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• Democracy In America,(1840), Volume Iv
• Third Part a ] Influence of Democracy On Mores Properly So Called
• Chapter 1 A: How Mores Become Milder As Conditions Become Equal
• Chapter 2 A: How Democracy Makes the Habitual Relations of the Americans Simpler and Easier B
• Chapter 3 A: Why the Americans Have So Little Susceptibility In Their Country and Show Such Susceptibility In Ours B
• Chapter 4 A: Consequences of the Three Preceding Chapters
• Chapter 5 A: How Democracy Modifies the Relationships of Servant and Master
• Chapter 6 A: How Democratic Institutions and Mores Tend to Raise the Cost and Shorten the Length of Leases
• Chapter 7 A: Influence of Democracy On Salaries
• Chapter 8 A: Influence of Democracy On the Family B
• Chapter 9 A: Education of Young Girls In the United States B
• Chapter 10 A: How the Young Girl Is Found Again In the Features of the Wife
• Chapter 11 A: How Equality of Conditions Contributes to Maintaining Good Morals In America
• Chapter 12 A: How the Americans Understand the Equality of Man and of Woman B
• Chapter 13 A: How Equality Divides the Americans Naturally Into a Multitude of Small Particular Societies B
• Chapter 14 A: Some Reflections On American Manners B
• Chapter 15 A: of the Gravity of Americans and Why It Does Not Prevent Them From Often Doing Thoughtless Things B
• Chapter 16 A: Why the National Vanity of the Americans Is More Anxious and More Quarrelsome Than That of the English B
• Chapter 17 A: How the Appearance of Society In the United States Is At the Very Same Time Agitated and Monotonous B
• Chapter 18 A: of Honor In the United States and In Democratic Societies 1
• Chapter 19 A: Why In the United States You Find So Many Ambitious Men and So Few Great Ambitions B
• Chapter 20 A: of Positions Becoming an Industry Among Certain Democratic Nations
• Chapter 21 A: Why Great Revolutions Will Become Rare B
• Chapter 22 A: Why Democratic Peoples Naturally Desire Peace and Democratic Armies Naturally Desire War
• Chapter 23 A: Which Class, In Democratic Armies, Is the Most Warlike and the Most Revolutionary
• Chapter 24 A: What Makes Democratic Armies Weaker Than Other Armies While Beginning a Military Campaign and More Formidable When the War Is Prolonged B
• Chapter 25 A: of Discipline In Democratic Armies
• Chapter 26 A: Some Considerations On War In Democratic Societies
• Fourth Part a ] of the Influence That Democratic Ideas and Sentiments Exercise On Political Society B
• Chapter 1: Equality Naturally Gives Men the Taste For Free Institutions
• Chapter 2 A: That the Ideas of Democratic Peoples In Matters of Government Naturally Favor the Concentration of Powers B
• Chapter 3: That the Sentiments of Democratic Peoples Are In Agreement With Their Ideas For Bringing Them to Concentrate Power a
• Chapter 4 A: of Some Particular and Accidental Causes That End Up Leading a Democratic People to Centralize Power Or That Turn Them Away From Doing So B
• Chapter 5: That Among the European Nations of Today the Sovereign Power Increases Although Sovereigns Are Less Stable a
• Chapter 6: What Type of Despotism Democratic Nations Have to Fear a
• Chapter 7 A: Continuation of the Preceding Chapters
• Chapter 8 A: General View of the Subject B
• Notes
• Appendix 1: Journey to Lake Oneida a
• Appendix 2: A Fortnight In the Wilderness a
• Appendix 3: Sects In America a
• Appendix 4: Political Activity In America a
• Appendix 5: Letter of Alexis De Tocqueville to Charles Stoffels
• Appendix 6: Foreword to the Twelfth Edition
• Ouvrages Utilisés Par Tocqueville [ Works Used By Tocqueville ]
• Bibliographie [ Bibliography ]

Aristocracy of birth and pure democracy are at the two extremes of the social and political state of nations; in the middle is found the aristocracy of money:a the latter is close to the aristocracy of birth in that it confers great privileges on a small number of citizens; it is close to democracy in that the privileges can be successively acquired by all; it often forms like a natural transition between these two things, and you cannot say if it brings the reign of aristocratic institutions to an end, or if it already opens the new era of democracy.

I find in the journal of my trip the following piece, which will completely reveal the trials to which the women of America who agree to accompany their husbands into the wilderness are subjected. There is nothing that commends this picture to the reader except its great truth.b

The human idea of unity is almost always sterile; that of God, immensely fruitful. Men think to attest to their grandeur by simplifying the means. It is the purpose of God which is simple, His means vary infinitely.c

appendix 6

Foreword to the Twelfth Edition

However great and sudden the events that have just been accomplished in a moment before our eyes may be, the author of the present work has the right to say that he was not surprised by them. This book was written, fifteen years ago, with the constant preoccupation of a single thought: the impending, irresistible, universal advent of democracy in the world. May it be reread. You will find on each page a solemn warning that reminds men that society is changing form; humanity, changing condition; and that new destinies are approaching.

At the beginning these words were written:

The man who, in the presence of a monarchy strengthened rather than weakened by the July Revolution, wrote these lines made prophetic by events, can again today call the attention of the public to his work without fear.

You must allow him as well to add that current circumstances give his book a timely interest and a practical utility that it did not have when it appeared for the first time.

Royalty existed then. Today it is destroyed. The institutions of America, which were only a subject of curiosity for monarchical France, must be a subject of study for republican France. It is not force alone that establishes a new government; it is good laws. After the combatant, the legislator. The one has destroyed, the other establishes. Each has his work. If it is no longer a matter of knowing if we will have royalty or the Republic in France, it remains for us to learn if we will have an agitated or a tranquil Republic, a regular or an irregular Republic, a liberal or an oppressive Republic, a Republic that threatens the sacred rights of property and of family or a Republic that acknowledges and consecrates them. A terrible problem, whose solution is important not only to France, but to the whole civilized world. If we save ourselves, we save at the same time all the peoples who are around us. If we are lost, all of them are lost with us, Depending on whether we will have democratic liberty or democratic tyranny, the destiny of the world will be different, and you can say that today it depends on us whether the Republic ends up being established everywhere or abolished everywhere.

Now, this problem that we have only just posed, America resolved more than sixty years ago. For sixty years, the principle of sovereignty of the people that we enthroned yesterday among us, has reigned there undivided. It is put into practice there in the most direct, the most unlimited, the most absolute manner. For sixty years the people who have made it the common source of all their laws, have grown constantly in population, in territory, in wealth, and note it well, they have found themselves to have been, during this period, not only the most prosperous, but the most stable of all the peoples of the earth. While all the nations of Europe were ravaged by war or torn apart by civil discords, the American people alone in the civilized world remained at peace. Nearly all of Europe was turned upside down by revolutions; America did not even have riots; the Republic there was not disruptive, but conservative of all rights; individual property had more guarantees there than in any country in the world; anarchy remained as unknown as despotism.

Where else could we find greater hopes and greater lessons? Let us not turn our attention toward America in order to copy slavishly the institutions that it has given itself, but in order to understand better those that are suitable for us, less to draw examples from America than instruction, to borrow the principles rather than the details of its laws. The laws of the French Republic can and must, in many cases, be different from those that govern the United States, but the principles on which the American constitutions rest, these principles of order, of balance of powers, of true liberty, of sincere and profound respect for law are indispensable to all Republics; they must be common to all, and you can say in advance that wherever they are not found, the Republic will soon cease to exist. 1848.

Ouvrages utilisés par Tocqueville [Works Used by Tocqueville]

Cet appendice contient les ouvrages cités par Tocqueville dans son livre et ceux qui apparaissent dans ses notes et brouillons (nous les avons fait précéder de *). Dans les papiers de Tocqueville, on trouve deux bibliographies (YTC, CIIa et CIIba qui, en plus de certaines références, permettent d’identifier les éditions qu’il a utilisées. Nous avons également repris les éditions du catalogue de la bibliothèque du château de Tocqueville (YTC, AIe) quand cela aété possible. Dans les autres cas, nous citons la première édition des ouvrages.

L’inclusion d’un ouvrage dans la liste n’indique pas nécessairement qu’il a servi au travail de rédaction. Tocqueville s’est parfois intéressé à des textes qu’il n’a pas pu obtenir à la Bibliothèque Royale ou il a pris note d’un livre qu’on lui recommandait et ne l’a jamais lu. Certains livres ont beaucoup marqué la Démocratie, tels le traité d’économie politique de Villeneuve-Bargemont ou le Discours sur l’origine de l’inégalité de Rousseau. S’ils ne se trouvent pas mentionnés dans cette liste, c’est évidemment que Tocqueville ne les cite pas.

La bibliothèque du château conserve aussi un certain nombre de brochures, de discours et d’imprimés que l’auteur a reçus pendant son voyage en Amérique. Ces textes non découpés n’ont jamaisété lus par Tocqueville.b La plus grande partie de ces ouvrages ne figurent pas dans cette liste. Nous citons néanmoins ceux qui ont assez intéressé Tocqueville pour que leur couverture porte des remarques et des annotations de sa main.

This appendix contains the works cited by Tocqueville in his book and those that appear in his notes and drafts (I have preceded them with *). In Tocqueville’s papers are found two bibliographies (YTC, CIIa and CIIba ) which, in addition to certain references, allow us to identify the editions that he used. I have as well gone back when possible to the editions of the catalogue of the library of the Tocqueville château (YTC, AIe). In other cases, I cite the first edition of the works.

The inclusion of a work in the list does not necessarily indicate that it was used in the work of writing. Tocqueville was sometimes interested in texts that he was not able to obtain from the Royal Library, or he took note of a book recommended to him and never read it. Certain books greatly influenced the Democracy, such as the treatise on political economy of Villeneuve-Bargement or Rousseau’s Discours sur l’origine de l’inégalité. If they are not mentioned in this list, it is clearly because Tocqueville does not cite them.

The library of the château also preserves a certain number of brochures, speeches, and printed materials that the author received during his journey in America. These uncut texts were never read by Tocqueville.b Most of these works do not appear in this list. I nonetheless cite those that interested Tocqueville enough so that their covers bear marks and annotations in his hand.

• * [A. C. T., “Mouvement de la presse française en 1836,” Revue des deux mondes, 4^e série, X, 1837, pp. 453-98.]
• Abridged History of the United States. [Peut-être/Maybe: Hosea Hildreth, AnAbridged History of the United States of America. Boston: Carter, Hendee and Babcock, 1831.]
• An Account of the Church of Christ in Plymouth. [Dans/In: Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society for the Year 1795. Boston: Printed by Samuel Hall, 1795. IV, pp. 107-41.]
• Adair, History of the American Indians. [James Adair, The History of the American Indians . . . London: Printed for Edward and Charles Dilly, 1775.]
• * John Quincy Adams, President Quincy’s Centennial Address. Boston, 1830.
• * Address of the Convention to the People of the United States.
• * Allen Biographical Dictionary. [William Allen, An American Biographical and Historical Dictionary . . . Cambridge (Massachusetts), 1809; Boston: William Hyde, 1832.]
• * Almanach royal, 1833. [Almanach royal et national pour l’an 1833 . . . Paris: Guyot et Scribe, 1833.]
• American Almanac. [The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge. Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1829-[61]. Tocqueville cite les volumes de/Tocqueville cites the volumes of 1831, 1832, 1833 et/and 1834.]
• * American Annual Register, 1827-1835. [[Joseph Blunt,] The American Annual Register. New York: G. and C. Carvill, 1827. New York: E. and G. W. Blunt, 1828-1830.]
• American Constitution. [L’édition du Fédéraliste employée par Tocqueville reproduit le texte de la Constitution américaine, mais Tocqueville cite une autre source/The edition of the Federalist used by Tocqueville reproduces the text of the American constitution, but Tocqueville quotes another source.]
• * American Medical and Philosophical Register. [American Medical and Philosophical Register, or Annals of Medicine, Natural History, Agriculture and the Arts, conducted by a society of Gentlemen [David Hosack and Benjamin Rush entre autres/among others]. New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1811-14. 4 vols.]
• * American Monthly Review. [Peut-être celle publiée entre 1832 et 1834 par/maybe the one published between 1832 and 1834 by Hillard, Gray and Co., Boston. 4 vols.]
• * American Quarterly Review, septembre 1831. [Tocqueville semble avoirété intéressé par le compte-rendu de/Tocqueville seems to have been interested in the review of: Notices of Brazil in 1828 and 1829, by the Rev. R. Walsh, London, 1830. 2 vols.]
• * The Anniversary Report of the Pennsylvania Society for Discouraging the Use of Ardent Spirits, 1831. [Peut-être/Maybe: The Anniversary Report of the Managers of the Pennsylvania Society for Discouraging the Use of Ardent Spirits, Read on the 27th May 1831. Philadelphia: Henry H. Porter, 1831.]
• * Annual Law Register. Voir/See Griffith.
• * Annual Report of the Apprentices’ Library Company of Philadelphia [Probablement/Probably: Annual Report and the Treasurer’s Account of the Apprentices’ Library Company of Philadelphia. March, 1831. “Modèle d’associations charitables,” note Tocqueville/“Model of charitable associations,” notes Tocqueville.].
• * Annuaire Militaire de 1834.
• * Marquis d’Argenson. [Considérations sur le Gouvernement de la France. Amsterdam [Paris]: Chez Marc-Michel Rey, 1765.]
• * Francis Bacon, Nouvel organe.
• * Edward Baines. [History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain. London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher & P. Jackson, 1835.]
• * [Odilon Barrot, “[Discours],” Journal des débats, 1 mars 1834.]
• * Heliza Bates, The Doctrine of Friends. [Elisha Bates, The Doctrines of Friends, or Principles of the Christian Religion as Held by the Society of Friends, Commonly Called Quakers. Mountpleasant (Ohio): printed by the author, 1825.]
• * Beccaria [Traité des délits et des peines . . . Philadelphia [Paris], 1766.].
• Jeremy Belknap, History of New Hampshire, Boston, Philadelphia: 1784-92. 3vols.
• Jeremy Belknap, [“Queries Respecting the Slavery and Emancipation of the Negroes in Massachusetts, Proposed by the Hon. Judge Tucker of Virginia, and Answered by the Rev. Dr. Belknap,” dans/in: Massachusetts Historical Collection, IV, p. 191-211].
• Bell, Rapport sur les affaires indiennes, 24 février 1830. [John Bell, Removal of Indians. February 24, 1830, [Documents of the House of Representatives,21st Congress].]
• Beverley, History of Virginia from the Earliest Period. Traduit en français en 1707/Translated into French in 1707. [Robert Beverley, Histoire de la Virginie. Paris: Pierre Ribou, 1707.]
• Blackstone. [Commentaries on the Laws of England. Tocqueville le juge un écrivain médiocre, incapable d’un jugement profond/Tocqueville considers him a mediocre writer, incapable of a profound judgment.]
• Blosseville, Mémoires de Tanner. [Mémoires de John Tanner. Traduit par Ernest de Blosseville/Translated by Ernest de Blosseville. Paris: A. Bertrand, 1835. 2 vols.]
• * Joseph Blunt, A Historical Sketch of the Formation of the Confederacy. [A Historical Sketch of the Formation of the Confederacy, Particularly with Reference to the Provincial Limits and the Jurisdiction of the General Government over Indian Tribes and the Public Territory. New York: Geo. & Chas. Carvill, 1825. “Curieux pour connaître les principes du gouvernement fédéral de l’Union”/“Interesting for knowing the principles of the federal government of the Union.”]
• * Blunt, Joseph. Voir/See: American Annual Register.
• * Boissy d’Anglas, François Antoine comte de, Essai sur la vie, les écrits et les opinions de M. de Malesherbes. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz, 1819-21. 2 vols.
• * Bossuet, Discours sur l’histoire universelle, depuis le commencement du monde jusqu’à l’empire de Charlemagne, avec la suite jusqu’à l’année 1700, 1756. [Nous n’avons pas trouvé l’édition de 1756 mentionnée dans le catalogue de la bibliothèque du château de Tocqueville. Il s’agit peut-être de l’édition de Babuty fils, Paris, 1765. 2 vols./I have not found the edition of 1756 mentioned in the catalogue of the library of the Tocqueville château. Perhaps it is the edition of Babuty fils, Paris, 1765. 2 vols.]
• * Bossuet, Histoire des variations des églises protestantes. Paris: G. Desprez et J. Dessesartz, 1730. 4 vols.
• [Boston] Nineteenth Annual Report of the Receipts and Expenses of the City of Boston and County of Suffolk. 1 May 1831.
• Brevard’s Digest of the Public Statute Law of South Carolina. [Joseph Brevard, An Alphabetical Digest of the Public Statute Law of South Carolina. Charleston (South Carolina): John Hoff, 1814.]
• * Buffon, Histoire naturelle générale et particulière. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1769-1781. 13 vols.
• * Buffon, Histoire naturelle des oiseaux. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1770-83. 9 vols.
• * Burke (mot illisible) Register. [The Annual Register of World Events; A Review of the Year. London, New York: Longmans, Green, 1758-1963. Edité par E. Burke jusqu’à 1791/Edited by E. Burke until 1791.]
• Lord Byron, Childe Harold.
• * Lord Byron, [Correspondance de lord Byron avec un ami . . . Paris: A. and W. Calignani, 1825. 2 vols].
• * Candolle. [Tocqueville mentionne un ouvrage de Candolle sur l’or et l’argent. Il s’agit peut-être de/Tocqueville mentions a work by Candolle on gold and money. Perhaps it is Alphonse de Candolle, Les caisses d’épargne de la Suisse considérées en elles-mêmes et comparées avec celles d’autres pays . . . Genève: A. Cherbuliez et Cie., 1838.]
• Carey, Letters on the Colonization Society. Philadelphia, 1833. [Mathew Carey,Letters on the Colonization Society . . . 7^eédition. Philadelphia: Sterotyped by L. Johnson, 1833.]
• Caroline du Sud. Rapport fait à la convocation de la Caroline du Sud. Ordonnance de nullification du 24 novembre 1832. [Il y a plusieurs éditions de ce document. Tocqueville aurait pu consulter/There are several editions of this document. Tocqueville could have consulted: The Report, Ordinance, and Addresses of the Convention of the People of South Carolina. Adopted, November 24th, 1832.Columbia (South Carolina): A. S. Johnston, 1832.]
• Cass. Voir/see Clark.
• Chalmer. [Probablement/probably, Lionel Chalmers, An Account of the Weather and Diseases of South Carolina. London: Edward and Charles Dilly, 1776. 2 vols.]
• * “[Chambre des députés, discussion sur la loi de compétences départamentales/ Chamber of Deputies, discussion of the law on departmental jurisdiction],”Journal des débats, 7 mars 1838.
• * William Ellery Channing, Discourses, Reviews and Miscellaneous. 1 vol. [William Ellery Channing, Discourses, Reviews and Miscellanies. Boston: Carter, Hender and Co., 1830. 2 vols.]
• Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France. [Pierre-François Charlevoix, Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle France . . . Paris: Chez Nyon Fils, 1744.]
• Chateaubriand, René.
• * Chateaubriand, [Essai sur la littérature anglaise. Paris: Charles Gosselin et Furne, 1836. 2 vols].
• Clark et Cass. Rapports du 4 février 1829, 29 novembre 1823 et 19 novembre 1829/Reports of 4 February 1829, 29 November 1823 and 19 November 1829.
• * De Witt Clinton, Memoirs of De Witt Clinton [New York: J. Seymour, 1829]. Voir/See David Hossak.
• Code of 1650. Hartford, 1830. [The Code of 1650 . . . Hartford (Connecticut): S. Andrus, 1830.]
• * [Auguste Colin, “Lettres sur l’Egypte—Administration territoriale du Pacha,” Revue des deux mondes, XIII, 1838, pp. 655-71.]
• Companion to the Almanac for 1830. [Companion to the Almanac; or Year-Book of General Information. London: Stationers’ Co., 1830.]
• Compte général de l’Administration des Finances, [Paris, 1808-. Le titre change à l’occasion/The title changes on occasion ].
• Connecticut. Constitution de 1638. [Les citations de Tocqueville appartiennent au Code of 1650, qui reproduit la Constitution de 1638 aux pages 11-19/Tocqueville’s quotations are from the Code of 1650, which reproduces the constitution of 1638 on pages 11-19.]
• John Cook. [Voir/See Look]
• * [James Fenimore Cooper, Excursion in Switzerland. Paris: A. and W. Calignani and Co., 1836; et/and Baudry, 1836.]
• * [James Fenimore Cooper, Letter of J. Fenimore Cooper to Gen. Lafayette, on the Expenditure of the United States of America. Paris: Baudry, 1831.]
• * [James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans; Picked up by a Travelling Bachelor. London: Henry Colburn, 1828. 2 vols. Dans ses notes, Tocqueville cite l’édition anglaise, mais il a acheté avant son départ la version française publiée sous le titre/In his notes, Tocqueville cites the English edition, but before his departure he bought the French version published with the title: Lettres sur les mœurs et les institutions des États-Unis de l’Amérique du Nord. Paris: A. J. Kilian, 1828. 4 vols en 2.]
• Darby’s View of the United States. [William Darby, View of the United States, Historical, Geographical, and Statistical . . . Philadelphia: H. S. Tanner, 1828. “Cet ouvrage est estimé mais déjà ancien, il date de 1828.”/“This work is respected but already old; it dates from 1828.” ]
• * A Practical Treatise of the Peace in Criminal Jurisdiction, by Davis. [Daniel Davis, A Practical Treatise upon the Authority and Duty of Justices of the Peace in Criminal Prosecutions. Boston: Cummings, Hilliard, 1824. Tocqueville jugeait curieux pour la procédure civile ce texte estimé/Tocqueville considered this respected text interesting for civil procedure.]
• Delolme [voir/see de Lolme].
• Descouritz. [Michel Etienne Descourtilz, Voyages d’un naturaliste et ses observations . . . Paris: Dufart Père, 1809. 3 vols.]
• Documents législatifs. [Voir U.S. Congress. Legislative documents.]
• * Douglas, Histoire générale des colonies. Douglas’ Summary, 1775. [William Douglass, A Summary, Historical and Political of the First Planting, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North America.London: R. Baldwin, 1755. 2 vols. Nous n’avons pas pu trouver l’édition de 1775/I have not been able to find the edition of 1775.]
• * William Alexander Duer, Outlines of the Constitutional Jurisprudence of the United States. [New York: Collins and Hanny, 1833.]
• * Dufresne de St. Léon,Étude du crédit public. [Dufresne de Saint-Léon, Louis-César-Alexandre,Étude du crédit public et des dettes publiques. Paris: Bossangue Père, 1824.]
• Duponceau, Correspondance avec le Rvd. Heckewelder. [Voir/See Heckewelder]
• * Durand, de Dauphiné, Voyages d’un François, exilé pour la religion, avec une description de la Virginie & Marilan dans l’Amérique. [La Haye, [imprimé par l’auteur], 1696.]
• * F. S. Eastman, History of the State of New-York. [New York: E. Bliss, 1828.]
• * Elliot’s Pocket Almanac of the Federal Government. 1832. [Elliot’s Washington Pocket Almanac. Washington: S. A. Eliot [sic ]. “Assez curieux comme présentant le tableau des rouages administratifs du gouvernement central.”/“Quite interesting for presenting the picture of the administrative machinery of the central government.” ]
• Emerson’s Medical Statistics. [Gouverneur Emerson, Medical Statistics,Consisting of Estimates Relating to the Population of Philadelphia, with its Changes as Influenced by the Deaths and Births, During Ten Years, viz. from 1821 to 1830, Inclusive. Philadelphia: Joseph R. A. Kenett, 1831. 32 pp.]
• Encyclopedia americana. [Reçue de Francis Lieber/Received from Francis Lieber.]
• * Encyclopédie
• LesÉvangiles.
• Everett. [Edward Everett, Speech of Mr. Everett, of Massachusetts, on the Bill for Removing the Indians from the East to the West Side of the Mississippi, Delivered . . . 19th of May, 1830: Boston, 1830.]
• * Extracts from the Ancient Roads [Records] of New Haven. [Fait partie du Code of 1650/Part of the Code of 1650.]
• * Extrait du bulletin de la Sociétédegéographie. Tableau de la population des États-Unis d’après les différents recensements exécutés par ordre du gouvernement.
• * The Fashionable Tour. [[Gideon Miner Davidson,] The Fashionable Tour. A Guide to Travellers Visiting the Middle and Northern States and the Province of Canada. 4^e édition. Saratoga Springs and NewYork, 1830.]
• Le Fédéraliste. [The Federalist. Washington: Thomson & Homans, 1831.(Édition identifiée par James T. Schleifer/Edition identified by James T. Schleifer ). Au début de 1835, Tocqueville a également employée l’édition française de Buisson ..., Paris, 1792. 2 vols./(Edition identified by James T. Schleifer.) At the beginning of 1835, Tocqueville also used the French edition of Buisson ..., Paris, 1792. 2 vols.]
• * Fisher, Pauperism and Crime. 1831 [W. L. Fisher, Pauperism and Crime. Philadelphia: The Author, 1831].
• Fischer, Conjectures sur l’origine des Américains. [Jean-Eberhard Fischer, De l’origine des Américains. Saint-Petersburg, 1771.]
• Peter Force, The National Calendar, and Annals of the United States, for 1833. Washington: Printed and Published by Peter Force, [1833].
• * Franklin, An Historical Review of the Constitutions of Pennsylvania. 1759. [Benjamin Franklin, An Historical Review of the Constitutions of Pennsylvania . . .London: R. Griffiths, 1759.]
• * Gallatin, Considerations of the Currency and Banking System of the United States. [Albert Gallatin, Considerations on the Currency and Banking System of the United States. Philadelphia: Carey & Lea, 1831.]
• * Gallatin. Voir/See: *Memorial of the Committee of the Free Trade Convention Held in Philadelphia, October 1831.
• Geisberg. Voir/See: Zeisberger.
• Isaac Godwin, The Town Officer. [Isaac Goodwin, Town Officer; or Laws of Massachusetts Relative to the Duties of Municipal Officer . . . Worcester (Massachusetts): Dorr and Howland, 1829.]
• * Daniel Gookin, Historical Collections of the Indians in New England. 1792. [Dans/In Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. For the Year 1792.Boston, 1792. I, pp. 141-226.]
• * Miss Grant, The American Lady. [[Anne Grant,] Memoirs of an American Lady. London: Longman, 1808, et nombreuses rééditions/and many reprints.]
• * William Griffith, Annual Law Register of the United States. [Burlington (New Jersey): David Allinson, 1822.]
• * [Friedrich M. Grimm, Nouveaux mémoires secrets et inédits historiques, politiques, anecdotiques et littéraires . . . Paris: Lerouge-Wolf, 1834. 2 vols.]
• * [François Guizot, “De la religion dans les sociétés modernes,” L’Université catholique, 5 (27), mars 1838, pp. 231-40.]
• * [François Guizot, Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe.]
• Ebenezer Hazard, Historical Collection of State Papers and Other Authentic Documents Intended as Materials for an History of the United States of America.Philadelphia, 1792. [Philadelphia: Printed by T. Dobson for the author, 1792-94.]
• * John Heckewelder, Historical Account of the Indian Nature. 1 vol. [“An Account of the History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . . . Philadelphia: A. Small, 1819-43. I, pp. 3-347.]
• John Heckewelder, Transactions of the American Philosophical Review. [American Philosophical Society, Transactions of the Historical and Literary Committee of the American Philosophical Society . . . Philadelphia: A. Small, 1819-43. 3 vols. Le volume I, pages 351-448, contient/Volume I, pages 351-448, includes: “Correspondence between Mr. Heckewelder and Mr. Duponceau, on the Languages of the American Indians.” “Très curieux sur les langues indiennes, les mœurs et l’histoire des Indiens.”/“Very interesting on the Indian languages, the mores and the history of the Indians.” ]
• *Père Hennepin, Nouveau voyage dans la Mer du Sud et du Nord. Utrecht, 1698. [Il semble que Tocqueville n’ait pas lu cet ouvrage/It seems that Tocqueville did not read this work.]
• * Hinton, History US. [John Howard Hinton ed., The History and Topography of the United States. Jennings & Chaplin & J. T. Hinton, 1830-33. 2 vols.]
• * David Hosack, Essays on various Subjects of Medical Science. 3 vols. [New York: J. Seymour, 1824-30. 3 vols.]
• * David Hosack, Memoirs of De Witt Clinton [New York: J. Seymour, 1829.]
• * David Hosack. Voir/See American Medical and Philosophical Register.
• * John Howard, Memoirs of John Howard. [Probablement/probably Thomas Taylor, Memoirs of John Howard. London: John Hatchard and Son, 1836.]
• Hutchinson, Histoire. [Thomas Hutchinson, The History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts-Bay . . . 2^eédition/second edition. London: Mr. Richardson, 1765.]
• Jefferson, Correspondance de Jefferson par Conseil. [Louis Conseil, Mélanges politiques et philosophiques extraits des mémoires et de la correspondance de Thomas Jefferson . . . Paris: Paulin, 1833.]
• Jefferson, Lettres à Madison. [Dans l’édition de Conseil/In Conseil’s edition.]
• Jefferson, Mémoires. [Fragments de l’édition de Conseil/Fragments fromConseil’s edition.]
• Jefferson, Notes sur la Virginie. [Thomas Jefferson, Observations sur la Virginie. Traduites par l’abbé Morellet/Translated by the Abbé Morellet. Paris: Barrois, l’aîné, 1786.]
• * Johnson, Wonder-working Providence of Sions Saviour in New England. London. [“Wonder-working Providence of Sions Saviour. Being a Relation of the First Planting in New England, in the Yeere, 1628,” dans/in: Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, II, pp. 51-95; III, pp. 123-61; IV, pp. 1-51; VII, pp. 1-58; VIII, pp. 1-39.]
• * Journal des débats, 1 mars 1834. Voir/See Odilon Barrot.
• * Journal des débats, 22 janvier 1836. [Sur la Pennsylvanie et ses communication, spécialement les chemins de fer/On Pennsylvania and its communication networks, especially the railroads.]
• * Journal des débats, 27 janvier 1836. [Sur la banque américaine et sa réaction après l’incendie de New York/On the American bank and its reaction after the New York conflagration.]
• * Journal des débats, 7 mars 1838. Voir/See “Chambre des députés.”
• * Kempis, Imitation de Jésus-Christ.
• Kent’s Commentaries. [James Kent, Commentaries on American Law. New York: O. Halsted, 1826. 4 vols.]
• * La Bruyère. [Les caractères de Théophraste et de La Bruyère avec des notes par Mr. Coste. Paris: L. Prault, 1769. 2 vols.]
• Lafayette, Mémoires. [Marquis de Lafayette, Mémoires, correspondance et manuscrits du général Lafayette. Paris: H. Fournier aîné, 1837-38. 6 vols. Nous avons fait remarquer que la citation des mémoires pourrait provenir de l’article de Sainte-Beuve/I have noted that the quotation from the memoirs could have come from the article by Sainte-Beuve, “Mémoires de Lafayette,” Revue des deux mondes, 4^e série, 15, 1838, pp. 355-81.]
• * Lafayette. [Le général Lafayette à ses collègues de la Chambre des députés. Paris: Paulin, 1832.]
• * La Hontan. [Voyages du Baron de La Hontan dans l’Amérique septentrionale. Amsterdam: F. l’Honoré, 1705.]
• * La Hontan. [Nouveaux voyages de Mr. le baron de la Hontan en Amérique septentrionale. La Haye: F. l’Honoré, 1703.]
• * La Luzerne, César-Henri comte de, Correspondence of C. A. de La Luzerne,dans/in Jared Sparks, The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution. Boston 1830. Vols. X et XI. Identifié par/Identified by George W. Pierson.
• Lamartine, Jocelyn.
• * La Rochefoucault Liancourt, Voyage dans les États-Unis. [Voyage dans les États-Unis d’Amérique, fait en 1795, 1796 et 1797. Paris: Du Pont, Buisson, Charles Pougens, [1799]. 8 vols.]
• John Lawson, The History of Carolina. [John Lawson, The History of Carolina ... London: T. Warner, 1718.]
• Lepage-Dupratz, Histoire de la Louisiane. [Antoine Simon Le Page Du Pratz, Histoire de la Louisiane . . . Paris: De Bure, 1758. 3 vols.]
• * Letter to the Mechanics of Boston. [[Joseph Tuckerman,] Letter to the Mechanics of Boston, Respecting the Formation of a City Temperance Society . . . Boston: Published by the Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, 1831. “Contenant des détails curieux sur les diverses sociétés de tempérance.” Auteur identifié par George W. Pierson. L’ouvrage est cité aussi dans le Système pénitentiaire./“Containing interesting details on the various temperance societies.” Author identified by George W. Pierson. Cited also in the Penitentiary System.]
• * Lettresédifiantes. [Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des missionsétrangères par quelques missionaires de la compagnie de Jésus.]
• * Christophe Level Voyage into New England, 1623-1624. [Christopher Levett, A Voyage into New England, Began in 1623 and Ended in 1624 . . . London: William Jones, 1628.]
• De Lolme. [Jean Louis de Lolme, The Constitution of England.]
• Long’s Expedition. [Stephen H. Long, Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s River . . . Philadelphia: H. C. Carey & I. Lea, 1824. 2 vols.]
• * Stephen H. Long, Account of and Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains Performed in the Years 1819 and 1820. [Philadelphia: H. C. Carey and I. Lea, 1822-23.]
• * Looks’ Russia. London, 1800. [Probablement/Probably, John Cook. Voyages and Travels Through the Russian Empire, Tartary, and Part of the Kingdom of Persia. Edinburgh: [imprimé pour l’auteur], 1770.]
• * Louisiane. Code de procédure. [Edward Livingston, A System of Penal Law, for . . . Louisiana; . . . A Code of Procedure . . . Nouvelle Orléans, 1824.]
• Digeste des lois de la Louisiane. [L. Moreau Lislet, A General Digest of the Acts of the Legislature of Louisiana . . . from 1804 to 1827 . . . Nouvelle Orléans, 1830.]
• Mahomet, Coran.
• [Malesherbes] Mémoires pour servirà l’histoire du droit public de la France en matière d’impôts. Bruxelles [Paris], 1779.
• Malte-Brun. [Conrad Malte-Brun, Annales des voyages . . . Paris: F. Buison, 1809-14. 24 vols.]
• Machiavel, Le Prince. [Les éditeurs des œuvres complètes de Tocqueville (OC,XI, p. 19) ont identifié deux éditions qui se trouvaient dans la bibliothèque de Tocqueville: Œuvres complètes traduites par J.-V. Périès. Paris: Michaux, 1823-26, 12 vols; et une édition en italien, publiée à La Haye, et non daté/The editors of the complete works of Tocqueville (OC, XI, p. 19) have identified two editions that were found in the Tocqueville library: Œuvres complètes traduites par J.-V. Périès. Paris: Michaux, 1823-26. 12 vols; and an edition in Italian, published in The Hague, and undated.]
• Marshall, Vie de Washington. [John Marshall, Vie de George Washington . . . Paris: Dentu, 1808. 5 vols.]
• Massachusetts. Laws of Massachusetts. Boston, 1823. 3 vols. [The General Laws of Massachusetts from the Adoption of the Constitution to February, 1822 . . .Boston: Wells & Lilly & Cummings & Hilliard, 1823, 1827. 3 vols.]
• Massachusetts. Historical Collection of State Papers. Massachusetts Historical Collection. Boston, 1792. Réédité en 1806. [Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Reprinted by Monroe & Francis, Boston. Voir/See: Gookin, Belknap, Rogers.]
• * Massillon, Sermons, édition de 1740 en 5 vols. [Nous n’avons pas réussi à retrouver cetteédition/I have not succeeded in finding this edition.]
• Mather’s Magnalia Christi Americana. Hartford, 1820. 2 vols. [Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana: or, the Ecclesiastical History of New England ...,Hartford (Connecticut): S. Andrus, 1820. 2 vols.]
• * J. H. McCulloh, Researches, Philosophical and Antiquarian Concerning the Aboriginal History of America [Baltimore: Fielding Lucas, 1829.]
• * Memorial of the Committee of the Free Trade Convention Held in Philadelphia, October 1831. [[Albert Gallatin,] Memorial of the Committee Appointed by the ‘Free Trade Convention,’ Held at Philadelphia, in September and October, 1831, to Prepare and Present a Memorial to Congress, Remonstrating Against the Existing Tariff of Duties; with an Appendix. New York: W. A. Mercein, Printer 1832.]
• * André Michaux, Histoire des arbres forestiers de l’Amérique septentrionale. [Paris: L. Haussmann et d’Hautel, 1810-13. 3 vols.]
• Milton, Paradis perdu.
• * Minutes of the Proceedings of the United States Temperance Convention.
• * L’Utopie de Thomas Morus, chancelier d’Angleterre, . . . traduite en français par Gueudeville, 1717. [Seule l’édition publiée à Leiden: P. Vander AA, 1715, a pu être consultée/I was only able to consult the edition published in Leiden.]
• Mississippi Papers.
• * Mary Russel Mitford, Stories of American Life. London: Colburn and Bentley, 1831. 3 vols.
• Montaigne [Les essais de Michel, seigneur de Montaigne. Paris: A. L’Angelier, 1600. 3 vols.]
• * Montesquieu, L’esprit des lois. 1750. 3 vols. [Genève: Barrillot et fils, 1750.]
• * Montesquieu, Lettres persannes.
• * Morrison Mental Diseases. [Sir Alexander Morison, Outlines of Lectures on Mental Diseases. Edinburgh, 1825.]
• Nathaniel Morton, New England’s Memorial. Boston, 1826. [NathanielMorton,New England’s Memorial . . . 5^e édition. Boston: Crocker and Brewster, 1826. Bruce James Smith, dans Politics and Remembrance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985, p. 175), note que Morton a recopié dans son livre de longs fragments de l’ouvrage de William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation,sans en faire mention. Le manuscrit de cet ouvrage aété perdu jusqu’à 1858/Bruce James Smith, in Politics and Remembrance, notes that in his book Morton recopied long fragments from the work by William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, without mentioning it. The manuscript of this work was lost until 1858.]
• National Calendar. [Voir/See Force, Peter.]
• * National Intelligencer, 19 février 1833, 10 décembre 1833 [Voir/See President], 14 janvier 1834, 6 février 1834, 5 mars 1834.
• * Neal, History of New England. [Daniel Neal, History of New England. London: J. Clark, 1720; et London: A. Ward, 1747. 2 vols.]
• New Haven Antiquities. [“New Haven Antiquities or Blue Laws.” Fait partie duCode of 1650, pp. 103-19/Part of the Code of 1650, pp. 103-19.]
• New York. Annual Report of the Comptroller with the Accounts of the Corporation of the City of New York for the Year 1830.
• New York. Proceedings of the Indian Board in the City of New York. [Peut-être/ Maybe: Proceedings of the Indian Board in the City of New York: with Colonel M’Kenneys Address. New York: Vanderpool and Cole, Printers, 1829.]
• New York. The Revised Statutes. [The Revised Statutes of New York . . . Albany (New York): Packard & Van Benthuysen, 1829. 3 vols.]
• * New York. Rules and Orders. 1832.
• The New York Annual Register [New York: J. Leavitt, 1830-45. Compilé par Edwin Williams/Compiled by Edwin Williams ].
• New York Spectator. 23 août 1831.
• * Reports of the Temperance Societies of the States of New-York and Pennsylvania, 1831. Cité dans le Système pénitentiaire/Cited in the Penitentiary System.
• * Second Annual Report of the New York Temperance Society, 1831.
• * Nile’s Weekly Register jusqu’à 1832/until 1832. [Hezekiah Niles, The Weekly Register. Baltimore: H. Niles éditeur/editor.]
• Ohio. Acts of a General Nature of the State of Ohio. [Acts of a General Nature ... Columbus, Ohio: P. H. Olmsted, 1820, 1831. Tocqueville a peut-être pris connaissance de cet ouvrage par le compte-rendu de l’American Quarterly Review, XX, 1831, pp. 29-47, le volume est cité dans ses notes/Perhaps Tocqueville learned about this work from the review in the American Quarterly Review,XX, 1831, pp. 29-47; the volume is cited in his notes.]
• * Statutes of Ohio. [S. P. Chase. Statutes of Ohio . . . from 1758 to 1833. Cincinnati, 1833-35. 3 vols.]
• * Ohio. Journal of the House of Representatif [sic ] for 1830. [Ohio. Journal of the House of Representatives, Chillicothe; et ensuite/and later, Columbus (Ohio), 1800-. “C’est un récit de tous les actes de cette assemblée pendant 1830. Il peutêtre fort utile comme spécimen.”/“This is an account of all the acts of this assembly during 1830. It can be very useful as example.”]
• Pascal. [Pensées.]
• * William Penn, Œuvres choisies de Penn. London, 1782. [William Penn, The Selected Works of William Penn. 3^e édition. London: Phillips, 1782. 5 vols.]
• * Pennsylvanie. Rapport du comité des voies et moyens de (mot illisible/illegible word). Législature de Pennsylvanie. Le 19 janvier 1831.
• Pennsylvanie. Digest of the Laws of Pensylvania. [John Pourdon, A Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania, from 1700 to 1824. Philadelphia, 1824.]
• Pitkins. [Timothy Pitkins, A Political and Civil History of the United States of America . . . New Haven, Connecticut: H. Howe and Durrie & Peck, 1828. 2 vols. Tocqueville a pu prendre connaissance de cet ouvrage par le compterendu de la North American Review, 30 (66), 1830, pp. 1-25/Tocqueville was able to learn about this work from the review in the North American Review,30 (66), 1830, pp. 1-25.]
• * Timothy Pitkins, Statistical View of the Commerce of the U.S. [deuxième édition, avec ajouts et corrections/ second edition with additions and corrections,Hartford: Hamlen & Newton, 1817.]
• Platon, La république.
• Plutarque. [Vie de Marcellus. Traduction d’Auguste. La bibliothèque de Tocqueville (OC, XI, p. 61) contient les éditions suivantes/The Tocqueville library (OC, XI, p. 61) contains the following editions: Vie des hommes illustres, Grecs et Romains. Traduction de Mayot/Translation by Mayot, Paris, 1568; Les œuvres meslées de Plutarque, 1574. 7 vols; La vie des hommes illustres, Paris, 1825. 10 vols.]
• * The Presidency. [Pamphlet contre Jackson/Pamphlet against Jackson.]
• Président. Message du président du 8 décembre 1833. [Tocqueville a pu le lire dans le National Calendar/Tocqueville was able to read it in the National Calendar,1833; et le/and in the National Intelligencer de 10 décembre 1833/of December 10, 1833.]
• Report of the Postmaster General. [Publié dans le National Intelligencer du 12 décembre 1833 et dans le National Calendar, 1833.]
• *[Project of an Anti-Tariff Convention. “Curieux pour voir comment ces assemblées se forment.”/“Interesting for seeing how these assemblies form.” ]
• Robert Proud, The History of Pensylvania, Filadelfia, 1797. 2 vols. [Robert Proud, The History of Pennsylvania . . . Philadelphia: Zacharian Poulson, 1797-98.]
• Racine, Britannicus. [La bibliothèque de Tocqueville contenait les Œuvres de Jean Racine, 1755. 3 vols./The Tocqueville library contains the Œuvres of Jean Racine, 1755. 3 vols.]
• * Report Made to Congress Relative to the Bank of the United States, 1830.
• * Report of the Commissioners of the Canal Fund. New York, 1831.Report of the Secretary of the Treasury. 5 dec 1833. [Peut-être dans le National Intelligencer du/Perhaps in the National Intelligencer of 4décembre 1833.]
• * Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury depuis 1823 jusqu’à 1832.
• * Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury Respecting the Commerce of the United States.
• * Report of the Secretary of the State sur l’instruction et les pauvres pour 1832.
• * Report of the Selected Committee of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts Relating to Legalising the Study of Anatomy, 1831.
• [Revue des deux mondes, mai 1837, revue littéraire de l’année/literary review of that year.]
• [Revue des deux mondes, loi électorale de 19 avril 1831/electoral law of 19 April 1831.]
• [Revue des deux mondes, article sur la nullification/article on nullification.]
• [Revue des deux mondes. Voir/See A. C. T.]
• *J. B. Say [Cours complet d’économie politique. Paris: Rapill, 1828-29. 7 vols.]
• * Walter Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor.
• * Arnold Scheffer, Histoire des États-Unis de l’Amérique septentrionale. Paris,1825. Selon George W. Pierson, Tocqueville aurait lu ce texte/According to George W. Pierson, Tocqueville would have read this text.
• * Schoolcraft, Travels in the Central Portion of the Mississippi Valley [New York: Collins and Hannay, 1825].
• Senate Documents. 18, 19 et 20 Congrès. Voir/See Legislative Documents.
• Thomas Sergeant, Constitutional Law. [Thomas Sergeant, Constitutional Law. Philadelphia: P. H. Nicklin and T. Johnson, 1830.]
• Mme de Sevigné. [Correspondence.]
• William Shakespeare, Henri V.
• * Siècle. [Article sur les mines au/article on mines in: Siècle du 27 juin 1837.]
• * Siècle. [Sur Thiers au/on Thiers in: Siècle de janvier 1838.]
• * Claude Gabriel Simon, Observations recueillies en Angleterre en 1835. Paris: J. Pesrou, 1836.
• John Smith, The General History of Virginia . . . London, 1627. [Captain John Smith, The General History . . . London: Michael Sparkes, 1627.]
• William Smith, History of New York. London, 1767. [William Smith, The History of the Province of New-York . . . London: T. Wilcox, 1757. Tocqueville cite aussi une édition française, publiée à Londres en 1767./Tocqueville also cites a French edition, published in London in 1767: Histoire de la Nouvelle-York, depuis la découverte de cette province jusqu’à notre siècle. Traduite de l’anglois par M. E***. Londres, 1767.]
• Société de colonisation des noirs. 15^e rapport annuel.
• * Recueil de la sociétéde géographie.
• * Extrait du bulletin de la sociétéde géographie. Tableau de la population des États-Unis, d’après les différents recensements exécutés par ordre du gouvernement.
• William Stith, History of Virginia. [William Stith, The History of the First Discovery and Settlement of Virginia . . . Williamsburg, Virginie: W. Parks, 1747.]
• Story, Commentaires sur la Constitution des États-Unis. [Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States . . . Abridged by the Author, for the Use of Colleges and High Schools . . . Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Shattuck and Co., Cambridge, 1833. Identifié par James T. Schleifer/Identified by James T. Schleifer.]
• Story, Laws of the United States. [The Public and General Statutes Passed by the Congress of the United States of America. From 1789 to 1827 Inclusive. Published Under the Inspection of Joseph Story. Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1828. 2 vols.]
• * William Strachey, The History of Travayle into Virginia Britannica [Boston: Richardson, Lord & Holbrook, 1830.]
• * Sullivan Journal. [George W. Pierson suggère William Sullivan, Political Class Book . . . Boston: Lord and Holbrook, 1830, et plusieurs rééditions/George W. Pierson suggests William Sullivan, Political Class Book . . . Boston: Lord and Holbrook, 1830, and several reissues.]
• * Tabular Statistic Views of the Population, Revenue . . . 1829. [Probablement/ Probably: George Watterston, Tabular Statistical Views of the Population, Commerce, Navigation, Public Lands, Post Office Establishments, Revenue, Mint, Military & Naval Establishments, Expenditures, and Public Debt of the United States. Washington: J. Elliot, 1828.]
• * Tableau général du commerce de la France pendant l’année 1832. [Administration des douanes, Tableau général du commerce de la France avec ses colonies et les puissances étrangères... Paris: Impr. Royale, 1825-58.]
• Tanner, Mémoires de Tanner. [Henry S. Tanner, Memoir on the Recent Surveys, Observations, and Internal Improvements . . . Philadelphia, [imprimé par l’auteur], 1829.] Voir/See Blosseville.
• * John Tappen, County and Town Officer or a Concise View of the Duties and Offices of County and Town Offices in the State of New York. [John Tappen,The County and Town Officer . . . Kingston, New York: [imprimé par l’auteur], 1816.]
• The Statutes of the State of Tennessee. [Voir/See The Statute Law of the State of Tennessee.]
• The Statute Law of the State of Tennessee. [The Statute Laws of the State of Tennessee of a Public and General Nature. By John Haywood and Robert L. Cobbs. Knoxville, Tennessee: F. S. Heiskell, 1831. 2 vols. L’appendice du deuxième volume, qui comprend le texte de plusieurs traités avec les Indiens, semble avoir particulièrement intéressé Tocqueville/The appendix of the second volume, which includes the text of several treaties with the Indians, seems to have particularly interested Tocqueville.]
• Traité sur les règles des actions civiles. Nouvelle Orléans: chez Buisson, 1830. [Peutêtre/Maybe Code of Practice in Civil Cases. Nouvelle Orléans, 1830.]
• Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Voir/See Zeisberger, Duponceau, Heckewelder.
• * Statistique du Département de l’Aude par le Baron Trouvé [Baron Trouvé, Description générale et statistique du département de l’Aude. Paris: F. Didot, 1818].
• Benjamin Trumbull, A Complete History of Connecticut. New Haven, 1818. 2 vols. [Benjamin Trumbull, A Complete History of Connecticut . . . New Haven, Connecticut: Maltby, Goldsmith and Co., and Samuel Wodsworth, 1818.]
• Benjamin Trumbull, La Constitution de 1639. [Il s’agit d’un chapitre tiré de A Complete History of Connecticut/It concerns a chapter drawn from A Complete History of Connecticut.]
• Benjamin Trumbull, Lois pénales du Connecticut. [Dans son/In his: A Complete History of Connecticut, chapitre VIII.]
• U.S. Congress. Legislative Documents.
• * Roberts Vaux, Memoirs of the Life of Anthony Benezet [Philadelphia: James P. Parke, 1817].
• Volney, Tableau des États-Unis. [Constantin F. Volney, Tableau du climat et du sol des États-Unis d’Amérique . . . Paris: Boussangue Frères, 1822. Tocqueville l’avait acheté avant son voyage, mais il ne l’a probablement pas lu avant son retour en France/Tocqueville had purchased it before his journey, but he probably did not read it before his return to France.]
• * Voyage d’un Français, avec une description de la Virginie et du Maryland publiée en 1696 à La Haye. Voir/See Durand.
• * Rev. R. Walsh. Voir/See American Quarterly Review.
• Warden, Description des États-Unis. [D. B. Warden, Description statistique, historique et politique des États-Unis . . . Paris: Rey et Gravier, 1820. Warden a prêté ce texte à Tocqueville ainsi que d’autres publications/Warden loaned this text to Tocqueville, as well as other publications.]
• * Isaac Weld, Voyage dans le Haut Canada. [Travel Through the States of North America, and the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada . . . London: John Stockdale, 1799. 2 vols. Réédité en/reprinted in: 1799, 1800 et 1807.]
• Roger Williams, Key into the Language of the Indians of New England, London, 1643. Dans la Collection de la Société Historique du Massachusetts, III, p. 203. [Roger Williams, A Key into the Language of America: or an Help to the Language of the Natives in that Part of America, Called New-England . . . London: Gregory Dexter, 1643. Dans Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,III, pp. 203-38.]
• Williams Annual Register. Voir/See New York Annual Register.
• * Samuel Williams, Histoire de Vermont. [The Natural and Civil History of Vermont. New Hampshire: Isaiah Thomas and David Carlisle, Walpole, 1794.]
• David Zeisberger, “A Grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenâpé,” traduite par P. S. Duponceau dans/translated by P. S. Duponceau in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, III, 1827, pp. 65-250.

Bibliographie [Bibliography]

Nous citons ici divers ouvrages qui contiennent des documents intéressants pour la compréhension de la Démocratie en Amérique et qui reproduisent des textes de Tocqueville qui parfois n’ont pasété publiés dans les Œuvres complètes.

Endnotes

This project would not have been possible without the outstanding efforts of the following Editorial Committee, which assisted in the preparation of the English text:

Paul Seaton (Primary Reader)

Christine Dunn Henderson

Peter A. Lawler

Pierre Manent

Eduardo Nolla

Emilio Pacheco

Melvin Richter

Alison Schleifer

James T. Schleifer

Catherine H. Zuckert

[a. ] “≠The aristocracy of money does not seem lasting to me. This form of society has something at the very same time of both aristocracy and democracy, and it leads from the one to the other by a more or less slow but inevitable march≠” (YTC, CVk, 1, p. 86).

[b. ] See pp. 1314-16 of Appendix II.

[c. ] “Every uniform rule is necessarily tyrannical because men are never alike” (unity, centralization, administrative despotism,Rubish, 2).

[a. ] Les copies des bibliographies de Tocqueville contiennent de nombreuses erreurs. Nous avons omis de notre liste certains titres et auteurs inexistants. Ainsi on attribue à Castmare une histoire de New York alors qu’il s’agit de F. S. Eastman. Le Fashionable Tour devient le Fashionable Tom, l’ouvrage du juge Story est attribuée à “Hury,” etc.

[b. ] Certains Américains ont manifestement profité de la visite de Tocqueville et de Beaumont pour se débarrasser de livres qui ne les intéressaient pas (George W. Pierson, Tocqueville and Tocqueville and Beaumont in America, p. 537). Tocqueville a notamment reçu aux États-Unis: On the Penetrativeness of Fluids, by J. K. Mitchell (Philadelphia, 1830); On the Storms at the American Coasts, by W. C. Redfield; et An Introductory Lecture on the Advantages and Pleasures of the Study of Chemistry in the Transylvania University, by L. P. Yandell (Lexington, 1831), etc. Tocqueville ne semble pas avoir lu ces ouvrages et leur relation avec la Démocratie en Amérique paraît assez vague pour justifier leur absence dans cette bibliographie.

[a. ] The copies of the bibliographies of Tocqueville contain numerous errors. I have omitted from the list certain nonexistent titles and authors. Thus a history of New York is attributed to Castmare when it concerns F. S. Eastman. The Fashionable Tour becomes the Fashionable Tom; the work of Judge Story is attributed to “Hury,” etc.

[b. ] Certain Americans clearly profited from the visit of Tocqueville and Beaumont in order to get rid of books that did not interest them (George W. Pierson, Tocqueville and Beaumont in America, p. 537). Tocqueville received, among others, in the United States: On the Penetrativeness of Fluids, by J. K. Mitchell (Philadelphia, 1830); On the Storms at the American Coasts, by W. C. Redfield; and An Introductory Lecture on the Advantages and Pleasures of the Study of Chemistry in the Transylvania University, by L. P. Yandell (Lexington, 1831), etc. Tocqueville seems not to have read these works and their connection with the Democracy in America seems sufficiently vague to justify their absence from this bibliography.

[e. ] In the manuscript this note appears above, at the word “path.” At this place you find, instead, this other note:

Pieces that probably must be put in notes at the bottom of the pages of this chapter./ Note (B)./ I know that something analogous to what I have just said shows itself in England, one of the countries in the world where until today aristocracy has preserved the most dominion, and paternal authority the least power. From this juxtaposition you could conclude that the sentiment of independence in children is more English than democratic, and that it is due less to the habits of equality that have been contracted in the United States than to the political liberty that reigns there. I do not think that it is so. The bonds that hold together the various elements of the family seem to me still much less tight among the Americans than among the English, and they loosen visibly among the latter as their laws and their mores become more democratic. The result, it seems to me, is that if it is true that a certain sentiment of independence can exist within a family without equality reigning in the State, at least it must be recognized that democracy favors and develops it. You must not forget, moreover, that England is a very aristocratic country in the middle of which a great number of democratic ideas have circulated from time immemorial and whose laws have always been intermingled with some institutions appropriate only to democracy. What is the sovereign rule of public [v: national] opinion to which all the English of the last [century (ed.)] constantly declared that you must submit, if not a still obscure notion of the democratic dogma of the sovereignty of the people? What does this general principle mean that the money of those paying taxes, whoever they are, can only be taxed when the latter have themselves or by their representatives voted the tax, if not the explicit recognition of the democratic right of all to participate in the government? If I glance generally at English society, I see clearly that the aristocracy leads the State and directs the provinces, but if I look within the administration of the parishes, I discover that there at least the entire society governs itself; I see that everythingcomes from it [v: the people] and returns to it.1

I notice officers who, freely elected by the universality of citizens, are occupied with the poor, inspect the roads, direct the affairs of the church, administer in an almost sovereign way common property. The authority created in this way is very limited, I admit, but it is essentially democratic. Expand the circle of attributions and you will believe yourself suddenly transported to one of the towns of Massachusetts {New England}. These reflections, which came in relation to a detail, could serve to explain many important things that are happening at this moment before our eyes.

So nothing that is taking place today among the English is an entirely new development. The English are not creating democracy, they are expanding in England the democratic spirit and democratic customs.

[(1) ] <Here a note. Ask Reeve.>

See the letter of Henry Reeve to Tocqueville (London, 29 March 1836, YTC, CVa, pp. 41-44); published by James T. Schleifer in “Tocqueville and Centralization: Four Previously Unpublished Manuscripts,” Yale University Library Gazette 58, nos. 1-2(1983): 33-36; and Tocqueville’s response (Correspondance anglaise, OC, VI, 1, pp. 29-30).

[(1) ] Édouard observes rightly that it is not all love of wealth and among all people who have this character, but in certain circumstances and among certain nations, among certain men, and that that must be made apparent (Rubish, 2).

[1. ] Can you say that originality is a habit? (YTC, CVk, 1, pp. 8-9).

[m. ] In the drafts: “I am speaking principally about the Americans of New England and of the states without slaves” (Rubish, 2).

[c. ] The manuscript says: “. . . than within aristocracies.”

[b. ] In the manuscript, this note is part of the text and continues in this way:

[(1). ] Be very careful that it is not a matter of showing what is happening among these peoples, but the ideas that they are forming in the matter of government” (relative to the idea of unity in general,Rubish, 2).

[a. ] [All centralizing geniuses love war and all warrior minds love centralization.]

[d. ] “See piece of Beaumont on property in England and above all on the immense place that the last will and testament occupies. 2nd volume of L’Irlande.

“Individual power of the man. Very important aristocratic character which manifests itself very strongly in what is related to the will” (with drafts of the chapter that follows,Rubish, 2).

[y. ] Unity, centralization, administrative despotism./

Discussion relative to the mines of Gier (2 .-.- March 1838) have just suggested to me.—[the (ed.)].—following ideas:

The new world will see industrial property augment incessantly. That is indeed the new property par excellence, the democratic property.

Now, I see clearly the means by which the government takes hold of the direction and of the management of this property and in this way augments its influence in proportion as this property develops. It does not lack pretexts and even reasons for that.

[In the margin: Begin by showing how the government itself will become a great industrialist, will do immense enterprises in industry, at the same time that it becomes the master and the director of all the other industrialists. It attracts all the industrial capital by great enterprises and by centralized savings banks.]

The first reason is that this type of property, just coming into existence so to speak, is [not (ed.)] defended like all the others by an old respect for custom and allows itself to be regulated much more.

But there are reasons of detail of which I am going to detail a few. Coal, iron and minerals in general are the great sources of commercial wealth. These riches were formerly patrimonial. The top carried ownership of the bottom. The government, putting forward this plausible enough reason that such riches are more national than individual, dispossesses the one who holds them, unless he exploits them, and grants them to others (decree of 1810). Great abuses have taken place since in the practice of concession. The government claims to oblige the new owners, who are nothing more in its eyes than concessionaires, to exploit as it wants, to do the work that it indicates, or it takes back the concession and gives it to another.1

All this immense population that owns or exploits the mines, a population constantly growing in number and above all in importance, becomes by a single deed composed of administrativeagents and nothing more. The government not owning the mines, but the miners.

[All that will be appropriate, and even just, if the judicial power were introduced there. Its absence causes the whole evil. The principle of the absolute and continuous division of the administrative and judicial power is irreconcilable with the liberty and the prosperity of the State. If the administration does not get involved in this commercial property, public prosperity is in danger; and liberty, if it alone is involved in it. The problem to resolve is to unite them.]

Other example. The owners of land along the river do not agree on what to do to guarantee the banks of the river. The government forces them to associate in order to do the necessary work in common. Nothing better. But it directs the association and forces it to save the land. So it has all the riverside residents in its hands. But that gets away from commercial property which I want .-.-.-

[In the margin: Bonaparte said in 1810 concerning .-.-.- by dint of multiplying the obstacles, you make France take big steps toward tyranny. That you saw a prefect prevent the building of a house because the owner refused to .-.-.- his plan. It was only a matter of the rules of the .-.-.- He added: the concessionaire must only be despoiled of his property when he himself agrees to cede it. There is no difference from this perspective between a mine and a farm. Napoleon does not deny that the concessionaire be subjected to conditions, he only wants the non-compliance with these conditions not to carry the loss of the concession. Courts will sentence, he says, the concessionaire to executing them, as is practiced in regard to other contracts.]

.-.-.-.-.-.- there are immense commercial enterprises that in civilized countries cannot be carried out without the authorization of the social power, administration or legislature. Such particularly are the great works that necessitate the destruction of particular properties and that must respond to a public need, such as toll road, canal, bridge, port.... This gives an opening to the same argument as for the mines. The State, having granted concessions, claims to have the right to direct and, if someone does [not (ed.)] obey its directives, to dispossess. And among the social powers, it is the administration alone that claims the right in order not to mix legislative and administrative powers, and it wants to do it alone in order not to mix the administrative and judicial powers.

In England it is Parliament that authorizes. See in the work of Simon the charter of the railroad of Birmingham.

So that apart from the canals, roads, bridges that it owns, builds or directs by its agents, it is master of those who own, make or direct all the others.

Third example.

Among democratic peoples all commercial enterprises of some value can be carried out only by associations, but association is a means of which you .- .- to abuse. A collective owner is a new being that merits less consideration than individual owners who have been known since the beginning of the world and that at the same time is more frightening because it is more powerful. Under the pretext of gathering capital for a useful enterprise, the credulity of the public is misled, and capital is amassed in order to turn it to the profit of the inventor of the project. Society must be protected against such a trap. The remedy is to charge the administration with examining in advance the bases of the association and to grant or to refuse the right to associate, which puts in the hands of the government the most active passions and the most energetic needs of future generations. For, I repeat, commercial property is called to become the first and the most important of all.

I go further and I would be very .-.-.-.- not a step further, and if after having obtained the right to authorize .-.-.- association, you soon asked me for the right to direct them, if not in all cases, at least in a great number, with the threat of withdrawing the authorization for associating in case of refusal. So that after having put in its hands all those who have the desire to associate, you would also put there all those who have associated, that is to say, nearly the entire society in democratic centuries.

You would leave free only non-commercial property, which every day loses its importance, and individual commercial property, which cannot have any importance among democratic nations.

Again, if you reached the owners of this latter by a thousand regulations .-.-.- of public utility that the administration promulgates, interprets and applies alone without recourse [variant: in the name of order, of the healthiness of morals, of tranquillity, of public prosperity or in the interest of even those you coerce]” (unity, centralization, administrative despotism,Rubish, 2).

During his journey to England in 1835, Tocqueville already remarked: “The necessity of introducing the judicial power into the administration is one of these central ideas to which I am led by all my research about what has allowed and can allow men to have political liberty” (Voyage en Angleterre, OC, V, 2, p. 68).

[1. ] The idea is found again in L’Ancien régime et la Révolution. In chapter 4 of the second book (OC, II, 1, p. 125), after having spoken about the number of special courts and of the judicial rights of the intendant, he concluded: “The intervention of the judicial system in the administration harms only affairs, while the intervention of the administration in the judicial system depraves men and tends to make them at the very same time revolutionary and servile.”

[(1). ] <Apply myself to finding a name for it. That is important> (Rubish, 2).

This difficulty in finding new words recalls Montesquieu who, in the foreword ofL’Esprit des lois (Œuvres complètes, Paris: Pléiade, 1951, II, p. 227), writes: “I had new ideas; it was very necessary to find new words, or to give new meanings to old ones.”

On the origins of paternal despotism, see Rousseau, chapter IV, book I, of the Contrat social and his Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes (Œuvres complètes, Paris: Pléiade, 1964, III, p. 182).

[1. ] Those two terms are not in natural opposition, but I do not have the time to clarify my thought (Rubish, 2).