The Online Library of Liberty

A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.

• General Introduction.
• Life of Geoffrey Chaucer.
• List of Chaucer’s Works.
• Errata and Addenda.
• Introduction.: the Romaunt of the Rose.
• Introduction: the Minor Poems.
• The Romaunt of the Rose.
• Fragment A.: Le Roman De La Rose.
• Fragment B.
• Fragment C.
• The Minor Poems.
• I.: An A. B. C.
• II.: The Compleynte Unto Pite.
• III.: The Book of the Duchesse.
• IV.: The Compleynt of Mars.
• V.: The Parlement of Foules.
• VI.: A Compleint to His Lady.
• VII.: Anelida and Arcite.
• VIII.: Chaucers Wordes Unto Adam, His Owne Scriveyn.
• IX.: The Former Age.
• X.: Fortune.
• XI.: Merciles Beaute: a Triple Roundel.
• XII.: To Rosemounde. a Balade.
• XIII.: Truth.
• XIV.: Gentilesse.
• XV.: Lak of Stedfastnesse.
• XVI.: Lenvoy De Chaucer a Scogan.
• XVII.: Lenvoy De Chaucer a Bukton.
• XVIII.: The Compleynt of Venus.
• XIX.: The Compleint of Chaucer to His Empty Purse.
• XX.: Proverbs.
• Appendix.
• XXI.: Against Women Unconstant.
• XXII.: An Amorous Compleint. (compleint Damours.)
• XXIII.: A Balade of Compleynt.
• Notes to the Romaunt of the Rose.
• Notes to the Minor Poems.

XVII.

LENVOY DE CHAUCER A BUKTON.

Title:so in MS. Fairfax 16. Second Title from Ju.

The authorities are: F. (Fairfax 16); Th. (Thynne’s edition, 1532); and a printed copy by Julian Notary (Ju.). I follow F. mainly.

• The counseil of Chaucer touching Mariage, which was sent to Bukton.
• • My maister Bukton, whan of Criste our kinge^[ ]
  • Was axed, what is trouthe or sothfastnesse ,^[ ]
  • He nat a word answerde to that axinge,
  • As who saith: ‘no man is al trewe ,’ I gesse.
  • And therfor , thogh I highte to expresse^[ ]5
  • The sorwe and wo that is in mariage,
  • I dar not wryteof hit no wikkednesse,
  • Lest I my-self falle eft in swich dotage.^[ ]
• • I wol nat seyn, how that hit is the cheyne^[ ]
  • Of Sathanas, on which he gnaweth ever ,10
  • But I dar seyn, were he out of his peyne,
  • As by his wille, he wolde be bounde never .
  • But thilke doted fool that eft hath lever
  • Y-cheyned be than out of prisoun crepe,
  • God lete him never fro his wo dissever ,15
  • Ne no man him bewayle, though he wepe.
• • But yit , lest thou do worse, tak a wyf ;
  • Bet is to wedde, than brenne in worse wyse.^[ ]
  • But thou shalt have sorwe on thy flesh , thy lyf ,
  • And been thy wyves thral, as seyn these wyse ,20
  • And if that holy writ may nat suffyse,
  • Experience shal thee teche, so may happe,
  • That thee were lever to be take in Fryse^[ ]
  • Than eft to falle of wedding in the trappe.

• Envoy.
• This litel writ , proverbes, or figure^[ ]25
• I sende you , tak kepe of hit , I rede:
• Unwys is he that can no wele endure.^[ ]
• If thou be siker, put thee nat in drede.^[ ]
• The Wyf of Bathe I pray you that ye rede^[ ]
• Of this matere that we have on honde.30
• God graunte you your lyf frely to lede
• In fredom ; for ful hard is to be bonde.32

Explicit.

[2. ]F. ys; sothefastnesse.

[3. ]F. worde.

[4. ]F. noo. Ju. Th. trewe; F. trew.

[5. ]F. therfore though; hight (Ju. hyghte).

[6. ]F. woo.

[7. ]F. writen; hyt noo.

[8. ]Ju. Lest; F. Leste.

[9. ]F. hyt.

[10. ]F. euere.

[11. ]F. oute.

[12. ]F. neuere.

[13. ]F. foole. Th. efte; F. ofte; Ju. oft. F. leuere.

[15. ]F. woo disseuere.

[16. ]F. noo.

[17. ]F. yet; thow doo; take; wyfe.

[19. ]F. thow; flessh; lyfe.

[20. ]F. ben. F. wifes; Ju. Th. wyues.

[21. ]F. yf; hooly writte.

[22. ]F. the.

[23. ]F. the.

[24. ]F. Ju. om. to; which Th. inserts.

[25. ]F. writte; Th. writ; Ju. wryt.

[26. ]F. yow take; hyt.

[27. ]F. Vnwise; kan noo.

[28. ]F. thow; the.

[29. ]F. wyfe; yow.

[31. ]F. yow; lyfe.

[32. ]F. fredam. F. harde it is; Ju. hard is; Th. foule is (omitting ful). All add Explicit.

[1.]Bukton. Most old editions have the queer reading:—‘My mayster. &c. whan of Christ our kyng.’ Tyrwhitt was the first to correct this, and added:—‘It has always been printed at the end of the Book of the Duchesse, with an &c. in the first line instead of the name of Bukton; and in Mr. Urry’s edition the following most unaccountable note is prefixed to it—“This seems an Envoy to the Duke of Lancaster after his loss of Blanch.” From the reference to the Wife of Bathe, l. 29, I should suppose this to have been one of our author’s later compositions, and I find that there was a Peter de Buketon, the King’s Escheator for the County of York, in 1397 (Pat. 20 R. II. p. 2, m. 3, ap. Rymer) to whom this poem, from the familiar style of it, is much more likely to have been addressed than to the Duke of Lancaster.’ Julian Notary’s edition is the only one that retains Bukton’s name.

My maister Bukton is in the vocative case.

[2.]‘What is truth?’ See John xviii. 38.

[5.]Highte, promised; by confusion with heet (A.S. hēht).

[8.]Eft, again, a second time. This seems to assert that Chaucer was at this time a widower. Cf. C. T. 9103 (E 1227).

[9.]‘Mariage est maus liens,’ marriage is an evil tie; Rom. de la Rose, 8871. And again, with respect to marriage—‘Quel forsenerie [witlessness] te maine A cest torment, a ceste paine?’ R. Rose, 8783; with much more to the same effect. Cf. Cant. Tales, Marchauntes Prologue (throughout); and Barbour’s Bruce, i. 267.

[18.]Cf. 1 Cor. vii. 9, 28. And see Wife of Bath’s Prol. D 154-160.

[23.]‘That it would be more pleasant for you to be taken prisoner in Friesland.’ This seems to point to a period when such a mishap was not uncommon. In fact, some Englishmen were present in an expedition against Friesland which took place in the autumn of 1396. See the whole account in Froissart, Chron. bk. iv. cc. 77, 78. He tells us that the Frieslanders would not ransom the prisoners taken by their enemies; consequently, they could not exchange prisoners, and at last they put their prisoners to death. Thus the peculiar peril of being taken prisoner in Friesland is fully explained.

[25.]Proverbes, set of proverbs. Koch remarks—‘Proverbes is rather curious, referring to a singular, but seems to be right, as proverbe would lose its last syllable, standing before a vowel.’ Perhaps we should read or proverbe.

[27.]This answers to the modern proverb—‘Let well alone.’

[28.]I. e. learn to know when you are well off. ‘Half a loaf is better than no bread.’ ‘Better sit still than rise and fall’ (Heywood). ‘Better some of a pudding than none of pie’ (Ray). In the Fairfax MS., the following rimed proverb is quoted at the end of the poem:—

• ‘Better is to suffre, and fortune abyde,
• Than1 hastely to clymbe, and sodeynly to slyde.’

The same occurs (says Hazlitt) at the end of Caxton’s edition of Lydgate’s Stans Puer ad Mensam; but does not belong to that poem.

[29.]The reference is to the Wife of Bathes Prologue, which curiously enough, is again referred to by Chaucer in the Marchauntes Tale, C.T. 9559 (E 1685). This reference shews that the present poem was written quite late in life, as the whole tone of it shews; and the same remark applies to the Marchauntes Tale also. We may suspect that Chaucer was rather proud of his Prologue to the Wife of Bathes Tale. Unquestionably, he took a great deal of pains about it.

[28.]I. e. learn to know when you are well off. ‘Half a loaf is better than no bread.’ ‘Better sit still than rise and fall’ (Heywood). ‘Better some of a pudding than none of pie’ (Ray). In the Fairfax MS., the following rimed proverb is quoted at the end of the poem:—

• ‘Better is to suffre, and fortune abyde,
• Than1 hastely to clymbe, and sodeynly to slyde.’

The same occurs (says Hazlitt) at the end of Caxton’s edition of Lydgate’s Stans Puer ad Mensam; but does not belong to that poem.

[1 ]The MS. has And for Than (wrongly).