The Online Library of Liberty

A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.

• Preface to Part V.
• Part V.: Political Institutions.
• Chapter I.: Preliminary.
• Chapter II.: Political Organization In General.
• Chapter III.: Political Integration.
• Chapter IV.: Political Differentiation.
• Chapter V.: Political Forms and Forces.
• Chapter VI.: Political Heads—chiefs, Kings, Etc.
• Chapter VII.: Compound Political Heads.
• Chapter VIII.: Consultative Bodies.
• Chapter IX.: Representative Bodies.
• Chapter X.: Ministries.
• Chapter XI.: Local Governing Agencies.
• Chapter XII.: Military Systems.
• Chapter XIII.: Judicial and Executive Systems.
• Chapter XIV.: Laws.
• Chapter XV.: Property.
• Chapter XVI.: Revenue.
• Chapter XVII.: The Militant Type of Society.
• Chapter XVIII.: The Militant Type of Society.
• Chapter XIX.: Political Retrospect and Prospect.
• References.

REFERENCES.

To find the authority for any statement in the text, the reader is to proceed as follows :—Observing the number of the section in which the statement occurs, he will first look out in the following pages, the corresponding number, which is printed in conspicuous type. Among the references succeeding this number, he will then look for the hague of the tribe, people, or nation concerning which the statement is made (the names in the references standing in the same order as that which they have in the text); and that it may more readily catch the eye, each such name is printed in Italics. In the parenthesis following the name, will be found the volume and page of the work referred to, preceded by the first three or four letters of the author’s name; and where more than one of his works has been used, the first three or four letters of the title of the one containing the particular statement. The meanings of these abbreviations, employed to save the space that would he occupied by frequent repetitions of full titles, is shown at the end of the references ; where will be found arranged in alphabetical order, these initial syllables of authors’ names, &c., and opposite to them the full titles of the works referred to.

chas (Sim. 253)—Madagascar (Ell. “Hist.” i, 288)—Romans (Guhl, 513)—Japan (Kœm. 70)—China (Will. S.W. i, 404)—Turkey (White, i, 43)—Siam (Bowr. 117)—Congo (Bas. “Af. R.” 57)—Assyrians (Raw. i, 495)—India (Bur. iii, 141)—Siam (Bowr. i, 425)—China (Gutz. ii, 278)—Java (Raf. i, 312)—Anvient America (Torq. bk. xi, ch. 18)—Dahomey (Waitz, ii, 87)—Siamese (Bowr. i, 116)—Jololoffs (Bas. “Af R.” 57). § 420. Tasmanians (Bon. 64)—Australia (Sturt ii, 54)—Khond (Maoph. 56)—Tahiti (Ell. “Poly.” i, 221)—Fijians (U.S. Ex. iii, 332)—Fiji (See. 179)—Chibehas (Sim. 253)—San Salvador (Her. iv, 149)—Peru (Acos. bk. iv, ch. 22). §421. Society Islands (Forst. 271)—Fijian (Ersk. “West Pac.” 430)—Sumatra (Mars. 47)—Tahiti (Ell. “Poly.” i, 173)—Karague (Speke 210 & 231)—Tahiti (Cham. s.v. “Ava”)—Guatemala (Xim. 157). § 424. Fiji (Will, i, 39)—Darfur (reference lost)—Burgundy (Quick. 298–9)—France (Le Roi, see Ste. Beuve). § 425. New Zealand (Ang. i, 319; Thom. i, 190). § 428. Abyssinia (Bruce vi, 16)—Mexicans (Clav. bk. vi, ch. 20). § 429. Fiji (Ersk. “West Pac.” 462; Wil. i, 39; i, 37)—Uganda (Speke 298; Stan. i, 369; Speke 256 & 258) - Siamese (Bowr. i, 435)—Fiji (U. S. Ex. Ex. iii, 326)—Loango (Ast. iii, 226)—Ashantee (Cruic. i, 109)—Siamese (Loub. i, 186 & 172)—China (Nieuhoff in vii, “Pink. Voy.” 265; Hue “Chin. Empire,” i, 212)—Japan (Dick. 45)—Russia (Cust. 93)—Siamese (Loub. i, 172; Bowr i, 435)—Burma (Syme, i, 282–3)—China (Will. S.W. i, 509; Huc, Chin. il, 289). § 431. Russia (Cust. 160). § 432. China (Will. S.W. i, 509). § 437. Santals (Hunt. i, 248)—Sowrahs (Shortt, Pt. iii, 38)—Todas (Hark. 18; Metz, 13; Hark. 17)—Tipperahs (Hunt. “Stat.” vi, 53)—Marias [Gonds] (Glas. No. xxxix, 41)—Khonds (Maoph, vii, 196)—Santals (Hunt. i, 215–6)—Lepchas (Camp. “J. E. S. L.” July, 1869)—Bodo & Dhimals (Hodg. xviii, 745)—Carnatics (Hunt. “Die.” 9–10)—Chakmás (Hunt. “Stat.” vi, 48)—Santals (Hunt, i, 215–6; Dalt. 217)—Bodo & Dhimals (Hodg. xviii, 745)—Lepchas (Hook, i, 175; Camp “J. E. S. L.” July, 1869)—New Guinea (D’Alb. in “Trans. Col. Inst.” Dec. 17, 1878)—Fyians (Ersk. i, 272)—Dahomey (Burt. i, 195, note; ibid. ii, 190, note)—Mexicans (Tern. Comp. i, 212; Clav. bk. vi, ch. 18; Diaz. ch. 28; Her. iii, 208–9; ibid, iv, 213)—Cent. Americans (Land. § xxiv; Gall. i, 104; Her. iii, 223; Pres. bk. i, ch. 4; Her. iv, 174)—Veddahs (Ball. ii, 228; Ten. ii, 444; Prid. 460). § 442. Digger Indians (Kel. i, 252)—Chaco Indians (Hutch. 280)—Bedouins (Pal. 15)—Unyoro (Bak. “Eth. Trans.” 1867)—New Zealand (Hawk. iii, 470)—Beluchees (“Jour. Eth. Soc.” i, 109)—Greeks (Cur. i, 115–6)—Carolingians (Dun. i, 101). § 443. Egyptians (Wilk. i, 330–336)—Roman (Lact. cc. 7, 23, Salv. bk. v)—France (Guiz. iii, 251–2; Clam. i, 355–438; il, 160–230; i, pp. xxv-vi)—Gwahor (“The Statesman,” Aug. 1880, 218–19)—Byzantium (Gib. ch. lii). § 446. Rome (Dur. iii, 126–7). § 448. Bechuanas (Burch. ii, 532)—Greeks (Horn. “Iliad,” bk. i)—Khonds (Maoph. 43). § 449. Seminoles and Snakes (School. v. 260)—Peruvians (Squ. Peru, 18, 19; Cie. ch. xiii)—Abors (Dal. “Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,” xiv, 426)—Damaras (Gal. 232–3)—Kookies (Stew.” Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,” xxiv, 638)—Mishmees (Coop. 228)—Bachassins (Burch. ii, 512). § 450. Bushmen (Lich. il, 194)—Rock Veddahs (Ten. ii, 440)—S. Americans (Humb. ii, 412)—Athenians (Gro. iii, 83)—Romans (Mom. i, 65)—Greeks (Gro. iii, 77)—Rome (Coul. 135–8; Mom. i, 67)—India (Maine, 106–7)—Greeks (Gro. ii, 312–3) § 451. Karens (Mason, “J. A. S. B.” xxxvii, Pt. ii, 152)—Hottentots (Kol. i, 287)—New Cal. (Tur. 84)—Samoa (l’’ur. 290)—Israelites (Dun. ii, 99)—Greece (Gro. iv, 431; ii, 359)—Fúlbe (Bar. ii, 509)—Damaras (Gal. “Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,” 1852, 159)—Peru (Onde. Narratives, 152–3)—Greece (Gro. ii, 393). § 452. Patagonians (Falk. 121–2)—Chinooks (Kane, 214)—Kalmucks, &c. (Pallas, i, 188)—Abipones

(Dob. ii, 105)—Balonda (Liv. 208)—Kukis (M’Cull. Selecs. xxvii, 58)—American Indians (Mor. 341)—Britain (Bur. ii, 152–3; Mart. i, 343)—Mexicant (Zurita, 240)—Peru (Garc. bk. iv, ch. 8, and bk. v, ch. 9)—Japanese (Dickson 305). § 454. Fuegians ([Cook] “Hawkesworth’s Voyages,” ii, p. 58)—Coroados (Spix and Martius ii, 244). § 455. Boda and Dhimals (Hodg. 157)—Lepchas (Camp. “J. E. S. L.,” July, 1869). § 456. N.A. Indians (Kane, 214)—Nootkas (Banc, i, 195)—Vera Paz (Xim. 202–3)—Honduras (Her. iv, 135)—Dyaks (St. J. i, 104). § 457. New Zealandert (Thom.i,148)—Sandwich Islands (Ellis, 397)—Fiji (Ersk. W. Pac. 461)—Scot. (Maine, E. I., 133)—British (Pear. 1–12)—English (Stubbs ii, 493)—Scotland (Innes, Mid. Ages 141–2). § 458. Egypt (Shar. I, 66; Ken. II, 42)—Rome (Mom. i, 95)—Germans (Stubbs 30–31, note)—English (Kern. i, 69; Hall, M.A. ch. viii)—Egyptians (Wilk. [S.B. in new ed.] I, 150)—Roman (Coul., R. d. D. M., xcix, 246)—England (Hall, M. A. ch. ii, pt. i; Ree. i, 34–6). § 459. Danish (Maine, E. I. 84–6)—Med. Eur. (Free, N.C. i, 96–7). § 460. Fijians (See. 179; U. S. Ex. Ex.iii, 73)—Sandwich Islanders (Ellis, 7)—Tahitians (Ellis’s “Pol. Res.” ii, 16)—Africa (Rea. 241). § 461. Sandwich Islanders (Ell. “Haw.” 392). § 462. China (Gutz. ii, 305)—France (Cher. “Hist.” ii, 116–8; Warn, i, 549–50)—Hottentots (Thomp. ii, 30)—Bechuanas (Burch. ii, 347)—Chinooks (Wai. iii, 338)—Albania (Boné. iii, 254)—Maine, E. H. of I. 134)—France (A. L. F. ii, 645). § 464. Australians (Sm. i, 103)—Chippewas, &c. (School. C. P. 137, et seq.)—Cent. Amer. (Banc. i, 702)—Khonds (Macph. 32 and 27)—New. Zea. (Thom. 95)—Tahitians (Ell. P. R. ii, 363)—Madag. (Ell. M. i, 378)—Phœnicians (Mov. ii, 540–1)—Greeks (Gro. ii, 92)—Pr. Ger. (Tac. Ger. xi in Free. “Eng. Const.” 17)—Iceland (Mail. N. A. 291–5)—Swiss (Free. E. C. pp. 1–7)—Old Eng. (Free. E. C. 60). § 466. Greenlanders (Crantz i, 164–5)—Australians (Sturt ii, 117, 276)—Salish (Hale in U. S. Ex. Ex. vi, 207–8; Domenech’s Deserts, ii, 343–4)—Bodo and Dhimals (Hodg. 157)—Australians (Grey ii, 240)—Snakes (L. and C. 306)—Chinooks (L. and C. 443)—Dakotas (School. ii, 182)—Creeks (School. i, 275)—Khirgiz (Wood, 338)—Ostyaks (“Rev. Sib.” ii, 269)—Nagas (But. 146)—Kor. Hottentots (Thomp. ii, 30)—Kaffirs (Lich. i, 286). § 467. Tupis (Sou. i, 250)—Juangs (Dalt. 156)—Kor. Hottentots (Thomp. ii, 80)—Kaffirs (Shoo. 102)—Damaras (“Jour. Eth. Soc.” iii, 2)—Araucanians (Smi. 243)—Dyaks (Broo. i, 129)—Malagasy (Ell. H. M. i, 146)—Savages (Lubb. “Orig. of Civil.,” 303). § 468. Arafuras (Kolf 161)—Khirgiz (Mich. 248)—Sumatrans (Mars. 217)—Madag. (Ell. “Hist. Madag.” i, 377)—East Africans (Bur. C. A. ii, 360)—Javans (Raff. i, 274)—Sumatra (Mars. 217)—Ashantee (Beech. 90, et seq.), § 469. Congo (Proy. Pink. xvi, 577)—Dahomans (Bur. i, 263). § 471. Nicobarians (Bast. ii, 384)—Haidahs (Banc, i, 168)—Californians (Banc, i, 348)—Navajos (Banc, i, 508)—Angamies (Stew. “J. A. S. B.” xxiv, 650)—Lower Californians (Banc, i, 365)—Flatheads (Banc. i, 275)—Sound Indians (Banc. i, 217)—Lower Californians (Banc. i, 565)—Chippewayans (Frank. 159)—Coroados (Spix, ii, 244)—Abipones (Dob. ii, 102)—Bedouins (“Rambles in Syria,” p. 9)—African (Bur. “Ab.” i, 276). § 472. Khonds (Camp. 50)—Cent. India (Fors. 9)—Bushmen (Burch. i, 458)—Fuegians (Fitz. ii, 178)—Rock Veddahs (Ten. ii, 440)—Dyaks (St. J. i, 375)—Caribs (Edw. i, 48) Bushmen (Lich. ii, 194)—Tasmanians (Lloyd, 56; [Dove] Tas. J. i, 253)—Tapajos (Bates, 271)—Bedouint (Bur. iii, 44)—Greece (Gro. ii, 87)—Scot. (Martin, 101)—Snake Indians (L. and C. 306)—Crreeks (School. v, 279)—Comanches (School. ii, 130)—Coroados (Spix, ii, 234)—Ostyaks (“Rev. Sib.’ ii, 269)—Tacullies (Banc, i, 123)—Tolewas (Banc. i, 348)—Spokanes (Wilkes’ Nar. in U. S. Ex. Ex. iv, 475–6)—Navajos (Banc, i, 508)—Dörs (Heuglin, 195)—Arabs (Burck. i, 300)—Sumatra (Mars. 211). § 473. Australians (“Trans. Eth. Soc.,” New Ser. iii, 256)—Comanches (School. i, 231)—Flatheads (Banc. i, 275)—Dyaks (Low, 209; St. J. i, 223)—Caribs (Edw. i, 48)—Abipones (Dob. ii, 103)—Egypt (Tay. 16)—Rome (Mom. i, 79)—Germans (Sohm. i, 9)—French (Ranke, i, 75). 474.Thlinkeets (Banc. iii, 148)—Fuegions (Fitz. ii, 178)—Tasmanians (Bon. 175)—Haidahs (Banc. iii, 150)—Dakotas (School. iv, 495)—Obbo (Baker, i, 317–9)—Mexicans (Banc. iii, 295; Clav. bk. vii, ch. 7)—Chibchas (Pied. bk. ii, ch. 17)—Egypt (Brug. i, 406)—Jews (“Supernatural Religion,” i, 117)—Amazulu (Call. 340, note 86). § 475.Egypt (Shar. ii, 2)—Coroados (Spix, ii, 244)—Santals (Hunt, i, 216)—Khonds (Macph. 47). 476.Haidahs (Banc. i, 167)—Fiji (See. 232)—Tahitians (Ell. P. R. ii, 346; Hawk. ii, 121)—Madagascar (Ell. H. M. i, 342)—Peru (Gom. ch. 124; Gare. bk. iv, ch. 9)—Egypt (Bru. 44 in Wilk. i, 160–2)—Ceylon (Ten. i, 479; ii, 459)—New Caledoma (Zur. 426)—Madagascar (Ell. i, 342)—Abyssinia (Bruce iv, 488)—Tunmanes (Wint. i, 124)—Kaffir (Arb. 149)—Aragon (Hall. ii, 43–4). 477.Amazulu (Call. 208; 390)—Kukis (Stew. “J.A.S.B.” xxiv, 625)—Tahitians (Ell. P.R. ii, 341)—Tonga (Mar. ii, 76)—Peru (Garc. bk. i, ch. 23)—Egyptians (Wilk. i, 321–2; Brug. ii, 35–36)—Siam (Turp. 591)—Aryans (Gro. i, 618)—Chibchas (P. Simon, 261–2). 478.Chinooks (L. and C. 443; Wai. iii, 338)—Patagonians (Falk. 121)—Borneo (Low, 183)—Sabines (Seel. 71)—Germans (Dunh. i, 17)—Dyaks (Boy. 183)—Kalmucks (Pall, i, 188)—Araucanians (Thomp. i, 405)—Kaffirs (Lnch. i, 286)—Greeks (Glad, iii, 11)—Karens (Mason, “J.A.S.B.” xxxvii, Pt. ii, 131)—Congo (Bast. Af. R. 58)—Yariba (Lan. Clap. ii, 223)—Ibu (All and T. i, 234)—Kukis (But. 91)—Greeks (Glad. iii, 51)—Rome (Seel. 55–6)—Germany (Hall. ii, 67–68)—French (Hall. ch. i)—Merovingians (Wai. [Geo.] 45–6, 102)—France (Mray Trouv. 45–6; Boss. bk. iv, art. 1; St. Sim. iii, 69). § 479.Zulus (Mann “T.E.S.” New Series, v, 291)—Bheels (Mal. “C.I.” i, 551)—Loango (Ast. iii, 223; Proy. Pink. xvi, 557)—Wasoro (Bur. C.A. ii, 360)—Msambara (Krapf 384, note)—Dahome (Bur. i, 226)—Malagasi (Ell. H.M. i, 341)—Sandwich Islands (Ell. Haw. 401)—Siam (Bowr. i, 423)—Burmah (Sang. 58)—China (Gutz. ii, 252)—Japan (Ad. i, 11). 480.Tonga (Ersk. 126)—Gondar (Harr. iii, 10, 34)—Bhotan (Ren. 15–16)—Japan (Ad. i, 74, 17; Tits. 223. Ad. i, 11, 70)—Meromngian (Egin. 123–4). 483.Arafuras (Kolf. 161)—Todas (Shortt “T.E.S.L.,” N.S., vii, 241)—Bodo and Dhimáls (“T.A.S.B.,” xviii, 708)—Papuans (Kolf. 6)—Lepchas (Camp. “J.E.S.L.” July 1869)—Nagas (Stew. “J.A.S.B.” xxiv, 608; Grange “J.A.S.B.” ix, 950)—Comanches (School. ii, 130; Banc. i, 509)—Central America (Squi. ii, 340–1)—Nagas (Stew. “J.A.S.B.” xxiv, 607)—Africa (Bur. “Abeo.” i, 276). 485.Greece (Toz. 284–5; Her. 14; Gro. ii, 104)—Scotland (Ske. iii, 323–4)—Crete (Cur. ii, 182; ii, 178–9)—Corinth (Gro. iii, 2)—Sparta (Gro. ii, 612)—Latins (Mom. i, 30; 80; 87; 84). § 486.Venice (Sis. i, 300–313)—Netherlands (Grs. 10, 11, 20; Mot. i, 34)—Switz. (Vieus. 39)—Grisons (May’s “Democ.” i, 355)—San. Mar. (Bent. in “Fraser’s Mag.” for Dec. 1880). 487.Ital. Repub. (Sis. [Lard.] 21; Sis. i, 374; Sis. [Lard.] 22; 83). 488.Sparta (Gro. ii, 467; 485)—Rome (Mom. ii, 326)—Ital. Repub. (Hall. i, 368; Sis. [Lard.] 280)—Holland (May, ii, 17–18)—Berne (May’s “Democ.” i, 373)—Venice (Sis. [Lard.] 121)—Greece (Gro. iv, 25; Cur. i, 250)—Romans (Macch. iii, 428–9)—Ital. Repub. (Sis. [Lard.] 80)—Athens (Gro. iii, 182–3-4)—Rome (Mom. i, 98; i, 53)—Italian Repub. (May’s “Democ.” i, 281–2). 490.Samoa (Tur. 284)—Falahs (L. and O. ii, 85)—Mandingo St. (Park i, 18). § 491.Italian Rep. (Sis [Lard.] 22)—Poles (Dunh. 278–9; 285)—Hungarians (Levy, 165)—Germans (Stubbs, i, 55)—Merov. (Rich. 119–20)—Appenzell (Lav. 65)—Uri (Free. 5)—Seandinavia (C. and W., i, 258 and 191)—Tatars (Gib. ii, 16)—Sparta (Gro. iii, 7). 492.Kaffirs (Lich. i, 286)—Bechuanas (Moff. 248)—Wanyamwezi (Bur. C. A. ii, 360)—Ashantee (Beech. 90)—Mexico (Zur. 106; Clav. bk. viii, ch. 13)—Vera Paz (Tor. bk. xi, ch. 20)—Poland (Dunh. 278–9; 282)—Germans (Hall. ii, 92)—Madag. (Ell. M. ii, 252)—Hebrews (I Samuel, ch. XV)—Tahitians (Ell. P.K. ii, 486)—Mexicans (Sah. bk. viii, ch. 24)—Egypt (Wilk. i, 159)—France (Roth. F., 317–20; Gui iii, 249). 493.Denmark (C. and W. i, 262–3)—France (Rich. 119–20)—Madag. (Ell. H. M., i, 378)—England (Free. 60). 494.Egypt (Wilk. i, 160)—Persia (Mal. i, 549–50; ii, 303; Raw. iii, 223)—China (Will. i, 324)—France (Boss. Pol. bk. iv, art. 1; v, 4; Sev. Pul. i, 8–9; St-Sim. iii, 69)—Rome (Mom. i, 71–2; ii, 361; iii, 361)—Poland (Dunh. 232). § 496.Scandinavia (C. and W., i, 158)—Hungory (Patt. i, 66; i, 253–4)—Rome (Dur. iii, 376–8). 498.Greece (Gro. iii, 126, 129)—Italy (Sis. [L.] 23–4; 291)—Spain (Dun. iv, 158)—England (Hume, chap. xii). 499.Spain (Hall. [4th Ed.] 251)—France (Hall. [4th] 143—Scotland (Burt. ii, 168). 500.Scandinavia (Mall. 291–5)—France (Guiz. i, 355; Mor. (2) 379–80)—England (Stubbs, i, 397)—Holland (Mot. i, 32)—Anglo-Sax. (Stubbs. i, cont. of ch. vii)—Spain (Dun. iv, 158)—England (Stubbs, i, 398). § 501.England (Hume, appen. ii; Stubbs, i, 117)—France (Hall. [4th Ed.] 121)—Spain (Hall. 4, 262; 263; 265)—France (Dar. [2] ii, 57–8; Clam. ii, 3–4; Dar. i, 78)—Scotland (Innes, “Leg. An.,” 116). 502.France (Ord. ii, 201)—Hungary (Lévy, 165)—Scotland (Innes, “Leg. An.,” 119)—England (Hume, chap. xviii). 504.Egypt (Wilk. i, 324–5; v, 295–6)—Assyria (Raw. iv, 175)—England (Kem. ii, 105–11)—Hebrews (Ew. iii, 266–7)—Rome (Dur. iii, 175)—France (Gon. 322)—Eggarahs (All. and T. i, 327)—Mizteea (Her. iii, 261). 505.Carolingian (Stubbs, i, 344)—Normans and Old English (Stubbs, i, 344)—Scot. (Innes, 12–1)—Russia (Fowler, i, 379)—France (Jer. ii. ch 2, 158–9; Kit. iii, 210)—England (Turn. vi, 132). § 508.Tahiti (Ell.P.R. ii, 267)—England (Kem. ii, 142)—France (Gui. iii, 233)—Mexico, &c. (Zur. 66–7)—Chibchas (Acos. 188–90)—Med. Europe (Maine, V. C. [3rd Ed.] 235–6). 509.England (Free. i, 80; Fis. 301; Hall. M.A. ch. viii). 510.Feudal (Maine, E. I. 77)—France (Mau. cvii, 585)—Persians (Raw. iv, 418; 427–8)—Rome (Dur. v, 83–4)—France (Thie. T. C. i, 365–6; Cher. Hist, ii, 138–9)—England (Hall. C. H. ch. xii). 511.Bedouins (Burck 5; Pal. “Ency. Brit.” ii, 249)—Irish (Maine, E. I. 105–7)—Albania (Bou, ii, 86; iii, 359)—England (You. 147). § 512.Mexico (Zur. 50–62)—Russia (Lav. 8,1)—Teutons (Stubbs, i, 49; C(æsar, vi, 22; Kem. i, 56–7)—Bakwains (Liv. S.A. 14)—Japan (Alc. ii, 241–2)—Franks (Kem i, 238)—England (Thor. i, 274; 386; 450)—Russia (Kou. 228–9). 513.England (Kem. i, 240–3; Stu. 68)—Peru (Pres. i, 143)—Mexico (Clav, bk. vii, ch. 5; Gom. 438)—Egypt (Heer. ii, 139)—Greece (Her. 5)—China (Will. M. K. i, 388)—India (Gho. in Cal. Rev. for 1880)—Scandmavia (Aug. Thierry, quoted by Mazaroz, 85; Bren. lxviii)—England (Bren. cxxix). 516.Siam (Loub. 237–8)—Ashantee (Beech. 129)—Fulahs (L. and O. 86)—Rome (Mom. i, 99–100). § 517.Suevi (Stubbs, i, 14). 518.Guaranis (Waitz, iii, 422)—Nicaragua (Squ. ii, 341)—Bedouins (Burck. i, 296–7)—Tahiti (Forst. 377)—Hebrews (2 Sam. xxi, 17)—Carohngian (Waitz, iv, 522–3)—Japan (Adam, i, 15–16)—Peru (Pres. Peru, bk. i, ch. 2). 519.Hottentots (Kol. i, 815)—Malagasy (Ell. H. M. ii, 253)—Chibchas (Sim. 269)—Rome (Coul. C. A. 148)—Germans (Stubbs, i, 30)—Old England (Kem. i, 69)—France (Kitchm, i, 399; Froiss. i, 168)—Sparta (Gro. ii, 614)—Rome (Mom. i, 98–9). 520.France (Ranke, i, 83). § 522.Chinooks (Waitz, iii, 338)—Arabs (Bur. iii, 47)—Italy (Sis [L.] 90)—France (Maine, Fort. Rev. Nov., 1881, p. 614)—England (Ree, i, 153–4)—France (Gui. iii, 180). 523.Hottentots (Kol. i, 294–9)—Greece (Gro. ii, 99–100)—Rome (Mom. i, 159)—Germans (Tac. Germ. xii)—Danes (C. and W. i, 286)—Irish (Les. in “Fort. Rev.” March 1875). 524. Hebrews (Deut. xxi, 19)—Romans (Mom. i, 158)—France (Join. ch. xii)—Carolingian (Mor. C. C. E. [2] 379–80; Sohm, i, 16). § 525, Zulus (Arb. 140)—Eggarahs (All. and T. i, 326)—Germans (Tac. Germ. c. 7)—Scandinavia (Grim. i, 93–4). § 526. Peru (Her. iv, 337)—Germany (Dunh, i, 120)—France (Bay. i, 70–1)—Scotland (Innes, “L. A.” 221)—England (Stubbs, i, 391; i, 600).—France (Hall, 126–7). 527. Bedouins (“Ram. in Syria,” p. 9)—Mexicans (Dur. i, 216)—Athens (Our. ii, 450) —France and Germany (Black. iii, 41)—France (Duc. 11–12; A. L., F., v. 346–7; Dar. (2) i, 273)—England (Fis. 238; Stubbs, ii, 268). § 528. (Maine, “E. I.” 288–9). § 529. Sandwich I. (Ell.399)—Bechuanas (Burck.i,544–5)—Karens (Mason, “J. A.S.B.” xxxvii, pt. ii, 131)—France (K§oenigs. 185–6). § 530. Scandinavia (Mall. 117)—Egypt (Rec. ii, 11; xii, 47–8)—Peru (Santa Cr. 107; Gar. bk. i, ch. 23)—Tahitians (Ell. P. ii, 235)—Todas (Metz, 17)—Hebrews (2 Sam. v. 22–25)—India (Maine, “A. L.” 18)—Greece (Gro. ii, 111; Her. 48)—France (Hinc. D. O. P. ii, 201). § 531. Assyrians (Lay. ii, 473–4)—Greeks (Tie. 217–8; Coul. 221)—Egypt (Wilk. i, 164). § 532. Zulus (Arh. p. 16, note)—Peru (Pres. bk. i, ch. 2)—Mexicans (Tern. Comp. i, 78)—Japan (Pemb. Voy. vi, 624–5)—France (Greg. vii, 21)—Peruvians (Garc. bk. ii, ch. 12)—Japan (Alc. 63)—Rome (Mom. i, 159)—Salic (Gui. i, 463–4)—Scotland (lnnes, 197)—England (Stubbs, i, 183). § 533. Chippewayans (School, v, 177)—Shoshones (Banc. i, 435)—Haidahs (Banc. i, 168)—Sandwich I. (Ell. H. 400)—Greece (Gro. ii, 108, 110–11, 130)—Rome (Maine, “ A. L.” 372; Mom. ii, 130)—Basutos (Arb. 37)—Abyssinia (Par. ii, 204)—Sumatra (Mars. 249, 220)—Dakotas (School, ii, 185)—N. Americans (Kane, 115)—Dakotas (Mor. 331)—Araucanians (Thomp. i, 405). § 536. Bushmen (Lich. ii, 194)—Chippewayans (Banc. i, 118)—Arawaks (J. R. G. S.” ii, 231). § 537. Ahts (Banc, i, 191)—Comanches (School. i, 232)—Brazilians (Von Martius in “J. R. G. S.” ii, 195)—Chippewayans (School. v, 177)—Bedouins (Burck. i, 228). § 538. Rechabites, &c. (Ew. iv, 79–80; Kue. i, 181–2)—Dakotas (School. ii, 185)—Comanches (School. ii, 131)—Iroquois (Mor. 326)—Bechuanas (Burck. ii, 531)—Damaras (And. 114)—Kafirs (Shoot. 16)—Koosas (Lich. i, 271)—New Zealanders (Thom. 96)—Sumatrans (Mars. 244)—Mexicans (Sart. 67–8)—Damaras (And. 147)—Todas (Marsh. 206)—Congo (Pink. xvi, 168)—Slavs (Lav. 185)—Swiss (Lav. 82)—Hebrews (May, i, 362)—Rome (Mom. i, 160, 193)—Teutons (Stubbs i, 49–50). § 539. Drenthe (Lav. 282)—Ardennes (Lav. 301)—Lombardy (Lav. 214)—France (Lav. 212)—Abyssinia (Bruce iv, 462)—Kongo (Art. iii, 258)—Mexico (Tern. Comp. i, 254)—Iceland (Mall. 289)—Swiss (Lav. 83). § 540. Slavs (Lav. 189; i, 194–5)—Lombardy (Lav. 216). § 542. Dakotas (School, iv, 69)—Abipones (Dob. ii, 106)—Patagonians (Falk. 121–2)—Greece (Gro. ii, 84; 85)— Germans (Tac. xv)—England (Dyer 3)—Guaranis (Wai. iii, 442)—Rome (Mom. 1, 275). § 543. Loango (Proy. Pink. xvi, 577)—Tongans (Mars. i, 231)—Cashmere (Drew 68–70)—Kaffirs (Shoot, 104)—Sandwich Islands (Ell. H. 292)—Mexico (Zur. 251)—Yucatan (Landa § xx)—Guatemala, &c. (Zur. 407)—Madagascar (Ell. M. i, 316)—Fiji (See. 232)—Tahiti (Ell. P. R. ii, 361). § 544. England (Stubbs ii, 562–3). § 545. Quanga and Balonda. (Liv. S. A. 296, 307)—Bhils (Mal. i, 551–2); 185)—Mexico (Clav. bk. vii, ch 37)—Greece (Glad. iii, 62; Pot. i, 97)—England (Ling. iii, 7). § 557. France (Dar. 537). § 558. Americans (Hearne, 151)—Dahomey (Bur. i, 220–5; 226; Dalz. 175; Bur. i, 248; i, 52, note)—Peru (Gar. bk. ii, chap. xv; bk. vi, chap. viii; Blas. v, 3)—Egypt (Shar. i, 123; Brug. i, 51; Shar. i, 182)—Sparta (Gro. ii, 506; ii, 527)—Russia (Cust. ii, 2; Wal. i, 419–21; i, 419; i, 305, 440; Cust. ii, 142; Bell, ii, 237). § 559. Rome (Dur. iii, 155–60; iii, 183–7, 9; iii, 173–4; iii, 172–3; iii, 176)—Italy (Sis. 8–9). § 560. Greeks (Gro. ii, 88)—Japan (Mit. i, 32)—France (Corn. xxvii (1873) 72)—Montenegro (Boué ii, 86)—Dahomey (For. i, 20)—Sparta (Thirl. i, 329)—Merovingian (Amp. ii, 305; Martin ii, 448)—Dahomey (Bur. ii, 248)—Japan (M. and C., 34)—Egypt (Wilk. i, 189)—Persia (Raw. iv, 202)—Araucanians (Thomp. i, 406)—Fiji (Ersk. 464)—Dahomey (Dalz. 69)—Egypt (Brug. i, 53). § 573. Tenae (Dalt. 35)—Todas (Shortt pt. i, 9)—Pueblos (Banc, i, 546)—Karens (Gov. Stat. p. 64; McM. 81)—Lepchas (Hook. i, 129–30; Camp. J. E. S. L. 1869, 150–1)—Sant(áls (Hunt. i, 214; ditto Stat. xiv, 330)—Shervaroy (Shortt, pt. ii, 7)—Todas (Shortt, pt. i, 7–9; Hark. 16–17)—Arafuras (Kolff 161–3)—England (Hall., chap. viii)—France (Lév. n, 47–8)—England (Free. Sk. 232; Boge, Eng. Const.)—France (Taine’s “Ancien Régime”)—England (Mart. Intro. 21–2-3; Buck. i, 445–50; Pike, ii, 574). § 574. Bodo and D. (Hodg. J.A.S.B., xviii, 745)—Lepchas (Camp. J.E.S., July 1869)—Sant(áls (Hunt. i, 209; Sher. J.A.S.B xx, 554)—Jakuns (Favre in J.I.A. ii)—Bodo and D. (Hodg. J.A.S.B. xviii, 745)—Neilgherry H. (Ouch. 69)—Lepchas (Camp. J.E.S. (1869) 150–1)—Arafuras (Kolf. 161–3)—Lepchas (Camp. J.E.S. July 1869; Hook. i, 175–6)—Sant(áls (Hunt, i, 217)—Hos (Dalt. 206)—Todas (Shortt, pt, 1, 1)—Shervaroy H. (Shortt, ii, 78)—Jakuns (Favre J.I.A. ii)—Malacca (Jukes, 219–20)—Bodo and D. (Hodg. J.A.S.B. xviii, 745)—Sant(ál (Hunt, i, 209–10)—Lepchas (Hook. i, 175–6; 129–30)—Arafuras (Kolf. 163–4)—Lepchas (Hook. i, 134)—Sant(áls (Hunt. 208)—Bodo and Dhimals (Hodg. J.A.S.B. xviii, 707)—Sant(áls (Hunt. i, 217)—Bodo and Dhimals (Hodg. i, 150)—Todas (T.E.S. vii, 254). Note to Chap. XVIII. Boda and Dhimals (Hodg. “Kocch,” 162)—Lepchas (Hook. i, 135)—Santál (Hunt. i, 215–6; i, 181)—Lepchas (Camp. J.R.S. July 1869)—Arafuras (Kolf. 159–60).

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• A.L.F.—Anciennes lois françaises, 6d. Jourdain, Isambert, and Decrusy, 28 vol. Paris, 1828 ff.
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• Bage.—Bagehot’s (Walter) English Constitution.
• Bail.—Bailey in Journal Ethnological Society. Vol. 2.
• Bak.—Baker (Sir Samuel) Ethnological Transactions. 1867.
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• Banc.—Bancroft (H. H.) The Natire Races of the Pacific States of North America. London, 1876.
• Bart.—Barth (H.) Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa. London, 1858.
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• Bast—Bastian (A.) Africanische Reisen. Bremen, 1859.
• Bates.—Bates (Henry W.) Naturalist on River Amazon. 2nd Ed. London, 1864.
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• Bell.—Bell’s History of Russia in Lard. Cyclopedia.
• Bent.—Bent (J. Theodore) in Fraser’s Magazine for December, 1880.
• Bird.—Bird (Miss) Unbeaten Tracks in Japan. 1881.
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• Buck.—Buckle (H. T.) History of Civilization. 2nd (lib.) Ed. 1858.
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• Burck.—Burckhart (J. L.) Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys. London, 1850.
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• Camp., J.E.S.L.—Campbell in Journal Ethnological Society. London.
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• Forst.—Forster (Dr. J. R.) Observations during a Voyage round the World. 4to. 1778.
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• Free.—Freeman General Sketch. 1874.
• Froiss.—Froissart. Chronicles of England, France, and Spain. Trans. Johnes. 2 vols. London, 1844.
• Gal.—Gallatin (A.) Notes on the Semi-civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America (in Transactions of the American Ethnological Society). Vol. i. New York, 1845.
• Gal.—Galton (F.) In Journal Royal Geographical Society. 1852.
• Gar.—Garcillasso de la Vega, First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas. Translated by Cl. R. Markham. London, 1869–71. (Hakluyt Society).
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• Glas.—Glasfind in Selections from the Records of Government of India. (Foreign Department.)
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• Gomme.—Gomme (G. L.) Primitive Folk Moots. London, 1880.
• Gon.—Goncourt (E. & J. de) Histoire de la Société franç. pendant la Revolution. 2nd Ed. Paris, 1854.
• Gov. Stat.—Government Statement on the Moral and Material Progress of India for 1869–70.
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• Greg.—Gregorii Turon, Historia Ecclesiastica Francorum. 2 vols. Paris, 1836–8.
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• Huc.—Huc The Chinese Empire. 2 vols. 1855.
• Humb.—Humboldt’s Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America. 1852. (Bohn.)
• Hume.—Hume’s (D.) History of England.
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• Hunt.—Hunter (W. W.) A Statistical Account of Bengal. London, 1876.
• Hunt.—Hunter (W. W.) A comparative Dictionary of the Languages of India and High Asia. Prelim. Dissert. London, 1868.
• Hutch.—Hutchinson (T. J.) Buenos Ayres, &c. London, 1865.
• Innes.—Innes (Cosmo) Scotland in the Middle Ages. 8vo. 1860.
• Innes.—Innes Lectures on Scotch Legal Antiquities. 1872.
• J.A.S.B.—Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bengal.
• Jer.—Jervis (W. H.) History of the Gallican Church. 2 vols. London, 1872.
• J.E.S.—Journal of the Ethnological Society. London.
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• Kem.—Kemble (J. M.) The Saxons in England. 2 vols. 8vo. 1848.
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• L. & O.—Laird (Macgregor), and Oldfield (R. A. K.) Expedition into Interior of Africa. London, 1837.
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