The Online Library of Liberty

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• Editorial Staff
• Associate Editors
• Editorial
• Bibliographical Essay: John Hospers, the Literature of Ethics In the Twentieth Century
• I.: Ethical Analysis
• Human Rights Scholarship
• Rights and Professional Obligations
• Liberty and Virtue
• Moral Education Through Politics?
• Marx's ‘social Man’
• Defining a Person's Death
• Locke On Personal Identity
• Locke's Concept of Persons
• Locke, Suicide, & Political Resistance
• Freedom & Determinism
• Novels and the Politics of the '60s
• Freedom, Determinism, Praise & Blame
• Freedom & Norms
• Beyond Kant: Moral Egoism
• Popper, Relativism, & Freedom
• Popper & Objective Knowledge
• Is Egoism Subjectivist?
• Rule Utilitarianism
• Justifying Property
• II.: Legal Theory and Rights
• The Constitution & Natural Rights
• What Are Rights?
• The Scope of Rights
• Corporations: Rights and Obligations
• The Meaning of Privacy
• Privacy and the Law
• Autonomy, Privacy, & the Family
• Privacy & Freedom of the Press
• Social Science, Law & Criminal Justice
• Contract Law & Justice
• Hobbesian Law & Authority
• Civil Disobedience & Legal Obligation
• Law As Moral Conversation
• III.: History and Social Science Methodology
• The Decline of Historism
• Foucault's Structuralist History
• Pocock's Structuralist History & Law
• Hobbes, Natural Law, and Historiography
• Voltaire's Philosophical History
• Habermas's Critical Theory
• IV: Politics, War, and Peace
• Tolerance and Cultural Diversity
• Polish State Bureaucracy
• U.s. Interventionism & “human Rights”
• The U.s. and the Mexican War
• Spain and the Imperial Myth
• U.s. Imperialism: Indian & Filipinos
• Filipino Resistance to U.s. Imperialism
• The Origins of World War I
• Research Fields
• Anthropology
• History
• Law
• Philosophy
• Political Philosophy
• Political Science
• Sociology

Sociology

• Connally, William E. Review Essay: “The Critical Theory of Jurgen Habermas'. By Thomas McCarthy.” ....................................81
• Hartshorne, Thomas L. “From Catch-22 to Slaughterhouse V: The Decline of the Political Mode.” ....................................51

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[02.] Charlie D. Broad, Five Types of Ethical Theory. New York: Humanities Press, 1935.

[03.] Jerome Schneewind, Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy. London: Oxford University Press, 1977.

[04.] Sir Lewis A. Selby-Bigge, ed. British Moralists, New York: Oxford University Press, 1897. Paperback reprint, Dover Publications, 1965.

[05.] George Edward Moore, Principia Ethica. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1903.

[06.] H.A. Prichard, “Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?” Mind (1912). Reprinted in Wilfrid Sellars and John Hospers, eds. Readings in Ethical Theory. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970.

[07.] Sir William David Ross. The Right and the Good. London: Oxford University Press, 1930. About half this book is reprinted in Sellars and Hospers. Readings in Ethical Theory. (See note 6, above) See also Alfred C. Ewing, The Definition of Good, New York: Macmillan, 1947.

[08.] Ralph Barton Perry, General Theory of Value. Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard University Press, 1926.

[09.] Ralph Barton Perry, Realms of Value. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954.

[10.] C.A. Campbell, “Moral and Non-moral Values,” Mind 44 (1935). Reprinted in Sellars and Hospers. Readings in Ethical Theory (see note 6, above).

[11.] Brand Blanshard, “Good, Right, Ought, Bad.” In Reason and Goodness. London: Allen & Unwin, 1961. George Santayana. “Hypostatic Ethics,” In his Winds of Doctrine. London: Dent, 1915. (Both of these are reprinted in Sellars and Hospers.) John Dewey, Theory of Valuation. Encyclopedia of Unified Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939.

[12.] Roderick Firth. “Ethical Absolutism and the Ideal Observer.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 12 (March 1952). Reprinted in Sellars and Hospers (see note 6, above).

[13.] Ayn Rand, “The Objectivist Ethics,” In The Virtue of Selfishness. New York: Signet, 1964.

[14.] Alfred J. Ayer. Language, Truth, and Logic. London: Gollancz, 1936.

[15.] Winston H. F. Barnes, “A Suggestion about Value.” Analysis (1931). Both this and the Ayer selection on ethics are reprinted in Sellars and Hospers (see note 6, above).

[16.] Moritz Schlick, The Problems of Ethics. Prentice-Hall, 1939.

[17.] C. L. Stevenson, “The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms,” Mind 46 (January 19.) Reprinted in Sellars and Hospers, Readings in Ethical Theory (see note 6, above).

[18.] C. L. Stevenson, “Persuasive Definitions.” Mind, 47 (July 1938).

[19.] C. L. Stevenson, Ethics and Language, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944.

[20.] R. M. Hare. The Language of Morals. London: Oxford University Press, 1952.

[21.] Patrick Nowell-Smith. Ethics. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1954. See also Geoffrey Warnock, The Emotive Theory of Ethics.

[22.] Nicholas Rescher. Introduction to Value Theory. Prentice-Hall, 1969.

[23.] G. E. Moore, Ethics. London: Oxford University Press, 1912.

[24.] Brand Blanshard, Reason and Goodness. London: Allen & Unwin, 1961.

[25.] Ralph M. Blake, “Why Not Hedonism?” Ethics 37 (1926). Reprinted in Sellars and Hospers. (see note 6, above).

[26.] Monroe C. Beardsley. “Intrinsic Value.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 26 (1965). Reprinted in Sellars and Hospers (see note 6, above).

[27.] Bertrand Russell, “The Elements of Ethics.” In Philosophical Essays. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1912. Reprinted in Sellars and Hospers (see note 6, above).

[28.] Bertrand Russell, Human Society in Ethics and Politics. London: Allen & Unwin, 1955.

[29.] Georg Henrik von Wright, The Varieties of Goodness. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963.

[30.] C. D. Broad, “Egoism as a Theory of Human Motives.” In his Ethics and the History of Philosophy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952. Reprinted in Ronald Milo, ed. Egoism and Altruism. Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1973.

[31.] Joel Feinberg. “Psychological Egoism.” In J. Feinberg, ed. Reason and Responsibility. Belmont, Calif.: Dickenson Pub. Co., 1975.

[32.] Alasdair MacIntyre, “Egoism and Altruism.” In Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 8 vols., ed. Paul Edwards. New York: Free Press, 1967.

[33.] Thomas Nagel. The Possibility of Altruism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.

[34.] Richmond Campbell, “A Short Refutation of Ethical Egoism,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 2 (1972).

[35.] W. H. Baumer, “Indefensible Impersonal Egoism.” Philosophical Studies 18 (1967).

[36.] Donald Emmons, “Refuting the Egoist.” The Personalist 50, (Summer 1969).

[37.] J. A. Brunton, “Egoism and Morality.” Philosophical Quarterly 6 (1956).

[38.] Brian Medlin, “Ultimate Principles and Ethical Egoism,” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 35 (1957). Reprinted in David Gauthier, ed. Morality and Rational Self-interest (See note 39, below).

[39.] David Gauthier, ed. Morality and Rational Self-interest. Prentice Hall, 1970.

[40.] Ronald Milo, ed. Egoism and Altruism. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1973.

[41.] Kurt Baier. The Moral Point of View. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1958.

[42.] Kurt Baier, “Moral Reasons.” In Midwest Studies in Philosophy, Vol. 3, Morris, Minnesota, 1979.

[43.] Paul Taylor, “On Taking the Moral Point of View.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy, Vol. 3, 1979. Morris, Minnesota: University of Minnesota.

[44.] Jesse Kalin, “In Defense of Egoism,” In David Gauthier, Morality and Rational Self-interest. Prentice-Hall, 1970.

[45.] Jesse Kalin. “On Ethical Egoism.” Studies in Moral Philosophy. American Philosophical Quarterly Monograph No. 1. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1968.

[46.] Robert G. Olson: The Morality of Self-interest. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1965. See also Chapter 4 of John Hospers, Human Conduct. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1961.

[47.] John Hospers, “Baier and Medlin on Ethical Egoism.” Philosophical Studies (1961). Reprinted in James Rachels, ed. Understanding Moral Philosophy (Dickensen Pub. Co.), and in several other anthologies.

[48.] John Hospers, “Rule-Egoism.” The Personalist 54, no. 4 (1973).

[49.] Henry Hazlitt. The Foundations of Morality. New York: Van Nostrand, 1963.

[50.] Hastings Rashdall, Theory of Good and Evil, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907.

[51.] Jan Narveson, Morality and Utility. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967.

[52.] Jonathan Harrison, “Utilitarianism, Universalization, and Our Duty to Be Just.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 53(1953). Reprinted in Baruch Brody, ed. Moral Rules and Particular Circumstances. Prentice-Hall, 1970.

[53.] Richard Brandt. “Toward a Credible Form of Utilitarianism.” In George Nakhnikian and Hector Castaneda, eds., Morality and the Language of Conduct. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1963. Reprinted in Brody. Moral Rules (see note 52, above).

[54.] J.J.C. Smart, Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1961.

[55.] J.J.C. Smart and Bernard Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

[56.] Michael Bayles, ed. Contemporary Utilitarianism. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1968.

[57.] Samuel Gorovitz, ed. Mill: Utilitarianism, Text and Critical Essays. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971.

[58.] Thomas Hearn, ed. Studies in Utilitarianism. New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1971.

[59.] David Lyons, Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.

[60.] Richard Hensen, “The Wrongness of Killing.” Philosophical Review 80 (1971). Reprinted in James Rachels, ed. Understanding Moral Philosophy.

[61.] Gilbert Harman, The Nature of Morality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.

[62.] Richard B. Brandt. A Theory of the Good and the Right. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.

[63.] Joel Feinberg, Social Philosophy. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

[64.] C. H. Whiteley, “On Duties.” In Joel Feinberg, ed. Moral Concepts. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.

[65.] R. M. Hare, Freedom and Reason. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.

[66.] Marcus Singer, “Generalization in Ethics,” Mind 65 (1956).

[67.] Marcus Singer. Generalization in Ethics. New York: Random House, 1961.

[68.] A. K. Stout, “But Suppose Everyone Did the Same,” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 32 (1954).

[69.] A. C. Ewing, “What Would Happen if Everybody Acted Like Me?” Philosophy 28 (1953).

[70.] Colin Strang. “What if Everyone Did That?” Durham University Journal 53 (1960). Reprinted in James Rachels, ed. Understanding Moral Philosophy.

[71.] Don Locke, “The Trivializability of Universalizability,” Philosophical Review 78 (1968). Reprinted in Sellars and Hospers, Readings in Ethical Theory (see note 6, above).

[72.] R. S. Downie and Elizabeth Telfer. Respect for Persons. London: Allen & Unwin, 1969.

[73.] Herbert James Paton, The Categorical Imperative. London: Hutchinson University Library, 1948.

[74.] H. B. Acton. Kant's Moral Philosophy. London: Macmillan, 1970.

[75.] W. D. Ross, Kant's Ethical Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.

[76.] Robert Paul Wolff, ed. Kant: Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Text and Critical Essays. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969.

[77.] Alasdair MacIntyre, “What Morality Is Not,” Philosophy 32 (1957).

[78.] Philippa Foot, “Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives.” Philosophical Review 81 (1972).

[79.] Richard Taylor, Good and Evil. New York: Collier Books, 1970.

[80.] W. H. Hudson, Ethical Intuitionism. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1967.

[81.] Alan Donagan, The Theory of Morality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.

[82.] Alan Gewirth. Reason and Morality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.

[83.] A. C. Ewing. Second Thoughts on Moral Philosophy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959.

[84.] Joel Feinberg, Social Philosophy Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973, Chapters 4-6.

[85.] Herbert J. McCloskey, “Rights,” The Philosophical Quarterly 15 (1965).

[86.] Gregory Vlastos, “Justice and Equality.” In Richard Brandt, ed. Social Justice. Prentice-Hall, 1962. Also in Joel Feinberg, ed., Moral Concepts, Oxford University Press, 1970.

[87.] Joel Feinberg, Social Philosophy, p. 93.

[88.] Ayn Rand, “Man's Rights.” Included in both The Virtue of Selfishness, New York: Signet, 1964, and Capitalism, the Unknown Ideal. New York: Signet, 1966. (both Signet paperbacks). Also reprinted in John Hospers, ed. Readings in Introductory Philosophical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, 1968.

[89.] David Lyons, ed. Rights. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1979.

[90.] Abraham I. Melden, ed. Human Rights. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1970.

[91.] Alan Gewirth, Reason and Morality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.

[92.] A. I. Melden, Rights and Right Conduct. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1959.

[93.] A. I. Melden, Rights and Persons. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1977.

[94.] Edmond Cahn, ed. The Great Rights. New York: Macmillan, 1963.

[95.] Jonathan Glover, Causing Death and Saving Lives. Penguin Books paperback, 1977.

[96.] John Mackie, Ethics. Penguin Books paperback, 1977.

[97.] Laurence Becker, Property Rights. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977.

[98.] Virginia Held, ed. Property, Profits, and Economic Justice. Belmont, Calif.: Dickensen Publishing Co., 1980.

[99.] John Rawls, A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971.

[100.] Brian Barry, The Liberal Theory of Justice. London: Oxford University Press, 1973.

[101.] Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously. London: Duckworth, 1978.

[102.] Tibor Machan, Human Rights and Human Liberties. Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1975. See also Tibor Machan, “Recent Work on Human Rights,” American Philosophical Quarterly, spring issue 1980.

[103.] H. L. A. Hart, “Are There Any Natural Rights?” Philosophical Review 64 (1955). Reprinted in A. I. Melden, ed. Human Rights, See also Joel Feinberg, “Duties, Rights, and Claims,” American Philosophical Quarterly 3 (1966); reprinted in E. Kent, ed. Law and Philosophy. New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1970.

[104.] Otto Bird. The Idea of Justice. New York: Praeger, 1967.

[105.] R. M. Hare, Review of Rawls's A Theory of Justice. Philosophical Quarterly (1975), In two parts. See also John Hospers's review in The Personalist (1973).

[106.] Wallace I. Matson, “What Rawls Calls Justice.” The Occasional Review 8-9 (Autumn 1978): 45–58.

[107.] Nicholas Rescher, Distributive Justice. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966.

[108.] Nicholas Rescher, Welfare. Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1972.

[109.] F. A. Hayek. The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1960.

[110.] John Hospers, “Welfare and Government.” From Libertarianism. Los Angeles: Nash Pub. Co., 1971. Reprinted in James Sterba, ed. Theories of Justice. Belmont, Calif.: Dickenson, 1980.

[111.] John Hospers, “Free Enterprise as the Embodiment of Justice,” In Richard De George and Joseph Pichler, eds. Ethics, Free Enterprise, and Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.

[112.] Irving Kristol, “Capitalism and Justice.” In Richard De George and Joseph Pichler, Ethics (see note 111, above).

[113.] Norman Bowie. Toward a New Theory of Distributive Justice. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachussetts Press, 1971.

[114.] Michael Bayles, Principles of Legislation. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1978.

[115.] Kai Nielsen, “On Justifying Revolution.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 37 (June 1977): 516-532.

[116.] John Wilson, Equality. London: Hutchinson University Library, 1966.

[117.] Cohen, Nagel, and Scanlon, eds. Equality and Preferential Treatment. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.

[118.] Isaiah Berlin, “Equality.” Also Richard Wollheim, “Equality,” Both in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56 (1955-6). Reprinted in Frederick Olafson, ed. Justice and Social Policy, Prentice-Hall, 1961.

[119.] Bernard Williams, “The Idea of Equality.” In Hugo Bedau, ed. Justice and Equality. Prentice-Hall, 1971; also in Peter Laslett and W. G. Runciman, eds. Philosophy, Politics, and Society, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1964; and in Joel Feinberg ed. Moral Concepts. Oxford University Press, 1970.

[120.] Hugo Bedau, “Radical Egalitarianism,” In Hugo Bedau, ed. Justice and Equality, Prentice-Hall, 1971.

[121.] J. R. Lucas, “Against Equality,” Philosophy (1965). Reprinted in Hugo Bedau, ed. Justice and Equality, Prentice-Hall, 1971.

[122.] J. R. Lucas, “Against Equality Again,” Philosophy 52 (1977).

[123.] Antony Flew, “Justice or Equality?” Midwest Studies in Philosophy, Studies in Ethical Theory, Vol. 3, 1978. Published by the University of Minnesota at Morris.

[124.] J. D. Mabbott, “Punishment.” Mind (1939). Reprinted in Joel Feinberg, ed. Moral Concepts. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.

[125.] C. S. Lewis, “The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment:” Res Judicatae 6 (1953). Reprinted in W. Sellars and J. Hospers. Readings in Ethical Theory (see note 6, above).

[126.] H.J. McCloskey, “A Non-utilitarian Approach to Punishment,” Inquiry, 8 (1965). Reprinted in James Rachels, ed. Understanding Moral Philosophy.

[127.] Herbert Morris, “Persons and Punishment.” The Monist 52 (1968). Reprinted in James Rachels, ed. Understanding Moral Philosophy.

[128.] Jessica Mitford, Kind and Usual Punishment. New York: Knopf, 1973.

[129.] Dr. Robert Waelder, “Psychiatry and the Problem of Criminal Responsibility.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review (1952). Included in Criminal Law, ed. Donnelly, Goldstein & Schwartz. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1961.

[130.] Bertrand Russell, Roads to Freedom. London: Allen & Unwin, 1918, p. 135.

[131.] B. F. Skinner, Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1953.

[132.] Karl Menninger, “Therapy, Not Punishment,” Harpers (August 1959).

[133.] Randy Barnett, “Restitution: a New Paraligm of Criminal Justice.” In Randy Barnett and John Hagel, eds. Assessing the Criminal. Boston: Ballinger Publishing Co., 1978.

[134.] Alf Ross, On Guilt, Responsibility, and Punishment. London: Stevens, 1975.

[135.] Hyman Gross. A Theory of Criminal Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.

[136.] John Hospers. “Punishment, Protection, and Retaliation.” In J. Cederblom and W. Blizek, eds. Justice and Punishment, Boston: Ballinger Publishing Co., 1977.

[137.] John Kleinig. Punishment and Desert. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973.

[138.] Edmund Pincoffs, “Are Questions of Desert Decidable?” In Cedarblom and Blizek, eds. Justice and Punishment, Boston: Ballinger, 1977.

[139.] Edward Madden, Rollo Handy, and Marvin Farber, eds. Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment, Springfield, Ill.: Charles Thomas, Publishers, 1968.

[140.] Jonathan Glover, Responsibility. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973.

[141.] Frederick Vivian, Human Freedom and Responsibility. London: Chatto & Windus, 1964.

[142.] Joel Feinberg. Doing and Deserving. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1970.

[143.] Gerald Dworkin, ed. Free-will and Moral Responsibility. Prentice-Hall: 1970.

[144.] H. A. Prichard, “Duty and Ignorance of Fact.” In Prichard's Moral Obligation, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949. Reprinted in Herbert Morris, ed. Freedom and Responsibility, Stanford University Press, 1961.

[145.] “Ignorance and Mistake,” in Jerome Hall, General Principles of Criminal Law, 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1960. Reprinted in Herbert Morris, ed. Freedom and Responsibility.

[146.] Robert Nozick, “Coercion.” In Sidney Morgenbloser, ed. Philosophy, Science, & Method. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969.

[147.] Herbert Morris, ed. Freedom and Responsibility: Readings in Philosophy and Law. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1961.

[148.] Joel Feinberg and Hyman Gross, eds. Philosophy of Law. Belmont, Calif.: Dickensen Publishing Co., 2nd ed. 1980.

[149.] Thomas Szasz, The Manufacture of Madness. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.

[150.] Isaiah Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” in his Four Essays on Liberty. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.

[151.] Joel Feinberg, Social Philosophy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

[152.] Felix Oppenheim, Dimensions of Freedom. New York: Macmillan, 1961.

[153.] Harold Ofstad, The Freedom of Decision. London: Allen & Unwin, 1961.

[154.] Albert Hunold, ed. Freedom and Serfdom. The Hague: Reidel & Co., 1961.

[155.] Sidney Hook, ed. Freedom and Determinism in an Age of Modern Science: New York: New York University Press, 1958.

[156.] Elizabeth Beardsley, “Determinism and Moral Perspectives,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 21, (1960). Reprinted in W. Sellars and J. Hospers (eds.), Readings in Ethical Theory. (see note 6, above).

[157.] Edward Westermarck, Ethical Relativity. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932.

[158.] W. Graham Sumner, Folkways. Boston: Ginn & Co., 1906.

[159.] Walter T. Stace, The Concept of Morals. New York: Macmillan, 1937. Chapters 1 and 2.

[160.] Ralph Linton, “Universal Ethical Principles: Anthropoligical View.” In Ruth Nanda Anshen, ed. Moral Principles in Action. New York: Harper & Row, 1952. Reprinted in James Rachels, ed. Understanding Moral Philosophy.

[161.] Kai Nielson. “Ethical Relativism and the Facts of Cultural Relativity.” Social Research 33 (1966). Reprinted in James Rachels, ed. Understanding Moral Philosophy.

[162.] Martin E. Lean, “Aren't Moral Judgments Factual?” The Personalist 51. Reprinted in W. Sellars and J. Hospers, eds. Readings in Ethical Theory (see note 6, above).

[163.] Abraham Edel, Ethical Judgment. New York: Free Press, 1955.

[164.] Paul Taylor, Normative Discourse. Prentice-Hall, 1962.

[165.] John Ladd, The Structure of Moral Codes. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958.

[166.] John Ladd, ed. Ethical Relativism. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1973.

[167.] Bernard Gert, Moral Rules. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.

[168.] Judith Jarvis Thomson. “In Defense of Moral Absolutes,” Journal of Philosophy 55(1958).

[169.] Brand Blanshard, “The New Subjectivism in Ethics,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 9 (1949). Reprinted in W. Sellars and J. Hospers, eds. Readings in Ethical Theory (see note 6, above).

[170.] Renford Bambrough, “A Proof of the Objectivity of Morals,” The American Journal of Jurisprudence (1969).

[171.] Richard B. Brandt, Ethical Theory. Prentice-Hall, 1959.

[172.] Ronald Munson, ed. Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues in Medical Ethics. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1979.

[173.] Stanley Reiser, et al. Ethics in Medicine. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1978.

[174.] Joel Feinberg, ed. The Problem of Abortion. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1973.

[175.] Baruch Brody, ed. Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1975.

[176.] Glanville Williams. The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law. New York: Knopf, 1957.

[177.] James Rachels, “Active and Passive Euthanasia,” New England Journal of Medicine 292 (1975). Reprinted in James Rachels, ed. Moral Problems. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.

[178.] Onora O'Neill and William Ruddick, eds. Having Children. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

[179.] Bonnie Steinbock, ed. Killing and Letting Die. Prentice-Hall, 1980.

[180.] Mortimer and Stanford Kadish, Discretion to Disobey. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1973.

[181.] Lon Fuller, The Morality of Law. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964.

[182.] R. S. Downie, Government Action and Morality. New York: Macmillan, 1964.

[183.] Peter Singer, Democracy and Disobedience. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.

[184.] Hugo Bedau, ed. Civil Disobedience. New York: Pegasus Books, 1969. See also Jeffrie Murphy, ed. Civil Disobedience and Violence, Wadsworth, 1971.

[185.] Norman Care and Thomas Trelogan, eds. Issues in Law and Morality. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1973.

[186.] Richard Wasserstrom, ed. Morality and the Law. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1971.

[187.] Robert Paul Wolff, In Defense of Anarchism, New York: Harper, 1970.

[188.] Thomas Schwartz, ed. Freedom and Authority. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1971.

[189.] Norman Bowie and Robert Simon, The Individual and the Political Order. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1979.

[190.] Peter Singer, Animal Liberation. New York: Avon Books, 1975.

[191.] Stephen L. R. Clark, The Moral Status of Animals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.

[192.] Thomas Regan and Peter Singer, eds. Animal Rights and Human Obligations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976.

[193.] Joel Feinberg, “Human Duties and Animal Rights,” In On the Fifth Day by M. K. Morris and M. W. Fox. Washington D.C.: Acropolis Books, 1978.

[194.] Richard De George and Joseph Pichler, eds. Ethics, Free Enterprise, and Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.

[195.] Thomas Donaldson and Patricia Werhane, eds. Ethical Issues in Business. Prentice-Hall, 1979.

[196.] Richard Wasserstrom, ed. War and Morality. Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1970.

[197.] M. M. Wakin, ed. War, Morality, and the Military Profession. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1979.

[198.] Thomas Nagel, “War and Massacre.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (1972-3). Reprinted in James Rachels, ed. Understanding Moral Philosophy.

[199.] S. E. Sprott, The English Debate on Suicide from Donne to Hume. LaSalle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Co., 1961. See also Philip Devine, The Ethics of Homicide, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.

[200.] Richard Taylor, Freedom, Anarchy, and the Law. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

[201.] Jerome Schaffer, ed. Violence, New York, David McCay Co., 1971.

[202.] Gerald Dworkin, “Paternalism.” The Monist 46, no. 1.

[203.] Joel Feinberg, “Legal Moralism and Free-floating Evils.” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 61 (1980).

[204.] John Hospers, “Libertarianism and Legal Paternalism.” Journal of Libertarian Studies 4 (1980).

[205.] Peter Radcliff (ed.) The Limits of Liberty: Essays on John Stuart Mill's On Liberty. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1966.

[206.] H. L. A. Hart, Law, Liberty, and Morality. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1963.

[207.] Patrick Devlin. The Enforcement of Morals. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.

[208.] Fred Berger, ed. Freedom of Expression. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1980.

[209.] D. J. O'Connor, Aquinas and Natural Law. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968.

[210.] Emil Brunner, The Divine Imperative. St. Paul: Westminster Press, 1957. See also Ian T. Ramsey, ed. Christian Ethics and Contemporary Philosophy. New York: Macmillan, 1966; Earl Barth. The Word of God and the Word of Man (Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1928); and a good anthology compiled by Keith Yandell, ed. God, Man, and Religion, New York: McGraw Hill, 1973.

[211.] Kai Nielsen. Ethics without God. New York: Prometheus Books, 1973.

[212.] Richard Robinson, An Atheist's Values. London: Oxford University Press; 1963.

[213.] Henry Sidgwick, A History of Ethics. London: Macmillan, 1886.

[214.] Alasdair MacIntyre, A Short History of Ethics. New York: Macmillan, 1966.

[215.] Arthur K. Bierman, Life and Morals. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1979.

[216.] John Hospers. Human Conduct: an Introduction to Ethics. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1961. (Currently being revised.)

[217.] W. K. Frankena. Ethics. Prentice-Hall, 1963.

[218.] Paul Taylor. Principles of Ethics. Belmont, Calif.: Dickensen, 1975.

[219.] Fred Feldman, Introductory Ethics. Prentice-Hall, 1978.

[220.] Stephen D. Ross, Moral Decision. San Francisco: Freeman Cooper & Co., 1972.

[221.] Jacques Thiroux, Ethics: Theory and Practice. Encino, Calif.: Glencoe Publishing Co., 1977.

[222.] William Frankena and John Granrose, eds. Introductory Readings in Ethics. Prentice-Hall, 1974.

[223.] Joel Feinberg and Henry West, eds. Moral Philosophy: Classic Texts and Contemporary Problems. Belmont, Calif.: Dickenson Publishing Co., 1977.

[224.] Abraham I. Melden, ed. Ethical Theories. Prentice-Hall, 1950.

[225.] Marcus Singer, ed. Morals and Values. New York: Scribners, 1977.

[226.] Robert Dewey and Robert Hurlbutt, eds. An Introduction to Ethics. New York: Macmillan, 1977.

[227.] Oliver A. Johnson, ed. Ethics: Selections from Classical and Contemporary Writers, rev. ed. New York: Holt, 1978.

[228.] Andrew Oldenquist, ed. Readings in Moral Philosophy. rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.

[229.] Wilfrid Sellars and John Hospers, eds. Readings in Ethical Theory. Prentice- Hall, 1970.

[230.] Kenneth Pahel and Marvin Schiller, eds. Readings in Contemporary Ethical Theory. Prentice-Hall, 1970.

[231.] Paul Taylor, ed. Problems of Moral Philosophy. Belmont, Calif.: Dickensen Pub. Co., 1972.

[232.] James Rachels, ed. Understanding Moral Philosophy. Belmont, Calif.: Dickensen Pub. Co. 1976.