]–512 Plan for a National Bank; pp. [513]–548 Essay on the Funding System, pp. [549]–556 Observations on Parliamentary Reform; pp. [557]–564 Speech on the Plan of Voting by Ballot; pp. [565]–584 Index. At bottom of p. 584 imprint Murray and Gibb, Printers, Edinburgh.

Notes: Bound in cloth, with Murray’s advertisements (variously dated, according to the time of binding) bound in at the end. Price 16s.

This edition was reprinted at intervals over half a century from the same setting. The dates of the impressions and the numbers printed in each case, as shown in Murray’s ledgers, were as follows:

It went out of print in 1913.

Copies of each of these have been traced (the reprint of 1885 bearing the date 1886) except that no copy has been found with the imprint of 1862. On the other hand there are two quite distinct variants dated 1852; one showing the year in roman, the other in arabic numerals. The ‘roman’ variant, like the 1846 impression, describes Ricardo on the title-page as ‘Esq., M.P.’ and M^cCulloch as ‘Esq.’, whereas the ‘arabic’ one, like the 1871 and subsequent impressions (all of them, incidentally, ‘arabic’), drops these titles and instead describes M^cCulloch as ‘Member of the Institute of France.’ Moreover, the ‘roman’, like the 1846 impression, signs the third sheet ‘c ’, while the ‘arabic’, like the 1871 and subsequent ones, changes the signature of the third sheet to ‘A’. These two points make it certain that the ‘arabic’ is the later impression of the two. Since we know that there was a printing in 1862 and only one in 1852, we must conclude that the impression dated 1852 in arabic was really printed in 1862 with a wrong date. There remains, however, the anomaly, if this conclusion be true, that the ‘arabic 1852’ impression drops the portrait of Ricardo engraved by Holl which had first appeared as a frontispiece in the ‘roman’ 1852 issue and reappears from 1871 onwards. But, surprisingly enough, this actually confirms the 1862 theory: since Murray’s ledgers, while showing a charge for a portrait both in 1852 and 1871, show no such charge in 1862.

The copies of the ‘arabic 1852’ issue examined do not contain Murray’s advertisements at the end: these, when preserved, should bear dates of 1862 or later.

On the title-page, the ‘roman’ 1852 impression is described as ‘Second Edition’; the ‘arabic’ one has no such description, and the 1871 and subsequent ones have ‘New Edition. With a Portrait.’ From the 1876 impression onwards Ricardo’s Preface and his ‘Advertisement to the Third Edition’ of the Principles are transposed (although the second page of the former retains its page-number, 6).

Note on the Biography: The ‘Life and Writings’ of Ricardo, which M^cCulloch included in this volume, is only one of a succession of versions which he published at various times. Immediately after Ricardo’s death M^cCulloch wrote an obituary in the Scotsman of 17 Sept. 1823, and a few months later a long appreciation, ‘Works and Character of Mr Ricardo’, in the Scotsman of 6 December. These two, with extensive extracts from the Memoir by Ricardo’s brother, were the basis for his ‘Life and Writings of Mr Ricardo’. This appeared first in its finished form, unsigned, in the Edinburgh Annual Register for 1823, published by Constable in 1824. It was issued with minor modifications as a separate pamphlet, again unsigned, under the title Memoir of the Life and Writings of David Ricardo, Esq., M.P. (London, Printed by Richard Taylor, 1825, pp. 32), probably in connection with the annual Ricardo Lectures which M^cCulloch delivered in London. It next formed the article on Ricardo in the 7th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1830–1842), before appearing in 1846 in Ricardo’s Works. It appeared yet again with some further modifications in M^cCulloch’s Treatises and Essays, Edinburgh, 1853 (2nd ed. 1859), and in the 8th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1853–1860).

Each of these shows significant alterations, several of which have been noticed above (I, xix, n. 5; II, xiv; IV, 8, n. 2 and 358; X, 39). Other alterations are of interest as showing M^cCulloch’s changed outlook over the years; such as his newfound benevolence for the Bank of England (‘it was wisely judged better’, according to the version of 1846, p. xxiii, to discontinue Ricardo’s ingot plan; whereas the 1824–25 version had attributed its abandonment to ‘the errors and misapprehensions of the Directors of the Bank of England’); or his growing admiration for Peel, which is first expressed in 1846, and rises to a climax in the version in Treatises and Essays (‘The most disinterested and truly patriotic minister that this country has had since the Revolution’). Moreover, a number of alterations when taken together clearly show that M^cCulloch’s adherence to Ricardo’s doctrines became more and more qualified as years went on (a fact noted by Mallet in a diary-entry of 10 Jan. 1834, in Political Economy Club, Cent. Vol., p. 254 and cp. p. 238). In particular, the emphasis in 1846 upon the abstract character of the principles established by Ricardo and upon the failure of his conclusions to ‘harmonise with what really takes place’ (p. xxv), contrasts with M^cCulloch’s denial in 1824–25 of the allegation that those doctrines were ‘merely speculative’: ‘On the contrary, they enter deeply into almost all the practical investigations of the science, and especially into those...which relate to the distribution of wealth.’

[10] Letters of David Ricardo to Thomas Robert Malthus 1810–1823 Edited by James Bonar M.A. Oxford, LL.D. Glasgow

Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1887

pp. xxiv, 251.

Bound in cloth, price 10s. 6d.

[11] Letters written by David Ricardo during a Tour on the Continent

Privately Printed 1891 John Bellows, Gloucester

Quarto, pp. 105, bound in cloth.

[12] Letters of David Ricardo to Hutches Trower and Others 1811–1823 Edited by James Bonar M.A. Oxford, LL.D. Glasgow and J. H. Hollander Ph.D. Associate Professor of Finance, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore

Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1899

pp. xxiii, 240.

Bound in cloth, price 7s. 6d. An Erratum slip was issued for p. 61.

[13] Economic Essays by David Ricardo edited with Introductory Essay and Notes by E. C. K. Gonner, K.B.E., Litt.D. Late Professor of Economic Science in the University of Liverpool

London G. Bell and Sons, Ltd. 1923

pp. xxxvi, 315.

‘Designed as a companion’ volume (according to the Preface) to [5e], with each work similarly ‘paragraphed’. Contains High Price of Bullion, Reply to Mr Bosanquet, Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency, Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock and On Protection to Agriculture.

Bound in cloth, price 6s. Reprinted in 1926. 1000 copies printed of each impression.

AMERICAN

On the Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation. By

David Ricardo, Esquire. First American Edition.

Georgetown, D.C. Published by Joseph Milligan.

Jacob Gideon, Junior, Printer, Washington City. 1819.

pp. viii, 448 and 8 (unnumbered) of Index.

Contrary to the title-page, the imprint at the end of the volume is: Printed by Davis & Force, Publishers of the New Calendar. The numeration of chapters, including double-numbering, follows that of the 1st English edition, of which it is a reprint.

The idea of this edition seems to have been suggested to Milligan by M^cCulloch’s review in the Edinburgh for June 1818. When Thomas Jefferson heard of the project, he wrote to Milligan (12 Jan. 1819): ‘On receipt of your letter proposing to republish Ricardo, I turned to the Edinburgh review and read that article...If you do republish it I wish but doubt your seeing your own by it. It is a work in my opinion which will not stand the test of time and trial.’ After referring to the ‘muddy reasoning’ of Ricardo and of his Edinburgh critic, he concluded: ‘The reputation of the work will, I think, fall as soon as it comes to be read.’ Milligan, however, replied that he was going forward with an edition of 500 to 600 copies, being assured of 250 subscriptions from members of Congress and of the Government. (Quoted by G. Chinard, Jefferson et les Idéologues, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1925, pp. 186–7, and by E. Lowenthal in American Economic Review, Dec. 1952, vol. xlii, p. 878.)

(No confirmation has been found for a casual allusion to a Washington second edition of 1830 in M. J. L. O’Connor, Origins of Academic Economics in the United States, New York, 1944, p. 150.)

The First Six Chapters of the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation of David Ricardo 1817

New York Macmillan and Co. and London 1895

pp. xii, 118.

A volume in the series Economic Classics, edited by W. J. Ashley.

Bound in cloth, price $.75 (later raised to $1.50). First published in January 1895 (2160 copies), it was reprinted in 1909, 1913, 1914, 1921, 1923, 1927 and 1931 (the reprints totalling 5490 copies).

The differences between the texts of the first and third editions (1817 and 1821) are given, though with several omissions.

Letters of David Ricardo to John Ramsay M^cCulloch 1816– 1823 Edited, with introduction and annotations, byJ. H. Hollander, Ph.D. Instructor in Economics in the Johns Hopkins University

September and November 1895. Published for the American Economic Association by Macmillan & Company New York. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.

pp. xxii, 185.

No. 5–6 of Publications of the American Economic Association, Vol. x (of which it forms pp. 613–819: both paginations are given in the headlines). The number was also issued separately bound in cloth.

Three Letters on The Price of Gold Contributed to The Morning Chronicle (London) in August-November, 1809 by David Ricardo

Baltimore The Johns Hopkins Press 1903

pp. 30, plus blank leaf at the end.

Issued in grey paper covers, bearing the title Three Letters on The Price of Gold by David Ricardo.

One of the series A Reprint of Economic Tracts Edited by Jacob H. Hollander, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Political Economy Johns Hopkins University.

Notes on Malthus’ “Principles of Political Economy” By David Ricardo Edited with an introduction and notes by Jacob H. Hollander and T. E. Gregory.

1928 The Johns Hopkins Press Baltimore, Maryland Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press Amen House, London, E.C. 4.

pp. 4 unnumbered, cvii, 246.

On the third unnumbered page: Semicentennial Publications of The Johns Hopkins University 1876–1926.

Bound in cloth, price $5.

Minor Papers on the Currency Question 1809–1823 By David Ricardo Edited with an introduction and notes by Jacob H. Hollander.

Baltimore The Johns Hopkins Press 1932.

pp. 2 blank, ix, 231.

This volume contains an oddly assorted collection of papers, notes and jottings, as well as a few letters, from that bundle of the Ricardo Papers which is referred to below, p. 387, as having become separated from the main body and found with the Notes on Malthus in 1919.

Bound in cloth, price $3.

FRENCH

Le haut prix de l’or et de l’argent, considéré comme une preuve de la dépréciation des billets de banque. Troisièmeédition revue et augmentée; par David Ricardo. Londres,1810. (A translation of The High Price of Bullion published in three instalments in the Paris daily Gazette Nationale ou Le Moniteur Universel, Nos. 267, 268 and 269, of 24, 25 and 26 September 1810, under the general heading ‘Finances—Commerce’.)

This war-time translation was evidently unknown to Ricardo, and does not seem to have been noticed until Achille Loria drew attention to it with the statement that ‘Napoleon caused Ricardo’s essay to be translated in full in the Moniteur ’(Annali di Economia, 1925, vol. ii, p. 44).

Des Principes de l’Économie politique, et de l’impôt, par M. David Ricardo; traduit de l’anglais par F. S. Constancio, D.M., etc.; avec des notes explicatives et critiques, par M. Jean-Baptiste Say, Membre des Académies de St.-Pétersbourg, de Zurich, de Madrid, etc.; Professeur d’Économie politique à l’Athénée de Paris. Tome premier. [Tome second.]

A Paris, chez J. P. Aillaud, Libraire, Quai Voltaire, N^o 21. 1819.

pp. xii, 431 and vi, 375.

Although dated 1819, a copy had reached Ricardo by the middle of December 1818 and Say’s notes were discussed in letters between him and Mill of that month, above, VII, 361–2, 371, 375.

The translator, Francisco Solano Constancio, a Portuguese resident in Paris, was a doctor of medicine of Edinburgh University and in 1821 was appointed Portuguese Minister in Washington. In 1820 he translated into French Malthus’s Political Economy for the same bookseller Aillaud; and when Malthus visited Paris in August of that year he was told that Ricardo’s work had already sold 900 copies (above, VIII, 225).

Des Principes de l’Économie politique et de l’impot, par David Ricardo; traduit de l’anglais par F.-S. Constancio, D.M., etc. avec des notes explicatives et critiques parJ.-B. Say, membre des Académies de Saint-Pétersbourg, de Zurich, de Madrid, etc., professeur d’Économie politique a l’Athénée de Paris. Seconde édition, Revue, corrigée et augmentée d’une notice sur la vie et les écrits de Ricardo, publiée par sa famille.—Tome premier. [Tome second.]—

Paris, J.-P. Aillaud, libraire, Quai Voltaire, ii.—1835.

pp. xl [misprinted lx], 378 and iv, 330.

Although described as ‘seconde édition’ it reproduces the preceding one and is therefore based on the text of the first English edition, without even the insertion of the chapter On Machinery. The Life of Ricardo prefixed to it is a translation of the memoir by M^cCulloch from the anonymous pamphlet of 1825 (mentioned above, under his edition of the Works, 1846).

Œuvres complètes de David Ricardo traduites en français par MM. Constancio et Alc. Fonteyraud, augmentées des notes de Jean-Baptiste Say, de nouvelles notes et de commentaires par Malthus, Sismondi, MM. Rossi, Blanqui, etc. et précédées d’une notice biographique sur la vie et les travaux de l’auteur, par M. Alcide Fonteyraud.

Paris, Guillaumin et C^ie Libraires, 1847.

pp. xlviii, 752.

Vol. xiii in the Collection des principaux économistes; it contains all the works given in M^cCulloch’s edition with the exception of the two papers on Parliamentary Reform. This has provided for nearly a century the standard introduction to Ricardo for a large part of the non-English-speaking world. Yet the version of the Principles which it presents is no better than a pastiche of the first and third original editions. It is based on Constancio’s translation of ed. 1, revised (e.g. substituting ‘rente’ for ‘fermage’) by Fonteyraud who has also translated the most obvious passages added by Ricardo in ed. 3, including the new chapter On Machinery: the revision however is far from complete and much of the resulting text is still that of ed. 1. In one case indeed a long passage is translated twice, the version of the third edition being inserted after that of the first without noticing that they are almost identical (p. 375, ‘N’y aurait-il pas’ to p. 377, line 5, ‘abondance’ and p. 377, ‘N’arrive-t-il donc’ to p. 378, end of the second paragraph, ‘abondance ’).

Œuvres complètes de David Ricardo traduites en français par MM. Constancio et Alc. Fonteyraud augmentées de notes de J.-B. Say, Malthus, Sismondi, Rossi, Blanqui, etc. précédées d’une notice biographique sur la vie et les travaux de l’auteur par M. Alcide Fonteyraud et d’une préface par M. Maurice Block Membre de l’Institut

Paris, Guillaumin et C^ie, Libraires, 1882

pp. xvi, xlviii, 707.

At the top of the title-page: ‘Collection des principaux économistes’. Apart from the addition of a short preface by Block, it is a reprint of the 1847 edition.

P. Beauregard—Ricardo—Rente, salaires et profits. Traduction revue par M. Formentin

Paris, Guillaumin et C^ie [1888]

16 mo, pp. 6 not numbered, xxxiv, 224 and portrait.

Forms vol. vii of the Petite bibliothèque économique française etétrangère and contains eight chapters of the Principles with an Introduction by Paul Beauregard.

GERMAN

Die Grundsätze der politischen Oekonomie oder der Staatswirtschaft und des Besteuerung. Von David Ricardo, Esq. Nebst erläuternden und kritischen Anmerkungen von J. B. Say Aus dem Englischen, und, in Beziehung auf die Anmerkungen, aus dem Franzùsischen übersetzt von Christ. Aug. Schmidt.

Weimar, im Verlage des Gr. H. S. priv. Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, 1821.

pp. viii, 584.

David Ricardo’s Grundsätze der Volkswirthschaft und der Besteuerung. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt und erläutert von Dr. Edw. Baumstark.

Erster Theil. Leipzig, Verlag von Wilh. Engelmann. 1837.

pp. xxxii, 461.

Zweiter Band. Erläuterungen. Leipzig, Verlag von Wilh. Engelmann, 1838.

pp. xii, 830.

The first volume contains the translation of the Principles, the second the commentary. The translator explains in his preface that he has used the second English edition (1819) since, despite all his efforts, the third edition proved unobtainable both in England and in Germany.

David Ricardo’s Grundgesetze der Volkswirthschaft und Besteuerung. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Dr. Ed. Baumstark. Zweite, durchgesehene, verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage.

Leipzig, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann. 1877.

pp. xxiv, 396.

The translator says in the preface that this edition is based on the third English edition, as contained in the Works, ed. by M^cCulloch.

The commentary which had formed the second volume of the earlier Baumstark edition did not appear again until it was entirely rewritten by Karl Diehl as Sozialwissenschaftliche Erläuterungen, ‘Zweite, neu verfasste Auflage’, in 2 vols., Leipzig, Engelmann, 1905 (3rd ed., 1922).

Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaft und Besteuerung Von David Ricardo. Aus dem englischen Original, und zwar nach der Ausgabe letzter Hand (3. Auflage 1821), in’s Deutsche übertragen von Ottomar Thiele und eingeleitet von Heinrich Waentig.

Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1905, pp. xi, 444.

In the second edition (Jena, Fischer, 1921) the name of Thiele disappears as translator and the title-page reads, ‘ins Deutsche übertragen und eingeleitet von Professor Dr. Heinrich Waentig’: in his preface Waentig explains that owing to the many defects of the original translation it had been found necessary to revise it thoroughly and for him to assume full responsibility for the new text.

A third edition appeared in 1923 from the same publisher.

David Ricardo’s kleinere Schriften. I. Schriften über Getreidezölle. Aus dem englischen Original ins Deutsche übertragen und eingeleitet von Professor Dr E. Leser.

Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1905, pp. xx, 125.

Contains Essays on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn and On Protection to Agriculture. There was a second edition in 1922. Although this volume is described as Part I, the second part never appeared.

David Ricardo. Der hohe Preis der Edelmetalle, ein Beweis für die Entwertung der Banknoten. (In: Ausgewählte Lesestücke zum Studium der politischen Oekonomie, herausgegeben von Karl Diehl und Paul Mombert, Band 1. Zur Lehre vom Geld, Karlsruhe, G. Braun, 1910.)

A fourth ed. of this volume appeared in 1923. Subsequent volumes of this series of ‘readings’ contain translations of single chapters of Ricardo’s Principles, and Band xvi (1923) of his Funding System.

Ricardo’s Währungsplan aus dem Jahre 1816. Übersetzt von Dr. Wilhelm Fromowitz und Dr. Fritz Machlup. (Appendix to: Die Goldkernwährung, von Dr. Fritz Machlup, Halberstadt, H. Meyer, 1925, pp. 183–203.)

This is a translation of the first part of Economical and Secure Currency.

Vorschläge für eine wirtschaftliche und sichere Währung. Von David Ricardo. Aus dem Englischen übertragen von Dr. Wilhelm Fromowitz und Dr. Fritz Machlup.

Halberstadt, H. Meyer, 1927, pp. 29.

This is a reprint of the previous item.

POLISH

Dawid Ricardo, O zasadach ekonomii politycznej i o podatku.

Vol. i, Warsaw, 1826, pp. x, 283; vol. ii, Warsaw, 1827, pp. 227.

This is a translation, by Stanislaw Kunatt, of the first English edition of the Principles. The translator was one of the two young Polish travellers whom Ricardo met on the Simplon in 1822; see above, p. 290, n.

Dawid Ricardo, Zasady ekonomji politycznej i podatkowania.

Warsaw, 1919, pp. xii, 357.

Translated by M. Bornsteinowa. Reprinted in 1929.

BELGIAN

Des Principes de l’Économie politique et de l’impot, par David Ricardo; traduit de l’anglais par F.-S. Constancio, D.M., etc. avec des notes explicatives et critiques parJ.-B. Say, membre des Académies de Saint-Pétersbourg, de Zurich, de Madrid, etc., professeur d’Économie politique a l’Athénée de Paris. Troisième édition, Revue, corrigée et augmentée d’une notice sur la vie et les écrits de Ricardo, publiée par sa famille.—

Bruxelles, H. Dumont, Libraire-éditeur.—1835.

pp. 310 [numbered i-xxii, 23–310].

This is a pirate reprint of the Paris ‘seconde édition’ of the same year; hence its claim to be a ‘troisième édition’. The text presented, however, is still that of the first London edition.

DANISH

David Ricardo: Om Nationaloeconomiens og Beskatningens Grundsatninger.

Kopenhagen, 1839.

The translator was Ludvig Sophus Fallesen (1807–1840), a mathematician.

ITALIAN

David Ricardo—Principii dell’economia politica, con note di G. B. Say, Sismondi, M^cCulloch, Blanqui, Fonteyraud. (In: Biblioteca dell’economista, Prima serie, Trattati complessivi, vol. xi, pp. 365–642.)

Torino, Stamperia dell’Unione tipografico-editrice, 1856.

An introduction by the editor, Francesco Ferrara (pp. v-lxxvii), is mainly devoted to a criticism of Ricardo’s theory of value. The translation is from the 3rd English edition.

Ricardo—Opuscoli bancarii. (In: Biblioteca dell’economista, Seconda serie, Trattati speciali, vol. vi, Moneta e suoi surrogati, pp. 197–379.)

Torino, Stamperia dell’Unione tipografico-editrice,1857.

Includes four pamphlets: Dell’alto prezzo de’ metalli preziosi; Risposta alle osservazioni pratiche del signor Bosanquet; Proposta di una circolazione monetaria economica e sicura; Disegno della istituzione di un banco nazionale.

David Ricardo—Saggio sulla influenza del basso prezzo del grano sui profitti del capitale. (In: Biblioteca dell’economista, Seconda serie, Trattati speciali, vol. ii, Agricoltura e quistioni economiche che la riguardano, pp. 1049–1072.)

Torino, Stamperia dell’Unione tipografico-editrice, 1860.

Ricardo—Intorno alla protezione accordata all’agricoltura. (In: Biblioteca dell’economista, Seconda serie, Trattati speciali, vol. viii, pp. 427–466.)

Torino, Stamperia dell’Unione tipografico-editrice, 1866.

RUSSIAN

Сочинения Давида Рикардо. Русский перевод Н. Зибера. Киев, Университетская тидография, 1875 г. (Works of David Ricardo, translated by N. Sieber. Kiev, University Press, 1875, pp. xxxiii, 327.)

500 copies were printed, according to the ‘Systematic Catalogue of Russian Books, 1875–76’ (Russian). The translator was Professor of Political Economy at the University of Kiev, and the first part of this translation had originally appeared in the ‘University Izvestia’ of 1873, Nos. 1–10 (see ‘Russian Biographical Dictionary’ of the Imperial Russian Historical Society, 1916).

Сочинения Давида Рикардо. Русский перевод Н. Зибера. Второе дополненное и исправленное издание с примечаниями от переводчика. С.-Петербург, издание Пантелеева, 1882 г. (Second edition of the preceding, completed and revised, with notes by the translator. St Petersburg, Panteleev, 1882, pp. 659.)

Contains all the writings in M^cCulloch’s edition of the Works. A third edition was published in 1897.

Давид Рикардо, Начала политической экономии. Перевод Н. В. Фабриканта. Под редакцией М. Щепкина и И. Вернера. Москва, изд. Солдатенкова, 1895 г. (Principles of Political Economy. Translated by N. V. Fabrikant. Edited by M. Shchepkin and I. Werner. Moscow, Soldatenkov, 1895.)

A volume in the ‘Library of Economists’.

Трактаты Мальтуса и Рикардо о ренте. Перевел А. Миклашевский. Юрьев, типограэия Н. Маттисена, 1908 г. (Tracts by Malthus and Ricardo on Rent. Translated by A. Miklashevsky. Dorpat, Mattisen, 1908.)

Contains on pp. 97–128 Ricardo’s Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn.

Давид Рикардо, Собрание сочинений, Перевод Н. Рязанова. С.-Петербург, 1908 г. (Collected Works, translated by N. Riazanov, St Petersburg, 1908.)

Mr. Kohanovsky, who reported this item, had seen only a first volume. This presumably consists of the translation of the Principles, which D. (alias N.) Riazanov mentions in his preface to the edition of 1929 (listed below) as having been published by ‘Zerno’ in 1908: curiously, however, it is not included in the bibliography at the end of the same 1929 edition.

Давид Рикардо, Начала политической экономии и податного обложения. Перевод с английского под редакцией Н. Рязанова. Москва, изд. ‘Звено’, 1910. (Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Translation from the English, edited by N. Riazanov. Moscow, ‘Zveno’, 1910.)

Давид Рикардо, Принципы политической экономии. Сокращенный перевод с английского, под редакцией и с историко-критическим очерком Д. Р. Черныщева. Ленинград, изд. ‘Прибой’, 1924 г. (Principles of Political Economy. Abridged translation from the English, edited with an historical and critical essay by D. R. Chernishev. Leningrad, ‘Priboy’, 1924.)

Давид Рикардо, Высокая цена слютков есть доказательство обесценения банковых билетов. Сокращенный перевод. Сборник ‘Деньги’. Москва, изд. ‘Плановое хозяйство’, 1926 г. Теоретическая экономия в отрывках, стр. 89-119. (The High Price of Bullion. Abridged translation. Collection ‘Money’. Moscow, published by ‘Planned Economy’, 1926. Theoretical Economics in Selections, pp. 89–119.)

Давид Рикардо, Экономические памфлеты. Перевод с английского под редакцией и с предисловием С. Б. Членова. Москва, изд. ‘Московский рабочий’, 1928 г. (Ricardo’s Economic Pamphlets. Translation from the English edited with an introduction by S. B. Chlenov. Moscow, published by ‘Moscow Worker’, 1928.)

Давид Рикардо, Начала политической экономии и податного обложения. Перевод, вступительная статья и примечания Г. Рязанова. Институт К. Маркса и ф. Энгельса. Государственное издательство, Москва, Ленинград, 1929 г. (Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Translated, with introduction and notes, by D. Riazanov. Marx-Engels Institute. State Publishing House, Moscow-Leningrad, 1929, pp. xxxix, 368.)

Contains a bibliography of Russian literature on Ricardo, pp. 354–366.

HUNGARIAN

Ricardo Dávid: A közgazdaságtan és adózás alapelvei. Forditotta: Láng Lajos. (The Principles, translated by L. Lang: vol. 5 of the ‘Collection of Economic Writers’.) Budapest, Pallas, 1892.

Ricardo: Levelek Malthushoz. Angolból forditották: Jónás János és gróf Eszterházy Mihály. (Letters to Malthus, translated by J. Jonas and Count M. Esterhazy: vol. xiv of the ‘Hungarian Economic Library’.)

Budapest, Grill, 1913.

JAPANESE

Essays on Currency and Finance by David Ricardo, edited by C. S. Griffin, A.M., Professor of Political Economy and Finance, Imperial University of Tokyo. Tokyo and Osaka, Maruzen Co., 1901, pp. vi, 237.

The above is an edition in English of The High Price of Bullion, Reply to Mr Bosanquet, Economical Currency, Plan for a National Bank, Funding System.

Principles of Political Economy (Chapters 1–7, 19–21, 24, 30–32), translated by Tsuneo Hori. Tokyo, Iwanami-Shoten, 1921.

Principles of Political Economy (Chapters 1–6, 21, 30), translated by Saichiro Wada. Tokyo, Uchida-Rôkakuho, 1921.

The High Price of Bullion, translated by Motoyuki Takabatake and Hiroshi Abe (a volume in the series ‘Economic Doctrines’). Tokyo, Jiryu-sha, 1925.

Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock, translated by Toyokichi Yamamoto (in ‘Studies in Economics’, vol. 4, No. 3, July 1927).

The High Price of Bullion (without the Appendix) and extracts from Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency, translated by Akeo Hashizume (in his own book ‘Theories of Money’, Chapters viii and ix). Tokyo, Nihon-Hyoronsha, 1928.

Principles of Political Economy, translated by Shinzo Koizumi (a volume in ‘Iwanami Library’). Tokyo, Iwanami-Shoten, 1928.

Principles of Political Economy, translated by Tsuneo Hori. Kyoto, Kôbundo-Shobô, 1928.

The text of the original 3rd ed. with the variants of the 1st and 2nd eds.

Principles of Political Economy, translated by Shinzo Koizumi (a volume in the series ‘Economic Classics’). Tokyo, Iwanami-Shoten, 1930.

This is a new edition of Professor Koizumi’s translation of 1928, with the addition of an introduction and notes, in which the texts of the three original editions are compared.

Ricardo’s Works on Money and Banking, translated by Shigeo Obata. Tokyo, Dôbun-kan, 1931.

This includes The Price of Gold, The High Price of Bullion, Reply to Mr Bosanquet, Economical Currency, Plan for a National Bank.

Essays on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn, Principles of Political Economy, On Protection to Agriculture, translated by Hideo Yoshida and Akira Kinoshita (a volume in the series ‘Sekai-Daishiso-Zenshu’). Tokyo, Shunjû-sha,1932.

INDIAN

Ricardo’s Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, translated into Bengali by Sudha-Kanta De (in the periodical Arthic Unnati [Economic Progress], Calcutta, 1928–30).

CHINESE

Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, by David Ricardo, translated by Tso-liang Chen. Shanghai, Hua T’ung Book Company, 1930.

Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, by David Ricardo, translated by Ta-li Kuo and Ya-nan Wang. Shanghai, Shen Chow Kuo Kuang Book Company, 1931.

Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, by David Ricardo, [English text] abridged with notes in Chinese by Chuan Shih Li. Shanghai, The Commercial Press Limited, 1931.

(B.) A Survey of Ricardo Manuscripts

The object of this section is to give a brief account of the collections of manuscripts used in the preparation of this edition. These manuscripts fall into six main groups:

• (1) The Ricardo Papers.
• (2) The Mill-Ricardo Papers.
• (3) The letters to Malthus, formerly at Albury.
• (4) The letters to Trower at University College, London.
• (5) The letters to M^cCulloch in the British Museum.
• (6) The Wilkinson Papers.

The letters to Malthus, Trower and M^cCulloch (as well as other smaller collections) are referred to in the Introduction to Volume VI, while the Wilkinson Papers have been described in the present volume, p. 109 ff. A fuller description of the Ricardo Papers and the Mill-Ricardo Papers is given in what follows.

The Ricardo Papers, the Mill-Ricardo Papers, the letters to Malthus and the Wilkinson Papers, which had been entrusted to the editor for many years, have now been presented on behalf of their respective owners to the University Library at Cambridge.

The Ricardo Papers

These consist in the main of the contents of the wooden box found by Mr. Frank Ricardo in 1930 at Bromesberrow Place, Ledbury, which had been the residence of Ricardo’s eldest son, Osman. The box had apparently been sent there from Gatcomb Park after Ricardo’s death and bears a label inscribed: ‘O. Ricardo Esq.—Papers of the late D. Ricardo Esq. M.P.’ In it was the bulk of the correspondence received by Ricardo, and also those of his own letters of which he had kept copies. Within the box, the letters were classified in eight cardboard cases, no doubt by Osman Ricardo in whose handwriting the contents of each case are described on its cover. The descriptions are as follows:

• Mill—M^cCulloch
• Malthus
• Trower
• Miscellaneous
• Miscellaneous Private
• Samson—French Stock
• Crosse—Wakefield
• Old Bills—Receipts

In addition there were a number of unclassified letters and papers lying loose in the box.

Some papers, however, escaped inclusion in the box and came to form two separate lots. The first and more important of these comprised the Notes on Malthus, the Notes on the Bullion Report, on Trotter and on Vansittart,1 the drafts of the Plan for a National Bank2 and the Commonplace Books;3 also a few stray letters. This lot was found by Mr. Frank Ricardo in 1919 and was entrusted to Professor Hollander, who, having edited with Professor Gregory the Notes on Malthus in 1928, published the rest while the present edition was in preparation; part in 1931 as a pamphlet, Letters of M^cCulloch to Ricardo, and what remained in 1932 as Ricardo’s Minor Papers on the Currency Question.

The second of the two lots mentioned above was found by Mr. Frank Ricardo at his solicitor’s towards the end of 1930: in addition to a packet pertaining to the purchase of Gatcomb Park in 1814, there was a roll of letters from a variety of Ricardo’s correspondents, including a few from Malthus and Mill, of the period October-December 1820. (This unsorted roll may well have been typical of the state in which Osman Ricardo found his father’s papers.)

Finally, the Ricardo Papers include some manuscripts which had always been known to the family: namely, the Journal of a Tour on the Continent, Ricardo’s letter to his wife from Cambridge and both sides of the correspondence between Ricardo and Maria Edgeworth.4

Most of the contents of the eight cardboard cases listed above is familiar from having been included in the present edition. In particular, the letters in the first three cases have been printed in their entirety in the volumes of Correspondence.1 A few words must be said about the rest.

In the ‘Miscellaneous’ case there are mainly letters from economists other than those separately classified. These have been printed with the Correspondence whenever Ricardo’s side has been available, and also in some instances (as with the letters from Grenfell and Tooke) even though Ricardo’s own letters were missing. Among other letters found in this case and not published are:

Two letters from Lt.-Gen. Sir Charles Gregan Craufurd, dated 27 June and 15 July 1819, on currency.

Six letters from C. H. Hancock, an old Stock Exchange friend of Ricardo, now retired from business, from Southampton, February to April 1816, mostly referring to the illness and death of his own son.

A note from Joseph Hume, 16 November 1820, on the proceedings in Parliament against the Queen.

A letter from William James, dated Reading 1 October 1812, asking for the loan of the Bullion pamphlet.

A letter from Joseph Lancaster, the educational reformer, dated Liverpool ‘2nd mo[nth] 22nd 1818’, asking for ‘a little pecuniary assistance’.

A letter from D. Macdonald, Captain, Royal Engineers, September 1820, who writes as a stranger, stating his objections to Ricardo’s Principles and requesting some explanations.

Five letters from Robert Mushet. In one of 8 September 1815 he says that he has been appointed as Melter at the Mint, an office which requires his being joined by two persons in a bond for £5000, and asks Ricardo to be one of them, hoping that Francis Horner will be the other. Four of 1823 (18 and 26 July; 8 and 16 August) are concerned with the sale by him to Pascoe Grenfell of a patent for the manufacture of copper.

Among the letters of this type which escaped classification and formed part of the lot of papers found with the Notes on Malthus the following were published in Minor Papers:

A letter from J. L. Mallet, 24 February 1823, criticising a motion on Savings Banks of which Hume had given notice in the House of Commons.

A letter from Joseph Pinsent, 30 March 1822; he has been introduced to Ricardo by Western and argues in favour of protection to agriculture.

Two letters from Condy Raguet, the American free-trader, dated Philadelphia 20 September 1820 and 19 April 1821, on banking and currency and on commercial conditions in the United States.

The case ‘Miscellaneous Private’ contains mainly letters from relatives and family friends. Among these there are two notable groups, one of 10 letters from James Hitchings, the other of 24 letters from the Smiths of Easton Grey. Of those from Hitchings two, of July and August 1815, deal with his engagement as tutor by Ricardo, while the remainder written between 1818 and 1823 after he had left Gatcomb Park are concerned with the education of the Ricardo children, first at a school kept by himself and later with the sending of Mortimer to Eton. The other group consists of 21 letters from Thomas Smith of 1818 to 1820 (four of them between December 1818 and April 1819 from Rome, Naples and Paris), and three of 1823 from his widow Elizabeth Smith. Most of the letters are of limited interest; but a Gloucester anecdote from a letter of 13 February [1818] is perhaps worth quoting: ‘At a meeting for raising a subscription for the poor, at which the Bishop and many of the Clergy made part of the Company, Mr. Crisp, the Manager of the Gloucester Theatre, came forward very liberally offering a free benefit at his Theatre, for the furtherance of the object of the meeting. Upon this, a Mr. Jacobs, a person of pre-eminent piety, arose, and said he hoped his brethren of the Committee would agree with him in refusing to accept of money flowing from so impure a source— but he hinted to the Mayor, that if he choose to receive this contribution from Mr. Crisp, he might pay it into the fund, without mentioning whence it came. I own if the Devil is to be cheated in this way, he has much less sagacity than we usually impute to him.’

The case inscribed ‘Crosse—Wakefield’ contains papers which have been drawn upon in the chapter on Ricardo’s investments and estates, above, p. 95 ff. There are 71 letters from the solicitors, Bleasdale, Lowless and Crosse (from 1821 changed to Lowless and Crosse) of Threadneedle Street, between 1814 and 1823, and also a number of statements of account. Many of the letters are signed by Thomas Crosse who seems to have been the partner who chiefly dealt with Ricardo’s business.

In the same case there are 56 letters covering the years 1815 to 1823 from Edward Wakefield, Ricardo’s land agent, on whom see above, p. 96, and also VI, xxxviii. He usually dates his letters from his office in Pall Mall, but sometimes from one or other of his clients’ estates in the country. Four letters which refer to the negotiations over the Portarlington constituency have been included in Volume VII.

The case ‘Samson—French Stock’ contains correspondence dealing with Ricardo’s investments in France (see above, p. 99 ff). There are 60 letters from Delessert & Co., 1817–1823; 32 letters from Ardoin & Co. (from 1820 Ardoin, Hubbard & Co.), 1817– 1821; and 14 letters of 1820–1823 from Samson Ricardo and two of 1822–1823 from Jacob Ricardo.

Apart from the unpublished letters the only manuscripts which perhaps deserve further mention in this survey are a dozen odd sheets of brief summaries and excerpts made by Ricardo while reading, or more probably re-reading, some writings on currency questions; they belong, as we shall presently see, to the autumn of 1809 when he was engaged in the gold-price controversy in the Morning Chronicle. The writings in question are Locke’s Further Considerations concerning Raising the Value of Money, sections of Steuart’s Principles of Political Oeconomy and of the Wealth of Nations, Lord Liverpool’s Treatise on the Coins of the Realm and Thornton’s Paper Credit. Whereas the notes on the first four of these are no more than précis, those on Thornton contain some comments by Ricardo; most of these however have been embodied in his High Price of Bullion. The chief interest of these manuscripts is as determining the period at which Ricardo undertook a study of these works on money (a matter which has been discussed above, III, 7); for most of the sheets are water-marked 1808, and two of them are letter-covers one of which (on Adam Smith) contains a reference to 5 July 1809 and the other (on Thornton) is dated 14 Oct. 1809.

Similar to these is a summary made by Ricardo of Copleston’s Second Letter to the Right Hon. Robert Peel on the Causes of the Increase of Pauperism, 1819. This is a complete ‘marginal contents’, paragraph by paragraph, carried out in accordance with the rules laid down by Mill in his letter of 1 Dec. 1815 (above, VI, 329).1

The Mill-Ricardo Papers

These are the papers of Ricardo which were in the possession of James Mill and passed at his death to his son, John Stuart Mill, and from him to his friend, J. E. Cairnes. Some account of the finding of them in 1943 at the Cairnes’ home at Raheny, Co. Dublin, has been given in the General Preface in Volume I. These papers neatly arranged in a green cloth folder were contained in a brown-paper parcel inscribed ‘Mr. David Ricardo’s Manuscripts’ and addressed in another hand ‘J. S. Mill Esq. India House City per P.D.C^y’.2 They consisted of the whole series of Ricardo’s letters to Mill and of a number of manuscripts which appear to have been sent to James Mill at Ricardo’s death, no doubt with a view to his deciding which were suitable for publication.3 Two of these were published soon after: namely, the Plan for a National Bank and the papers on Parliamentary Reform.4 The remaining manuscripts have been included in the present edition,1 with the exception of a few miscellaneous notes and jottings. Among the latter the only considerable item is a series of rough notes, covering fourteen pages of MS, made while reading Malthus’s Measure of Value. (These can be dated from the fact that two of the sheets on which they were written are old lettercovers bearing postmarks of 7 April and 7 May 1823.) The notes in question were largely used in writing the letters to Malthus of 29 April and 28 May 1823 (above, IX, 280, 297), which are devoted to a criticism of that pamphlet.

(C.) Commonplace Books

Ricardo’s ‘commonplace books’ amount to no more than some 80 pages of manuscript excerpts from books, periodicals and old Parliamentary speeches. Allusions in the Correspondence and the dates of some of the publications quoted show that these manuscripts belong to the period of intensive reading to which Ricardo applied himself, under Mill’s supervision, in the interval between publication of the Principles and his entry into Parliament. They can conveniently be divided into two groups according as they appear to belong to the year 1817 or to 1818.

Those of 1817 consist of a quarto-size writing-book, water-marked 1814, of which only 12 pages are filled (together with a separate sheet of foolscap paper, watermarked 1808, and containing further summaries of Garnier’s book); and of 8 pages of notepaper, of the same size and date as the writing-book, containing mostly extracts from Bayle. Those of 1818 consist of a quire of quarto paper, watermarked 1815, of which 40 pages are filled; and 16 pages torn from a pocket note-book.

In the following list the passages copied out by Ricardo are denoted by the first and last words, as well as by the page-references: this should enable those who wish to do so to trace the extracts without too much difficulty.

1817

(The first three groups of entries are from the writing-book, the Bayle quotations from the 8 pages of notepaper.)1

Mémoire sur la valeur des monnaies de compte des peuples de l’antiquité, by Germain Garnier, Paris, 1817 (four pages of quotations in French are in the writing-book and there are a further four foolscap pages of summary in English, with a few words of comment: all these have been printed in Ricardo’s Minor Papers, 1932, p. 121–8, and need not be described here).

Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, by Alexander von Humboldt, London, 1811 (the extracts consist of items of factual and statistical information from vol. i, pp. 100, 125, 214, 227, 229, 250, 252, 261, and vol. ii, pp. 421, 427, 477).

Voyages from Montreal, on the River St. Laurence, through the Continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans; in the Years 1789 and 1793, by Alexander Mackenzie, London, 1801(p. 151, ‘the canoe was put into the water’ to ‘hunters and interpreters’).

Pierre Bayle, Pensées diverses, 1682 (references are to the numbered paragraphs:1xlvi; lxix; lxxi; lxxxi; lxxxiv, ‘on ne voit pas’ to ‘le salut de l’ame’; lxxxviii; xci; xcix; c; cviii; cxix; cxx; cxxxiii; cxxxiv, ‘j’avoue que si l’on donnoit’ to the end; cxxxv; cxxxvi; cxxxvii; cxxxviii, ‘ce ne sont pas les opinions’ to the end; cxlvi, ‘Si le Payen n’a rien fait’ to ‘qu’il n’en ayent pas’, and ‘Je ne voudrois pas nier’ to ‘plus de profit’).

Bayle’s Dictionnaire historique et critique (article ‘Anabaptistes’, note B, ‘Les Controversistes du parti Romain’ to ‘où ils purent’; article ‘Grégoire I’, note I, ‘Cela me fait souvenir’ to ‘de tout païs’).

There follow some quotations on Church and Government from Swift’s Sentiments of a Church of England Man.

1818

(All except those mentioned in the final paragraph of this section are from the quire of quarto paper.)2

An Apology for Christianity, in a Series of Letters, addressed to Edward Gibbon, Esq.; Author of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by R. Watson, Bishop of Landaff, Cambridge, 1776(p. 86–7, ‘I think it just’ to ‘professional bias’; p. 92–6, ‘There was a time’ to ‘has preordained’).

An Apology for the Bible, in a Series of Letters, addressed to Thomas Paine, by R. Watson, London, 1796 (p. 29, ‘A philosopher’ to ‘argument’; p. 160–2, ‘But if you will’ to ‘where to find it?’; p. 367–9, ‘You are lavish’ to ‘from Christianity to Deism’).

The Second Part of Armata [by Lord Erskine], 4th ed., London, 1818 (p. 134–5, ‘Nothing indeed’ to ‘salutary fear ’; p. 137–9, ‘they are our own laws’ to ‘lost to ourselves’; p. 140, ‘Sometimes he found’ to ‘got through them’; p. 142, ‘the decisions themselves ’ to ‘suppress them’; p. 157, ‘Instead of the short’ to ‘counsellor to the King’; p. 163, ‘The Romans punished’ to ‘reaches the bottom’; p. 169, ‘But no revenue’ to ‘in the streets’).

The Natural History of Religion, in Essays and Treatises, by David Hume, New ed., Edinburgh, 1793 (p. 452, ‘We may observe’ to ‘than to the latter’; p. 464–5, ‘The duties’ to ‘he is haunted’).

The Reasonableness of Christianity, in Works of John Locke, 4th ed., London, 1740 (vol. 2, p. 575, ‘Next to the knowledge’ to ‘a strict and holy life’).

Journal of a Tour in Germany, Sweden, Russia, Poland, during the Years 1813 and 1814, by J. T. James, London, 1816 (p. 127–8, ‘when the Jemtland regiment’ to ‘entirely clear’; p. 244, ‘In England’ to ‘give a blow’).

Travels in Canada, and the United States, in 1816 and 1817, by Lieut. Francis Hall, London, 1818 (p. 493–4, ‘History tells us’ to ‘variously lodged’; p. 501–7, ‘Religious Freedom’ to ‘belongs to the Democratic Party’; p. 511–12, ‘The language of despotism’ to ‘one day to fill’; p. 513, ‘They set up’ to ‘lives and property’; p. 513–14, ‘The annals of the world’ to ‘thieves and cut throats’; p. 525–7, ‘If by Political Virtue’ to ‘bribe the People’; p. 535, ‘Governments create’ to ‘individual interests’;p. 536, ‘The American system’ to ‘forbear to create’; p. 162–3, ‘you emerge from a wood’ to ‘gros jeu of society’; p. 288–9, ‘In addition’ to ‘compelled to suffer’; p. 318–20, ‘The houses’ to ‘speaks volumes’; p. 329, ‘Such fancies’ to ‘smilingly’; p. 331, ‘for if in a free nation’ to ‘social enjoyment’; p. 430, ‘The human mind’ to ‘standard of humanity’).

J. J. Rousseau, La Nouvelle Héloïse (Ricardo used the Amsterdam 1761 edition, vols. v -vi, but the references here are toD. Mornet’s edition, Paris, 1925, vol. iv: p. 108–10, ‘C’est ainsi’ to ‘silence éternel’; p. 110, ‘Quelle horreur’ to ‘mourir la première’; p. 112, ‘Il ne dogmatise jamais’ to ‘exiger d’un citoyen’; p. 115, ‘Ah! dit-elle’ to ‘qu’il est possible!’; p. 249–50, ‘Quelque respect’ to ‘fait ainsi?’; p. 268, ‘Le Dieu que je sers’ to ‘durant ma vie’; p. 272–4, ‘Je vous avoue’ to ‘sont les méchans’;p. 276, ‘Connoissez-vous quelqu’un’ to ‘il cherche à briller’).

[There follows a short extract from The Times, 18 Sept. 1818, on the qualifications to be an elector in France.]

The Parliamentary History, vol. xxxiii (published 1818):

Fox’s speech on the Repeal of the Treason and Sedition Bills, 19 May 1797 (p. 621–2, ‘Liberty is order’ to ‘invigorating alliance’; p. 637, ‘I want either’ to ‘the public money’).

Erskine’s speech on Grey’s Motion for a Reform of Parliament, 26 May 1797 (p. 655, ‘Whilst the people’ to ‘all political subjects’;p. 656, ‘The Crown’ to ‘centuries past’).

Fox’s speech on the same Motion (p. 701, ‘But if they under-stand’ to ‘being stranded’; p. 716–17, ‘Let us try’ to ‘now constituted?’; p. 728–9, ‘When gentlemen’ to ‘in this conduct?’;p. 729, ‘Let us see’ to ‘endure them?’)

Tierney’s speech on the Assessed Taxes Bill, 4 Jan. 1798(p. 1216, ‘By a radical reform’ to ‘creation of peers’).

Fox’s speech on the same Bill (p. 1229, ‘I do not pretend’ to ‘his majesty’s councils’; p. 1233, ‘Now, what’ to ‘corrected without it’; p. 1237, ‘But you stay’ to ‘any other way’, and ‘I believe’ to ‘House of Parliament’; p. 1238, ‘But you are speaking’ to ‘its very foundation’; p. 1245–6, ‘Quite sure’ to ‘injustice’; p. 1258, ‘What is the remedy?’ to ‘voice of the people’; p. 1259, ‘This is saying’ to ‘representation of the people’;p. 1260–1, ‘We must give’ to ‘protect your freedom’).

Lord Holland’s speech in the Lords on the Assessed Taxes Bill, 9 Jan. 1798 (p. 1280, ‘They will not assist’ to ‘that they do so’;p. 1299, ‘What he wanted’ to ‘perfect concurrence’).

The Parliamentary History, vol. xxx (published 1817):

Erskine’s speech on Grey’s Motion for a Reform in Parliament, 6 May 1793 (p. 834, ‘The principle of the remedy’ to ‘was practicable’).

Fox’s speech on the same Motion, 7 May 1793 (p. 915, ‘His objection’ to ‘resist universal suffrage’).

The Parliamentary History, vol. xxviii (published 1816):

Fox’s speech on his own Motion for the Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 2 March 1790 (p. 389, ‘To suppose a man’ to ‘principle of persecution’; p. 392, ‘To judge of morals’ to ‘mode of reasoning’; p. 392, ‘They should judge’ to ‘their own conduct’;p. 397, ‘He ever should’ to ‘majority of the people’).

Works of Edmund Burke, vol. x (p. 41, ‘I never govern myself’ to ‘he may ruin his country for ever’).

Edinburgh Review, Sept. 1818, Art. I, on Madame de Staël’s ‘Considérations sur la Révolution françoise’ [by Jeffrey] (p. 283– 4, ‘All political power’ to ‘its interests and its powers’; p. 285, ‘In England there were’ to ‘the work before us’; p. 316, ‘She notices also’ to ‘virtue is consumed’).

[There follow the parallel quotations from Torrens’s article in the Edinburgh Magazine of Oct. 1818 and from his own Principles, printed above, IV, 315 ff.]

Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, Book xi, Chapter 14 (vol. i, p. 233, ‘The division into centuries’ to ‘the patricians were excluded’).

The Constitution of England, by J. L. De Lolme, London, 1775(p. 229, ‘To render ineffectual’ to ‘the multitude’).

An Historical View of the English Government, by John Millar, London, 1803 (vol. iv, p. 94–6, ‘From the time of the Revolution’ to ‘formerly reared’; the passage is quoted in Edinburgh Review, Oct. 1803, p. 174, and Ricardo gives a reference to both places. Cp. above, VII, 197, 382–3).

Edinburgh Review, July 1809, Art. I, on ‘The Plan of Reform proposed by Sir Francis Burdett’ [by Jeffrey] (p. 286–7, ‘The King, individually’ to ‘gain over or to retain’).

View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, by Henry Hallam, London, 1818 (vol. ii, p. 193, ‘Later times’ to ‘intolerable excess’).

Of the 16 pages from a pocket note-book, about half contain unidentified short quotations mainly on the subject of freedom of religious opinion. The rest is taken up by brief summaries of speeches from the Parliamentary History for the years 1790 to 1797, the same volumes as have just been mentioned. Also short quotations from Conyers Middleton’s An Examination of the Bishop of London’s Discourses concerning Prophecy, 1750 (p. 35, ‘He forgot surely’ to ‘speech and debate are free’; p. 197, ‘And happy’ to ‘which is to come’); Montesquieu’s Reflections on the Causes of the Grandeur and Declension of the Roman Empire, Chapter 13; W. Robertson’s History of Scotland; and Sir James Mackintosh’s Vindiciae Gallicae, 1791 (p. 306, ‘It is not because’ to ‘usurped her name’).

(D) Ricardo’s Library

As Ricardo had no book-plate, it is not possible even to attempt to reconstruct a complete catalogue of his library, as Dr Bonar did with Adam Smith’s. Nor probably would the result be as interesting, since Ricardo had so much less of a literary background.

When Col. Ricardo was living at Gatcombe in the 1930’s, the library was still in the room with the great bow-window in which it was said to have been in Ricardo’s time, and which can be seen at the far end of the house in the engraving reproduced in Volume VII. Only a small part of the books, perhaps 30 or 40 volumes, were of economic interest, a few of them being of a date subsequent to his death. Some had an inscription to Ricardo: these were Torrens’s Essay on Money, 1812, M^cCulloch’s Essay on the Question of Reducing the Interest of the National Debt, 1816, and Say’s Traité, 4th ed. 1819. Others bore evidence in the shape of pencilled numbers of having been used by him: Hume’s Essays and Treatises, 2 vols. 1804, Buchanan’s edition of the Wealth of Nations, 1814, Simonde’s De la richesse commerciale, 1803, the Bullion Report, 1810, Torrens’s External Corn Trade, 1815, Say’s Traité, 3rd ed. 1817, and Malthus’s Essay on Population, 5th ed. 1817. There is also little doubt that the following had belonged to him: Millar’s Origin of the Distinction of Ranks, 3rd ed. 1781, Adam Smith’s Moral Sentiments, 8th ed. 1797, Condorcet’s Life of Turgot, 1787, Œuvres de Turgot, 9 vols. 1809–11, Canard, Principes d’économie politique, 1801, Ganilh, Inquiry into the Various Systems of Political Economy, 1812, Sismondi’s Nouveaux Principes, 1819, The Trial of Lord Cochrane, ‘taken in short-hand by W. B. Gurney’, 1814, and three of Dumont’s compilations of works by Bentham, Traités de législation, Tactique des assemblées législatives and Théorie des peines et des récompenses.

There were also some pamphlets, notable for being annotated in Ricardo’s hand, which were bound with others in three volumes in calf. One of these contained Malthus’s Grounds of an Opinion, 1815, inscribed ‘From the Author’, and his Inquiry into...Rent, 1815, Ricardo’s Essay on Profits, 1815, with a few corrections (adopted in vol. IV above), and West’s Essay, 1815, with the inscription by Ricardo reproduced above, IV, 6. Another volume contained Ricardo’s High Price of Bullion, 4th ed. 1811; Huskisson’s The Question Concerning the Depreciation of our Currency Stated and Examined (1st ed.) 1810, with the following note pencilled by Ricardo on page 5: ‘The passages marked are those upon [which] I see reason to differ with the author;’1 Bosanquet’s Practical Observations on the Report of the Bullion-Committee, 1810, with pencilled notes in the margin which have been almost entirely cut off by the binder; Bosanquet’s Supplement, 1810; and Ricardo’s Reply to Bosanquet, 1811. The third volume contained The Theory of Money [Anon.], 1811, P. R. Hoare’s Reflections on the Possible Existence and Supposed Expedience of National Bankruptcy, 1811, and The Speech of Mr. Johnstone, on...Lord Stanhope’s Bill, 1811.2

There remains to mention some pamphlets which once belonged to Ricardo and which have been for some time past in public libraries. The bulk of these, bound in 14 volumes with the bookplate of Osman Ricardo, form the collection known as the Ricardo Tracts in the Goldsmiths’ Library of the University of London.3 From a catalogue-cutting loosely inserted in one of the volumes, it would appear that they were bought by Professor Foxwell in 1881, the year of Osman Ricardo’s death, from the ‘Bibliopole Frederick’ in the Brompton Road. Three of these volumes in calf bindings similar to those just described as being in the library at Gatcombe contain, two of them Bullion tracts and the other a second copy of the Bullion Report of 1810.

Of the bullion tracts one volume consists of the following:A. W. Rutherford, Hints from Holland; or, Gold Bullion as dear in Dutch Currency as in Bank-notes, in a Letter to two Merchants, London, 1811 (with marginal notes by Ricardo, mostly cut-off by the binder, but a few legible: p. 12, lines 6–8 from bottom, ‘[Who a]sserts [that] it is?’; p. 13, l. 3 from bottom, ‘but also from the same cause namely excess’; p. 14, l. 10 from bottom, ‘not [ch]ecking’; p. 47 bottom, ‘Why should any alteration in the value of g[old] in Holland estimated in silver have any eff[ect] on the price of gold in England estimated [in bank-notes]’1 ); J. L. Towers, The Expediency and Practicability of the Resumption of Cash-Payments, London, 1811, ‘From the Author’; Jasper Atkinson, A Letter to a Member of Parliament (on the Bullion Report), London, 1810; Charles Lyne, A Letter to the Right Hon. George Rose (on the high price of gold), London, 1810; I. M. Siordet, A Letter to Sir John Sinclair...on the Supposed Depreciation of our Currency, 1811, ‘From the Author’; The Principles of Currency and Exchanges, London, Dec. i, 1810, ‘by Coutts Trotter’ added in Ricardo’s handwriting.

The other volume consists of: F. P. Eliot, Observations on the Fallacy of the Supposed Depreciation of the Paper Currency, London, 1811; T. Hopkins, Bank Notes the Cause of the Dis-appearance of Guineas, London [1810] (only a few of Ricardo’s notes have escaped being cut off in binding: p. 31, l. 19, ‘Is trade disadvantageous because the balance is against us? Is money exported without an adequate return’; p. 48, l. 9–12, ‘[I de]ny [this]’, and at the bottom of the page, ‘[No] modifications of Banks can permanently [raise] or depress the value of the coin’;p. 55, l. 20, ‘There was no scarcity of gold in the coun[try] in 1797, the suspension act was not fram[ed] with the view here stated’; p. 63, l. 2–3, ‘Grea[tly] exagg[erated]’); P. R. Hoare, An Examination of Sir John Sinclair’s Observations, London, 1811; An attempt to Estimate the Increase of the Number of Poor during the Interval of 1785 and 1803...including Some Observations on the Depreciation of the Currency [by Thomas Pemberton], London, 1811, ‘With the Author’s best Respects’ (only part of one of Ricardo’s notes has survived: p. 44, l. 2, ‘the difference [is that the labourer who goes] into the service of government is an idle [consu]mer who does not reproduce what he [cons]umes, —whilst employed by the farmer he [not] only reproduced what he himself consumed [but] contributed to the support of another’).

The other eleven volumes in the Goldsmiths’ Library contain 122 miscellaneous pamphlets, many of them presentation copies to Ricardo; the majority belong to the years 1819 to 1823 and form a motley collection probably representative of what Ricardo received as a member of Parliament. Unlike the others, they were originally bound for Osman Ricardo (they include Ricardo’s posthumous Plan for a National Bank), although unfortunately recent rebinding (1939) has eliminated his book-plates. These volumes contain the annotated copy of Western’s Second Address to the Landowners, 1822, described above, V, 522 ff., and Mushet’s Enquiry into the Effects produced on the National Currency, and Rates of Exchange by the Bank Restriction Bill (1st ed.) 1810, with some MS corrections by Ricardo of the Table of exchange-rates, pp. 91, 92, 94. Among the oddments are A Digest of the Law relating to Volunteer Corps, 1803, two Unitarian sermons of 1813 and 1814, several pamphlets on the Lancaster system of education, and Observations on the Automaton Chess Player, now exhibited in London, at 4 Spring Gardens, 1819.

SUPPLEMENT TO VOLUME I
New Evidence on the Subdivision of Chapter VIII of the ‘Principles’ 1817

In the Introduction to the Principles (above, I, xxvi-xxx) the relation between the double-numbering of chapters in ed. 1 and the fact that three leaves are ‘cancels’ was discussed. It was suggested that, after the book had been printed off, Ricardo divided what had previously been Chapter VIII, Taxes on Raw Produce, into two chapters by making out of its last few pages a separate Chapter VIII*, Taxes on Rent; which involved the reprinting of those pages. It was also conjectured that the need to start the new chapter on a fresh page was met by pushing forward the existing matter into a half-empty page at the end of the original chapter.

This operation required that the binder, when folding the printed sheet, should cut off three leaves (six pages) and substitute for them three newly printed ones. The possibility was mentioned that a copy might be found in which by an oversight the original leaves had not been replaced.

Such a copy has now come to light, and confirms the hypothesis as to the cause of the cancels and as to the way in which the subdivision of the chapter was carried out. This copy has been found by Professor George J. Stigler in the Library of Columbia University1 and is referred to by him in a review-article in the American Economic Review, September 1953, p. 587 n.

In this copy the first two of the leaves that should have been cancelled (signatures P6 and P7, being pages 219–222) have been left in the original position, although slit and torn by the printer as an indication to the binder. The two leaves intended to replace them are also present in this copy, but they have been bound in near the end of the book, between the two leaves forming signature 2R. The position of the two replacement leaves, together with the fact that, as we have seen, they are ‘conjugate’ (see above, I, xxviii) suggests that they were printed together with signature 2R, forming with it a half-sheet. The replacement leaves appear to have been printed from a new setting of type, and one or two misprints have been corrected. In the case of the third leaf to be cancelled, however, P8, the substitution has been effected in the copy in question, so that the original leaf is not extant: no doubt this was because the replacement leaf, having been printed as a separate single leaf, could hardly escape the binder’s attention.

A reproduction in the original size of the four uncancelled pages is given here; and the two crucial pages (220 and 221) can be compared with the corresponding replacement-pages, a reduced facsimile of which is found above, I, xxix.

Facsimile of four cancelled pages from the Principles 1817

SUPPLEMENT TO VOLUME IV
Notes on ‘A Reply to Mr. Say’s Letters to Mr. Malthus’

[These are marginal notes written by Ricardo on his own copy of the anonymous pamphlet, A Reply to Mr. Say’s Letters to Mr. Malthus on the Subject of the Stagnation of Trade, London, J. M. Richardson, 1820, pp. iv, 60. This Reply was published in the autumn of 1820, Say’s pamphlet having reached England early in September.1 Ricardo’s copy is inscribed, ‘David Ricardo Esq^reM.P. with the Authors respects’; but the author has not been identified. Ricardo’s notes do not go beyond the first 30 pages.

These Notes have only recently come to light, and their discovery is due to Mr John Spraos. The annotated copy of the pamphlet is in the Hodgson Economic Collection in the Edinburgh University Library; it is bound in a volume with other economic tracts,2 but none of these others seems to have come from Ricardo’s library, and several are of dates subsequent to his death. It is not known how it came to be in the Hodgson collection. Acknowledgement is due to Mr Spraos and to the Librarian of Edinburgh University Library for making it available.

Short extracts or summaries of passages from the pamphlet have been prefixed in smaller type to each of Ricardo’s Notes.]

[p. 12–13] ‘Mr. Say’s position, then, is much too general: it assumes the point on which its truth depends; it takes for granted that there will be an increase of value wherever there is an increase of quantity, for on no other supposition is it true that we shall buy more in proportion as we produce more. This leads me to observe, that, in all our reasonings respecting quantity and value, we must be careful to distinguish between an increase of quantity resulting from machinery, or a better division of labour, and more skilful distribution of the same capital, and an increase arising from the employment of additional capital. In neither case can we command more labour, unless there be an increase of value’.

What is h[ere]1 meant by [an] increase [of] value. If value is m[ea]sured by [the] power of [com]manding labour, th[en the] assertion i[s, we] cannot com[mand] more labou[r] unless w[ages] comman[d] more la[bour]

[p. 17] ‘Since, however, it is a matter of general experience and notoriety, that commodities of all kinds do frequently sell below their cost, and that this great evil has, of late years, been almost universal, the main question for our consideration is, to what causes is this to be attributed? Is it the fault of Taxation? or is it the consequence of our system of Poor Laws? or is it that the Corn Bill forces us to cultivate too poor a soil? (which is Mr. Ricardo’s supposition.)’

Where h[as] Mr. Rica[rdo] made a[ny] such supp[osition?]

[p. 17–18] ‘Or are we to...conclude that when they are selling below their cost of production, it indicates an excess of supply as compared with the demand, or, in other words, an abundance of capital in proportion to revenue?’

[W]hat is meant by an abundance of capital in [pr]oportion to revenue? It means high wages or it [m]eans nothing. But high wages are high revenue to [t]he labourers and lead as certainly to demand, as the [hi]gh reve[nue] of the capitalist.

[p. 18–19] ‘With respect to the third cause, so strongly insisted upon by Mr. Ricardo,—the cultivation of poor land, it is sufficient to observe that during the war, still poorer soils were in a state of profitable cultivation, a circumstance which is quite at variance with his theory.’

This is a very proper answer to Mr. Ricardo if he had ever advanced the proposition stated, but he denies ever having done so.

[p. 19–20] In regard to Mr. Say’s view of the case, that commodities are exchanged for commodities, ‘it seems very natural to infer that an abundance of some, indicates a deficiency of others.’ [What follows is in a footnote, some words of which are underlined by Ricardo.] ‘If we ask the holders of the abundant commodities what they want, they will tell us money; if we further ask what they mean to do with the money, they will answer us, it is to purchase food, clothing, and materials for the purposes of reproduction. Are then food, clothing, and materials deficient? By no means: but it does not suit the producers of these articles to exchange them for those abundant commodities,* although it might very well suit the holders of the abundant commodities to exchange them for food and clothing. It is not the mere production of a commodity that enables it to afford a market to others. There must be some previous demand for it in the actual state of society.’

* But what does it suit them to exchange them for? If you answer, nothing; then they have produced without an object. If you name any thing, that is [the thing which the others] ought to have produced to [exchange for food and clothing.]

[p. 20–21] The system of Mr. Say is founded in error, ‘and this error consists in representing capitals as forming reciprocally markets for each other. It is not, however, true that capital affords a market to capital; for all commodities and the capital they represent are ultimately destined to be exchanged for revenue. The demand which capital makes for them is only intermediate and temporary, but never final or ultimate.’ Whatever commodity we take, ‘we shall find it matters not through how many hands it has passed, or what changes it has undergone, it must ultimately be exchanged for revenue, or the labour and capital employed in its production will be thrown away.’

Is it true that all commodities and the capit[als] they represent are ultimately destined to be exchan[ged] for revenue? The farmer who obtains 1000 q^rs. of co[rn] expends a part of it in reproduction—that part1 never exc[hanges for revenue either to him] or to the whole society. He [sows] it in the ground or he bestows it on his workmen but with a view to its being replaced with a profit. The clothier who exchanges his cloth with a foreign country for raw materials and the instruments of future production does the same.

[p. 21–22] ‘Whenever then a commodity is offering in the market below its cost, we say the supply exceeds the demand, or, in other words, the portion of revenue offered in exchange for it is less than the capital employed in its production; and when the mass of commodities in the market are selling below their natural price, it is a sign that the whole revenue offered in exchange for them is less than the capital employed to produce them.’

It can never be true that all commodities sell for less than they cost—if they did there could be no profits on capital and no interest for money. It may be true of some commodities and all I have ever said is t[ha]t it ca[nno]t be true of all—there cannot be an [...]

[p. 22–23] ‘Mr. Say and Mr. Ricardo appear to me to have fallen into a great error, when they affirm that parsimony does not diminish demand. Parsimony, whilst it increases capital, diminishes revenue, and consequently narrows and contracts that final and ultimate demand upon which all other demand depends.’

Parsimony does not diminish revenue it only transfers it to another class. No other evil c[an] arise from parsimony than a fall of profits which [...]

[p. 23, consecutive to the preceding] ‘These eminent writers have reasoned thus: Whether, say they, income be employed reproductively as a new capital, or unproductively as revenue, it equally creates demand: but had they perceived that the former species of demand is wholly subservient to the latter, is limited by it, and must ultimately terminate in it, they would have acknowledged that all conversions of revenue into capital tend to increase the supply of commodities in proportion to the demand for them.’

If labourers could be obtained in the required abundance accumulation might go on profitably for ever, but the supply of labour is sometimes not so rapid as the increase of capital1 and at others it is limited by the difficulty of procuring food.

[p. 24, n.] ‘Permanent improvements in manufactures are a benefit to the community generally. They do not give the manufacturer the power of commanding more labour or other commodities than he could before; but permanent improvements in agriculture are a benefit to the proprietor or producer: they enable him to command a greater quantity of labour and of other commodities. The reason is, that the exchangeable value of manufactures is in proportion to their cost of production; but it is the peculiar property of food that its value* is in proportion not to the labour it has cost, but to that which it can maintain, according to the rate at which it is usually maintained in the existing state of society’.

* This is true if by value is meant the power of commanding labour, but this is taking that for granted which is the subject of the dispute.

[p. 25] ‘Whatever is added to capital is taken from revenue; and it follows, that the less that is taken from it the larger will the revenue remain, and the greater will be the demand.’

This is a great error it supposes that a reven[ue] saved does not give as great a stimulus to demand, as a revenue expended as such.

[p. 26, n.] ‘Mr. Ricardo has thrown very great light on the question of profits; but I cannot agree with him, that the rate of profit is wholly* dependent on the fertility of the worst soil in cultivation’.

* I have not said so, I have said it depends on wages, and wages depend mainly on the fertility of the worst land in cultivation.

[p. 27–28] ‘Mr. Say (p. 15, 16,) in combating Mr. Sismondi’s reasoning, says, that English goods sell under their value in Italy, because there is not enough Italian produce to give in exchange for them, which evinces a want of capital in Italy. But the fact is, Italian produce is so abundant in London, that a great deal of it has been selling, and is still selling, below its cost, and such as yields any profit affords so little, that a very small addition to the quantity would sink that also below the cost of production. The same is true of the Indian trade: English goods are selling at a loss in Bengal, and Indian goods at a loss in London; and this state of things too has been universally reciprocal, a fact which is totally inexplicable to Mr. Say’s theory.’

I am as much dissatisfied as the author with M. Say’s defence of the principle which both he and I maintain1 to be true.

Corrections to the First Printing of the Previous Volumes*

VOLUME I

p. lii, l. 9 for compaint read complaint

p. 116, last line of second table, to ‘455’ attach footnote: Should be ‘445’.

p. 149, l. 24, to the word ‘they’ attach footnote: Ed. 1 ‘we’.

p. 404, n. 1, l. 3, for page ‘120’ read ‘page 120’

p. 407, n. 2 should read Eds. 1–2 do not contain ‘capital and’.

p. 429, last line of text, to the word ‘differently’ attach footnote: Since the present edition first appeared Mr Oswald St Clair has pointed out that some copies of ed. 3 contain the alternative reading ‘variously’. This is clearly a correction intended to avoid the verbal repetition, and must have been made by Ricardo while the printing of the last sheet was in progress.

VOLUME II

p. 305, l. 10 from bottom for then read them

VOLUME III

p. vii, l. 18 for Section ivread Section v

p. 261, n. 1 for 1811 read 1810

VOLUME IV

p. 235, l. 9 for proprietors read proprietors[’]

p. 235, n., l. 1 to ‘in advance’ attach footnote: ‘in advance’ is no doubt a misprint for ‘to advance’; cp. the financial measures proposed by the Government on 15 Feb. 1822, below, V, 129.

p. 405, l. 5 for value read value[,]

p. 419 first column for Editions 1–4 read Editions 1–2

VOLUME V

p. xvi, n. 2, l. 8 for Wishaw read Whishaw

VOLUME VI

p. 285, l. 2 for Change read Charge

p. 353 for Wishaw read Whishaw

VOLUME VII

p. 189, end of n. 4 for 1811 read 1801

p. 325, last but one line of text for there read these

VOLUME VIII

p. 56, end of n. 1 for H. L. Butler read H. E. Butler

p. 359, l. 6 from bottom of text for [“why not] read [“Why]

p. 390, end of n. for pp. 65–7, and cp. p. 105 read pp. 396–8 and cp. IX, 39

[1 ]Above, III, 343–78, 379–403 and 411–23.

[2 ]See above, IV, 273–4.

[3 ]See below, p. 393 ff.

[4 ]On the letters to Maria Edge-worth, which were returned to the Ricardo family, see above, VI, xxxii. It may be added that the paper in which they were folded (an old cover postmarked 20 Aug. 1823) is inscribed in Miss Edgeworth’s handwriting: ‘Ricardo’s invaluable letters’.

[1 ]In the ‘Mill-McCulloch’ case, however, there is also a paper probably in Bentham’s handwriting on the effect on profits of cultivating successive qualities of land.

[1 ]The summaries described in this and the preceding paragraph were printed in extenso in Ricardo’s Minor Papers.

[2 ]These initials stand for the London Parcels Delivery Company, which was established in 1838 (or at any rate it first appears in the Post Office Directory for that year). Thus the despatch of these papers from the Mill family home to J. S. Mill’s office must have occurred some years after the death of his father in 1836, possibly many years after, but not later than his retirement from the India House in 1858.

[3 ]On the other hand the correspondence with James Brown in 1819 had probably been sent by Ricardo himself at the time to Mill for his advice (cp. above, VIII, 100, n. 1).

[4 ]See above, IV, 274 and V, 493.

[1 ]These are as follows: ‘Absolute Value and Exchangeable Value’ (IV, 357 ff.), two of the Fragments on Torrens (IV, 309–315), a review of Blake’s pamphlet (IV, 353–6), the speech of 10 July 1822 (V, 231), and the draft letter on Peel’s Bill (V, 515 ff.).

[1 ]On Ricardo’s reading of Humboldt, Mackenzie and Bayle in September 1817, see above, VII, 189–90 and cp. 184 and 206.

[1 ]In the manuscript the references are either to the paragraphs, or to the pages of an unidentified edition, or to both, but here they have been standardised. When Ricardo copies only the title of the paragraph or gives a short summary in English, no words have been quoted.

[2 ]Ricardo had been reading Millar and Montesquieu in December 1818; see above, VII, 382–3. On the Nouvelle Héloïse, which was lent by Mill in 1818, see ib. 303 and 328.

[1 ]The passages in question are: p. 5, lines 14–16; p. 27, l. 15–17 and 25–27; p. 28, l. 1–3; p. 93, l. 19–21 and 25–32; p. 95, last 6 lines of footnote; p. 110, l. 1–2; p. 131, the whole footnote; p. 148, l. 1–6. In three places (p. 26, l. 2 from bottom and p. 27, l. 1 and 6) Ricardo substitutes the word ‘value’ for ‘price’. (It may be added that there is in R.P. a small wrapper inscribed by Ricardo ‘Remarks on Mr. Huskisson’s pamphlet’, but unfortunately it is empty.)

[2 ]These three volumes of pamphlets with about 30 other volumes from the library at Gatcombe are now in the possession of Mr. Peter W. Ricardo. The remainder of the library was dispersed when the contents of Gatcombe were sold by auction, on the instructions of Col. Ricardo, by Messrs Davis, Champion & Payne of Stroud on 3 and 4 April 1940.

[3 ]In other libraries there are the following: a volume of pamphlets, including the annotated copy of Blake’s Observations on Expenditure, 1823, and Whitmore’s Letter on Agriculture, 1823, in the Library of Somerville College, Oxford (above, IV, 326, n.2), Bassett’s Elementary Thoughts on the Bullion Question, 1820, in the Overstone Library of the University of Reading (above, VIII, 337, n. 2) and the Reply to Mr. Say’s Letters to Mr. Malthus in Edinburgh University Library, described below, p. 405.

[1 ]Cp. a note by Ricardo on a loose sheet which refers to a table on p. 27 of the same pamphlet: ‘It appears by this table that in 1797 the price of gold was in England £3. 17. 6—in 1810 it was £4. 8.— a rise of 16 pct. —What was the rise during the same period in Holland? Mr. Rutherford tells us that a marc of gold in 1797 sold in Holland for f 399.7. 8 and in 1810 for f 406. 9. 8 a rise of 1¾ pct.. How then can it be asserted that the rise in Holland in dutch currency has been equal to the rise in England in English currency. During this whole interval the price of gold in Holland was never more than 6⅝ pc higher than in 1797’ (MS in R.P.; Minor Papers, p. 229).

[1 ]Pressmark D 110 R 361. It was acquired by the Columbia Library in 1931 with the books of the economist Henry R. Seager. Acknowledgement is due to Professor Stigler for his kindness in making this copy available to the editor.

[1 ]See letter to Malthus of 4 Sept. 1820, above, VIII, 227.

[2 ]Pressmark Zp. 5. 14.

[1 ]Cut off by the binder here and below.

[1 ]‘that part’ replaces ‘it’.

[1 ]Cp. above, II, 309.

[1 ]Replaces ‘which we both maintain’.

[* ]These corrections are reflected in the 2004 Liberty Fund edition.]