The Online Library of Liberty

A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.

• The Works of Edward Gibbon
• Introduction 1
• Preface of the Author
• Advertisement to the Notes 1
• Advertisement to the First Octavo Edition
• Preface to the Fourth Volume of the Quarto Edition
• Introduction
• The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
• Chapter I
• Chapter Ii
• Chapter Iii
• Chapter Iv
• Chapter V
• Chapter Vi
• Chapter Vii
• Chapter Viii
• Chapter Ix
• Appendix Additional Notes By the Editor
• 1.: Authorities
• 2.: Conquest of Britain — ( P. 4 and P. 45 )
• 3.: The Conquests of Trajan, and Policy of Hadrian — ( P. 7 )
• 4.: The Roman Army — ( P. 15 )
• 5.: The Roman Navy — ( P. 23 )
• 6.: The Provinces of the Roman Empire In 180 — ( P. 24 )
• 7.: Changes In South-eastern Europe Since Gibbon Wrote — ( Pp. 28 , 29 )
• 8.: Colonies and Municipia, Ius Latinum — ( P. 46 )
• 9.: The Mine of Soumelpour — ( P. 69 )
• 10.: The Constitution of the Roman Empire — ( Chapter Iii .)
• 11.: The Constitutional Significance of the Principate of Septimius Severus — ( Pp. 154-161 )
• 12.: Chronology of 238 — ( P. 229 )
• 13.: Authorities For Oriental Affairs — ( Chapter Viii .)
• 14.: The Zend Avesta — ( P. 253 Sqq. )

6.

THE PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN 180 — (P. 24)

For a general view of the provinces, the reader must be referred to Mommsen’s brilliant volume Die Provinzen von Cäsar bis Diocletian (translated into English in two vols.). For the general administration, including the military system, see Marquardt, Handbuch der römischen Alterthümer (Staatsverwaltung, vols. iv.-vi.).

1. Sicilia, the first Roman province, 241 It became a senatorial province in 27

2. Sardinia and Corsica, 231 Senatorial in 27 , but became imperial in 6 Again senatorial under Nero; once more imperial under Vespasian, and governed by a procurator et praeses. (Given to senate again by M. Aurelius but resumed by Commodus.)

3. Hispania citerior, or Tarraconensis, 197 ;imperial. (Divided into 3 dioceses, each under a leg. Augusti.)

4. Baetica, senatorial. { These formed one province under the Republic, Hispania ulterior (197 ), which was divided soon after the foundation of the Empire (27 ).

5. Lustania, imperial. { These formed one province under the Republic, Hispania ulterior (197 ), which was divided soon after the foundation of the Empire (27 ).

6. Gallia Narbonensis, after 121 (At first, imperial, after) 22 senatorial.

7. Aquitania, 27 { Called collectively tres Galliae, at first under one imperial governor; after 17 each had its own imperial governor.

8. Lugdunensis, 27 { Called collectively tres Galliae, at first under one imperial governor; after 17 each had its own imperial governor.

9. Belgica, 27 { Called collectively tres Galliae, at first under one imperial governor; after 17 each had its own imperial governor.

Novempopuli, a province cut off from Aquitania by Trajan.

10. Germania superior, 17 (?). { The civil administration of these frontier districts was united with that of Belgica. The military commanders were consular legati.

11. Germania inferior 17 (?). { The civil administration of these frontier districts was united with that of Belgica. The military commanders were consular legati.

12. Alpes Maritimæ, 14 , made an imperial province, governed by a (prefect, afterwards a) procurator.

13. Alpes Cottiæ, under Nero, imperial (under a procurator et praeses).

14. Alpes Poeninæ (or A. Poeninæ et Graiæ); in second century became an imperial province (under a procurator).

15. Britannia, 43 ,imperial.

16. Rætia, 15 ,imperial (under a procurator); but after Marcus Aurelius governed by the legatus pro prætore of the legion Concordia.

17. Noricum, 15 ,imperial, under a procurator. After Marcus, under the general of the legion Pia. (Dion Cassius, lv. 24, 4.)

18. Pannonia superior. { After its conquest Pannonia was added to the province of Illyria (44 ), imperial; which was broken up into Pannonia and Dalmatia, 10-14 ; Dalmatia under a consular legatus. Pannonia was broken up by Trajan (102-107 ) into the two Pannoniæ, each under a consular legatus (at least under Marcus).

19. Pannonia inferior. { After its conquest Pannonia was added to the province of Illyria (44 ), imperial; which was broken up into Pannonia and Dalmatia, 10-14 ; Dalmatia under a consular legatus. Pannonia was broken up by Trajan (102-107 ) into the two Pannoniæ, each under a consular legatus (at least under Marcus).

20. Dalmatia, or Illyricum. { After its conquest Pannonia was added to the province of Illyria (44 ), imperial; which was broken up into Pannonia and Dalmatia, 10-14 ; Dalmatia under a consular legatus. Pannonia was broken up by Trajan (102-107 ) into the two Pannoniæ, each under a consular legatus (at least under Marcus).

21. Moesia superior. { Moesia, 6 , an imperial province, was broken up into the two Moesias by Domitian under consular legati.

22. Moesia inferior. { Moesia, 6 , an imperial province, was broken up into the two Moesias by Domitian under consular legati.

23. Dacia Porolissensis. { Dacia, 107 , was at first one province (imperial). Hadrian broke it up into two (superior and inferior). Marcus made a new triple division (not later than 168 , not earlier than 158 ), and placed the provinces under consular legati.

24. Dacia Apulensis. { Dacia, 107 , was at first one province (imperial). Hadrian broke it up into two (superior and inferior). Marcus made a new triple division (not later than 168 , not earlier than 158 ), and placed the provinces under consular legati.

25. Dacia Maluensis. { Dacia, 107 , was at first one province (imperial). Hadrian broke it up into two (superior and inferior). Marcus made a new triple division (not later than 168 , not earlier than 158 ), and placed the provinces under consular legati.

26. Thracia, 46 ,imperial (at first under a procurator, but from Trajan forward) under a legatus.

27. Macedonia, 146 ; senatorial in 27 ; from Tiberius to Claudius, imperial and united with Achaia; after Claudius, senatorial.

28. Achaia. { Included in Macedonia, 146 ; together formed a senatorial province, 27 ; after having been united with Macedonia (15 and 44 ), restored to the senate, and declared free by Nero, it was made senatorial by Vespasian. This Emperor probably separated Epirus (including Acarnania), imperial, under a procurator.

29. Epirus. { Included in Macedonia, 146 ; together formed a senatorial province, 27 ; after having been united with Macedonia (15 and 44 ), restored to the senate, and declared free by Nero, it was made senatorial by Vespasian. This Emperor probably separated Epirus (including Acarnania), imperial, under a procurator.

30. Asia, 133 ;senatorial 27 (under a consular).

31. Bithynia and Pontus, 74 and 65 ; senatorial 27 , became under Hadrian imperial.

32. Galatia (including Pontus Polemoniacus), 25 imperial; united twice and twice severed from Cappadocia; finally separated by Trajan and placed under a praetorian legatus.

33. Cappadocia (including Lesser Armenia), 17 imperial; (procuratorial till Vespasian, 70 , gave it a consular legatus).

34. Lycia and Pamphylia, 43 ; after various changes definitely constituted as imperial by Vespasian, 74 , but transferred to the senate by Hadrian.

35. Cilicia, 102 At one time apparently united with Syria, but independent since Vespasian. From Hadrian (including Trachea) imperial under legatus; Severus transferred Isauria and Lycaonia from Galatia to Cilicia.

36. Cyprus, 58 ; at first united with Cilicia; 22 , became an independent senatorial province.

37. Syria, 64 ;imperial under consular legatus, 27

38. Syria Palaestina (= Judæa), separated from Syria 70 ,imperial under legatus.

39. Arabia, 106 ,imperial.

40. Aegyptus 30 ,imperial domain under praefectus Aegypti.

41. Creta and Cyrene, at first one province (67 and 74 respectively); united 27 as a senatorial province (under a praetor).

42. Africa, 146 ,senatorial under a consular proconsul; seems to have included Numidia from 25

43. Mauretania Caesariensis. } 40 ,imperial (under procurators).

44. Mauretania Tingitana. } 40 ,imperial (under procurators).

It is important to note some changes that were made between the death of Marcus and the accession of Diocletian. (1) The diocese of Asturia et Gallaecia was cut off as a separate imperial province from Tarraconensis (216 or 217 ); (2) Britannia was divided by Septimius Severus (197 ) into Brit. superior and Brit. inferior (each probably under a praeses); (3) Septimius made Numidia a separate province (under a legatus till Aurelian, after wards under a praeses); (4) Syria was divided by the same Emperor (198 ) into Syria Cœle (Magna) and Syr. Phœnice; (5) Arabia was divided in the third century into Ar. Bostræa and Arabia Petræa, corresponding to the two chief towns of the province; (6) Mesopotamia (made a province by Trajan, and resigned by Hadrian) was restored by Lucius Verus. (7) For Dacia see vol. ii., p. 73.