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XX.: THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF. - Geoffrey Chaucer, The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, vol. 7 (Supplement: Chaucerian and Other Pieces) [1897]

Edition used:

The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, edited from numerous manuscripts by the Rev. Walter W. Skeat (2nd ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899). 7 vols.

Part of: The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, 7 vols.

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XX.

THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.

From Speght’s edition (1598); I note rejected readings.

    • In which were okës grete , streight as a lyne,
    • Under the which the gras , so fresh of hew ,30
    • Was newly spronge ; and an eight foot or nyne[ ]
    • Every tree wel fro his felawe grew,
    • With braunches brode, laden with leves new,
    • That sprongen out ayein the sonnë shene,
    • Som very rede, and som a glad light grene;35[ ]
    • That benched was, and [al] with turves new50
    • Freshly turved, wherof the grenë gras
    • So small, so thik , so short, so fresh of hew,
    • That most lyk to grene †wol , wot I, it was.
    • The hegge also, that yede [as ] in compas
    • And closed in al the grene herbere,55
    • With sicamour was set and[ ]eglantere ,
    • And to the herber-sydë was joining
    • This fairë tree, of which I have you told;
    • And, at the last, the brid began to sing,
    • Whan he had eten what he etë wold,95
    • So passing sweetly, that, by manifold,
    • It was more plesaunt than I coud devyse;
    • And whan his song was ended in this wyse ,
    • The nightingale with so mery a note[ ]
    • Answéred him, that al the wodë rong100
    • So sodainly, that, as it were a sot ,
    • I stood astonied; so was I with the song
    • Through ravishèd, that, [un]til late and long
    • Ne wist I in what place I was, ne where;
    • And †ay , me thought, she song even by myn ere.105
    • And more plesaunt to me, by many fold,120
    • Than mete or drink , or any other thing;[ ]
    • Thereto the herber was so fresh and cold,
    • The hoolsom savours eek so comforting
    • That, as I demed, sith the beginning
    • Of the world, was never seen, or than,125
    • So plesaunt a ground of non erthly man.
    • And as I sat, the briddës herkning thus,
    • Me thought that I herd voices sodainly,
    • The most sweetest and most delicious
    • That ever any wight, I trow trewly,130
    • Herde in †his lyf, for [that ] the armony
    • And sweet accord was in so good musyk ,
    • Thát the voice to angels most was lyk .
    • And more richly beseen , by manifold,
    • She was also, in every maner thing;170[ ]
    • On her heed , ful plesaunt to behold,
    • A crowne of gold , rich for any king ;
    • A braunch of agnus-castuseek bering
    • In her hand; and, to my sight, trewly,
    • She lady was of [al ] the company.175
    • And thus they came[n] , dauncing and singing,
    • Into the middes of the mede echone,
    • Before the herber, where I was sitting,185
    • And, god wot, me thought I was wel bigon ;
    • For than I might avyse hem, on by on ,
    • Who fairest was, who coud best dance or sing,[ ]
    • Or who most womanly was in al thing.
    • They had not daunced but a litel throw190
    • When that I herd , not fer of, sodainly
    • So greet a noise of thundring trumpës blow,
    • As though it shuld have départed the sky ;
    • And, after that, within a whyle I sy
    • From the same grove, where the ladyes come out,195
    • Of men of armës coming such a rout
    • As al the men on erth had been assembled
    • In that place, wel horsed for the nones,
    • Stering so fast, that al the erth[ë] trembled;
    • But for to speke of riches and [of ] stones,200
    • And men and hors , I trow, the largë wones
    • Of Prester John, ne al his tresory[ ]
    • Might not unneth have bought the tenth party!
    • Next after hem, came in armour bright,
    • Al save theirhedes , seemely knightës nyne;240[ ]
    • And every clasp and nail , as to my sight,
    • Of their harneys, were of red gold fyne;
    • With cloth of gold, and furred with ermyne
    • Were the trappurës of their stedës strong,
    • Wyde and large, that to the ground did hong;245
    • A fresh chapelet upon his heres bright;260
    • And clokes whyte, of fyn veluet they ware ;
    • Their stedës trapped and [a]rayed right
    • Without[en] difference, as their lordës were.
    • And after hem, on many a fresh co[u]rsere,
    • There came of armed knightës such a rout265
    • That they besprad the largë feld about.
    • And al they ware[n] , after their degrees,
    • Chapëlets new, made of laurer grene,
    • Some of oke, and some of other trees;
    • Some in their handës berëboughës shene,270
    • Some of laurer, and some of okës kene,
    • Some of hawthorn , and some of woodbind,[ ]
    • And many mo, which I had not in mind.
    • And so they came, their hors freshly stering[ ]
    • With bloody sownës of hir trompës loud;275
    • Ther sy I many an uncouth disgysing
    • In the array of these knightës proud;
    • And at the last, as evenly as they coud,
    • They took their places in-middes of the mede,
    • And every knight turned his horse[s] hede280
    • To his

      Explicit.

      [1. ]hie.

      [3. ]Boole.

      [4. ]sweet; raine; oft (!).

      [6. ]wholesome aire.

      [7. ]plaine was clothed faire.

      [8. ]new greene. small flours.

      [9. ]field and in mede.

      [10. ]wholsome.

      [11. ]renueth.

      [13. ]hearbe.

      [14. ]season; I supply ful.

      [15. ]season.

      [16. ]certaine.

      [17. ]sleepe.

      [19. ]earthly.

      [20. ]hearts ease.

      [21. ]Then; nad sicknesse; disease.

      [22. ]meruaile greatly; selfe.

      [24. ]rose; twelfe.

      [25. ]I supply very.

      [26. ]geare; mine.

      [27. ]pleasaunt.

      [28. ]bright.

      [29. ]great.

      [30. ]grasse.

      [31. ]sprong.

      [32. ]well; fellow.

      [33. ]lade.

      [34. ]ayen.

      [35. ]Some; red; some.

      [36. ]song (read songes); fort (sic).

      [38. ]earthly.

      [40. ]Heare; all.

      [41. ]Full; herkened; hart and with eare.

      [43. ]litle breade.

      [44. ]greatly.

      [45. ]grasse.

      [46. ]well; I supply ther.

      [47. ]some.

      [48. ]followed till.

      [49. ]pleasaunt; well.

      [50. ]I supply al; turfes.

      [52. ]thicke.

      [53. ]lyke vnto (read to); wel (!; read wol).

      [54. ]I supply as.

      [55. ](Perhaps imperfect); all; green.

      [56. ]eglatere; see l. 80.

      [57. ]Wrethen.

      [58. ]branch; leafe.

      [59. ]an (better on).

      [60. ]I supply That; see.

      [61. ]done; tooke.

      [62. ]I supply for; all; peine.

      [63. ]all; seyne.

      [64. ]roofe.

      [65. ]I supply is.

      [66. ]thicke; I supply is; wall.

      [67. ]would all.

      [69. ]should.

      [70. ]one; well.

      [71. ]all.

      [72. ]field.

      [73. ]corne; grasse; doubt.

      [74. ]one would seeke all.

      [75. ]field; I supply ne; espide.

      [76. ]On; coast; quantity.

      [77. ]all; I supply greet; plenty.

      [78. ]all; pleasaunt sight sie.

      [79. ]aire.

      [80. ]I supply Come; eglentere.

      [81. ]heart; dispaire.

      [82. ]with thoughts; contraire.

      [83. ]should.

      [84. ]soote.

      [85. ]mine eie.

      [87. ]all; life: sie.

      [88. ]blosomes.

      [89. ]leaping pretile.

      [91. ]buds.

      [95. ]eaten; eat.

      [97. ]pleasaunt then.

      [98. ]when.

      [99. ]merry.

      [100. ]all; wood.

      [101. ]sote.

      [103. ]Thorow; till.

      [104. ]I ne wist (better Ne wist I).

      [105. ]ayen (!).

      [106. ]I waited about.

      [107. ]might.

      [108. ]full well.

      [109. ]greene laurey (error for laurer); see l. 158.

      [111. ]smell.

      [112. ]eglentere full well.

      [113. ]great pleasure.

      [115. ]desire.

      [116. ]I supply to.

      [117. ]grasse.

      [118. ]downe; mine.

      [119. ]birds.

      [120. ]pleasaunt.

      [121. ]meat; drinke.

      [123. ]wholsome; eke.

      [126. ]pleasaunt; none earthly.

      [127. ]birds harkening.

      [128. ]heard.

      [131. ]Heard; their (error for his); I supply that.

      [132. ]musike.

      [133. ]like.

      [135. ]pleasant.

      [136. ]sie; came.

      [138. ]great beauty; lieth.

      [139. ]shall.

      [140. ]speake; all.

      [141. ]The (!; read In); wele.

      [142. ]were clad; echone.

      [144. ]Emerauds one and one.

      [145. ]rich.

      [146. ]on; purfiles.

      [148. ]great pearles.

      [149. ]Diamonds; red.

      [150. ]stone; went (for want).

      [151. ]head.

      [152. ]rich; dread.

      [153. ]stately rich.

      [155. ]head; I supply leves.

      [156. ]wele wrought; meruelously.

      [158. ]pleasantly.

      [160. ]were; read ware, as in 335.

      [161. ]of tho (om. of).

      [162. ]eke.

      [163. ]all; compace.

      [164. ]one.

      [165. ]Soole; selfe; all followed.

      [166. ]I supply Which; whose heauenly.

      [167. ]pleasaunt; wele.

      [168. ]beauty; -one.

      [169. ]beseene.

      [171. ]head; pleasaunt.

      [172. ]goldë (!).

      [173. ]eke bearing.

      [175. ]I supply al.

      [176. ]roundell lustely.

      [177. ]Suse; foyle.

      [178. ]Seen (sic); en dormy, before which we should perhaps supply est.

      [180. ]voice sweet.

      [182. ]heard.

      [183. ]came.

      [186. ]bigone.

      [187. ]one by one.

      [189. ]all.

      [190. ]little.

      [191. ]heard.

      [192. ]great; thundering trumps.

      [193. ]skie.

      [194. ]sie.

      [196. ]comming.

      [197. ]all.

      [198. ]wele.

      [199. ]all; earth.

      [200. ]speake; I supply of.

      [201. ]horse.

      [202. ]Pretir (!); all.

      [204. ]their (read hir?); heare.

      [205. ]rehearse.

      [206. ]spake.

      [207. ]sie; all; their (read hir?).

      [208. ]were: read ware (as in 329); delite.

      [209. ]seriall (for cereal).

      [210. ]sprong; all.

      [211. ]broad.

      [212. ]fine; richely.

      [213. ]lords; here (read bere); see 223.

      [214 ](and often): their (for hir). neckes; great pearles.

      [216. ]echone.

      [217. ]stone.

      [218. ]horse; all.

      [219. ]them (for hem); one.

      [220. ]kings.

      [222. ]heads: hye.

      [223. ]crowns.

      [224. ]pearle.

      [225. ]eke great Diamonds; one.

      [226. ]all; horse; geare.

      [227. ]euerichone.

      [228. ]heard.

      [230. ]there guiding.

      [231. ]great.

      [232. ]herauds; purseuaunts.

      [233. ]white.

      [235. ]on; should.

      [237. ]horse.

      [238. ]him (for 2nd hem).

      [240. ]heads; knights.

      [241. ]claspe; naile.

      [242. ]their (for hir?); so in 214, 216, 218, 222, 223, 230 (there), 240; &c.

      [246. ]boose (!); bridle; paitrell.

      [248. ]heads well.

      [249. ]I supply al.

      [250. ]made; sene.

      [252. ]on.

      [253. ]whiche euery on a.

      [254. ]lords helme bare.

      [255. ]worth.

      [256. ]a (read any); shield.

      [257. ]Bare; neck; thred bare.

      [258. ]spheare (!); ground.

      [260. ]haires.

      [261. ]fine. were; read ware (as in 259).

      [262. ]steeds; raied.

      [263. ]Without; lords.

      [265. ]knights.

      [266. ]field.

      [267. ]were; read waren.

      [270. ]honds bare.

      [272. ]hauthorne.

      [274. ]horses.

      [276. ]sie; disguising.

      [277. ]knights.

      [279. ]their (for hir? see 275); so in 286, &c.

      [280. ]horse.

      [281. ]fellow; speare.

      [282. ]rest.

      [283. ]about.

      [512. ]beare. bowes; see 270.

      [1–2.]Imitated from C. T., F 671; see note in vol. v. p. 386.

      [3.]Bole, Bull, Taurus. The sun then entered Taurus about the middle of April; hence the allusion to April showers in l. 4. Compare the opening lines of Chaucer’s Prologue. But we learn, from l. 437, that it was already May. Hence the sun had really run half its course in Taurus. certeinly; used at the end of the line, as in A. L. 85.

      [10.]very good; this adverbial use of very is noticeable; cf. ll. 35, 315, 409, and A. L. 479. I believe Chaucer never uses very to qualify an adjective. It occurs, however, in Lydgate.

      [20.]Cf. ‘more at hertes ese’; A. L. 672.

      [25.]Cf. ‘at springing of the day’; A. L. 218.

      [26.]Cf. ‘That ye wold help me on with myn aray’; A. L. 241.

      [27–8.]This rime of passe with was occurs again below (114–6); and in A. L. 436–8.

      [30.]Chaucer has hew-ë, new-ë; but here hew, new rime with the pt. t. grew. So, in A. L. 65–8, hew, new rime with the pt. t. knew.

      [31–2.]Copied from the Book of the Duch. 419–20:—

      • ‘And every tree stood by him-selve
      • Fro other wel ten foot or twelve.’

      [35.]‘The young leaves of the oak, when they first burst from the bud, are of a red, cinereous colour’; Bell.

      [37.]Cf. ‘this proces for to here’; A. L. 27. And again, ‘pitous for to here’; A. L. 718.

      [39–42.]This seems to be a direct allusion to the Cuckoo and the Nightingale, ll. 52–4:—

      • ‘I wolde go som whider to assay
      • If that I might a nightingale here;
      • For yet had I non herd of al this yere.

      [43–5.]From the Book of the Duch. 398–401:—

      • ‘Doun by a floury grene wente
      • Ful thikke of gras, ful softe and swete, . . .
      • And litel used, it semed thus.’

      Cf. A. L. 47; ‘into a strait passage,’ and the context.

      [47.]parde; a petty oath (being in French), such as a female writer might use; so in A. L. 753.

      [49, 50.]For the herber and benches, see A. L. 48–9; also L. G. W. 203–4. For the phrase wel y-wrought, see A. L. 165.

      [53.]Bell and Morris read wool, which is obviously right; but neither of them mention the fact that both Speght’s editions have wel; and there is no other authority! Clearly, Speght’s MS. had wol, which he misread as wel.

      [56.]eglantere, eglantine, sweet-briar. Entered under eglatere in the New E. Dict., though the earlier quotations, in 1387 and 1459, have eglentere. I find no authority for the form eglatere except Speght’s misprint in this line, which he corrects in l. 80 below. Tennyson’s eglatere (Dirge, 23) is clearly borrowed from this very line.

      [58.]by mesure; a tag which reappears in A. L. 81.

      [59.]by and by; another tag, for which see A. L. 87, 717.

      [60.]I you ensure; yet another tag; see l. 457, and A. L. 52, 199, 495, 517.

      [62.]The final e in peyn-e is suppressed; so in A. L. 359, 416.

      [68.]Cf. ‘And as they sought hem-self thus to and fro’; A. L. 43.

      [75.]Here espyed rimes with syde, wyde; in A. L. 193, it rimes with asyde and gyde.

      [89.]The goldfinch is afterwards opposed to the nightingale. Hence he replaces the cuckoo in the poem of the Cuckoo and Nightingale. Just as the Cuckoo and Nightingale represent the faithless and the constant, so the goldfinch and the nightingale are attached, respectively, to the bright Flower and the long-lasting Leaf. This is explicitly said below; see ll. 439, 444.

      [98.]in this wyse; appears also at the end of a line in A. L. 589; cf. in her gyse, A. L. 603; in ful pitous wyse, A. L. 584; in no maner wyse, A. L. 605.

      [99, 100.]These lines correspond to the Cuckoo and Nightingale, 98–100.

      [113.]inly greet, extremely great; cf. inly fair, A. L. 515.

      [115.]‘Ye wold it thinke a very paradyse’; A. L. 168.

      [118.]Better I set me doun, as in A. L. 77.

      [121.]‘Withouten sleep, withouten mete or drinke’; L. G. W. 177 (note the context).

      [134.]Here begins the description of the adherents of the Leaf, extending to l. 322, including the Nine Worthies, ll. 239–94. The reader must carefully bear in mind that the followers of the Leaf are clad in white (not in green, as we should now expect), though the nine Worthies are crowned with green laurel, and all the company gather under a huge Laurel-tree (l. 304). On the other hand the followers of the Flower, shortly described in ll. 323–50, are clad in green, though wearing chaplets of white and red flowers; for green was formerly an emblem of inconstancy.

      [137.]Cf. ‘to say you very right’; A. L. 750.

      [144.]oon and oon, every one of them. This phrase is rare in Chaucer; it seems only to occur once, in C. T., A 679; but see A. L. 368, 543, 710.

      [146.]purfil occurs in A. L. 87, in the same line with by and by; and in A. L. 522–4, we find colour, sleves, and purfyl close together.

      [148.]Cf. ‘With grete perles, ful fyne and orient’; A. L. 528. For diamonds, see A. L. 530.

      [150.]Borrowed from Chaucer, Parl. Foules, 287: ‘of whiche the name I wante.’ Hence wante, i. e. lack, is the right reading. The rime is imperfect.

      [155.]The missing word is not branches, as suggested by Sir H. Nicolas, nor floures, as suggested by Morris, but leves; as the company of the Leaf is being described; cf. l. 259. The epithets fresh and grene are very suitable. The leaves were of laurel, woodbine, and agnus-castus.

      [160.]For were read ware; see ll. 267, 329, 335, 340; the sense is wore. Chaucer’s form is wered, as the verb was originally weak; Gower and Lydgate also use the form wered. The present is perhaps one of the earliest examples of the strong form of this preterite.

      agnus-castus; ‘from Gk. ἄγνος, the name of the tree, confused with ἀγνός, chaste, whence the second word Lat. castus, chaste. A tree, species of Vitex (V. Agnus Castus), once believed to be a preservative of chastity, called also Chaste-tree and Abraham’s Balm’; New E. Dict. The same Dict. quotes from Trevisa: ‘The herbe agnus-castus is alwaye grene, and the flowre therof is namly callyd Agnus Castus, for wyth smelle and vse it makyth men chaste as a lombe.’

      [163.]For But Morris reads And, which is simpler.

      [164.]oon, one. She was the goddess Diana (see l. 472), or the Lady of the Leaf.

      [171.]Cf. ‘That to beholde it was a greet plesaunce’; A. L. 59.

      [172.]Cf. ‘though it were for a king’; A. L. 158.

      [177–8.]Speght has Suse le foyle de vert moy in l. 177, and Seen et mon joly cuer en dormy in l. 178. I see little good in guessing what it ought to be; so I leave it alone, merely correcting Suse and foyle to Sus and foyl; as the O. F. foil was masculine.

      Bell alters de vert to devers, and for Seen puts Son; and supplies est after cuer; but it all gives no sense when it is done. We should have to read Sus le foyl devers moy sied, et mon joli cuer est endormi; sit down upon the foliage before me, and my merry heart has gone to sleep. Which can hardly be right. The Assembly of Ladies has the same peculiarity, of presenting unintelligible scraps of French to the bewildered reader.

      [180.]smal, high, treble; chiefly valuable for explaining the same word in Chaucer’s Balade to Rosemounde.

      [188–9.]A parallel passage occurs in A. L. 384–5.

      [201.]the large wones, the spacious dwellings; cf. Ch. C. T., D 2105.

      [202.]Speght has Pretir, an obvious error for Prester. The authoress may easily have obtained her knowledge of Prester John from a MS. of Mandeville’s Travels; see cap. 27 of that work. And see Yule’s edition of Marco Polo. He was, according to Mandeville, one of the greatest potentates of Asia, next to the Great Khan.

      [209.]cereal; borrowed from Chaucer:—‘A coroune of a grene ook cerial’; C. T., A 2290. And Chaucer took it from Boccaccio; see note in vol. v. p. 87.

      [210.]trumpets, i. e. trumpeters; as several times in Shakespeare. Cf. l. 213.

      [212.]tartarium, thin silk from Tartary. Fully explained in my note to P. Plowman, C. xvii. 299 (B. xv. 163), and in the Glossary to the same. bete, lit. beaten; hence, adorned with beaten gold; see note to C. T., A 978 (vol. v. p. 64). were, (all of which) were; hence the plural.

      [213.]Read bere, as in l. 223; A. S. bǣron, pt. t. pl.

      [220.]kinges of armes, kings-at-arms; who presided over colleges of heralds. Sir David Lyndsay was Lord Lion king-at-arms.

      [224.]Cf. ‘Set with saphyrs’; A. L. 480.

      [233.]vel-u-et is trisyllabic; as in The Black Knight, 80.

      [234.]‘And certainly, they had nothing to learn as to how they should place the armour upon them.’

      [238.]in sute, in their master’s livery.

      [240.]The celebrated Nine Worthies; see notes to IV. 281, XII. 86.

      [243.]Cf. ‘and furred wel with gray’; A. L. 305.

      [252.]henshmen, youths mounted on horseback, who attended their lords. See numerous quotations for this word in A Student’s Pastime, §§ 264, 272, 415–8. Each of them is called a child, l. 259.

      [253.]For every on, it is absolutely necessary to read the first upon; for the sense. Each of the nine worthies had three henchmen; of these three, the first bore his helmet, the second his shield, and the third his spear.

      [257.]Bell and Morris alter nekke to bakke; but wrongly. The shields were carried by help of a strap which passed round the neck and over the shoulders; called in Old French a guige. The convenience of this arrangement is obvious. See note to C. T., A 2504 (vol. v. p. 88).

      [272.]In Lydgate’s Temple of Glas, 508, we are told that hawthorn-leaves do not fade; see ll. 551–3 below.

      [274.]Read hors, not horses; hors is the true plural; see l. 293.

      [275.]Cf. ‘trompes, that . . . blowen blody sounes’; C. T., A 2511–2.