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ACT I — - Joseph Addison, Cato: A Tragedy and Selected Essays [1710]

Edition used:

Cato: A Tragedy and Selected Essays, ed. by Christine Dunn Henderson and Mark E. Yellin, with a Foreword by Forrest McDonald (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2004).

About Liberty Fund:

Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals.


ACT I —

SCENE I

Portius, Marcus.

Portius

  • The dawn is overcast, the morning lowers,
  • And heavily in clouds brings on the day,
  • The great, the important day, big with the fate
  • Of Cato and of Rome.—Our father’s death
  • Would fill up all the guilt of civil war,5
  • And close the scene of blood. Already Caesar6
  • Has ravaged more than half the globe, and sees
  • Mankind grown thin by his destructive sword:
  • Should he go further, numbers would be wanting
  • To form new battles, and support his crimes.
  • Ye gods, what havoc does ambition make
  • Among your works!

Marcus

  •     Thy steady temper, Portius,
  • Can look on guilt, rebellion, fraud, and Caesar,
  • In the calm lights of mild philosophy;7
  • I’m tortured ev’n to madness, when I think
  • On the proud victor: every time he’s named
  • Pharsalia8 rises to my view!—I see
  • The insulting tyrant, prancing o’er the field
  • Strowed with Rome’s citizens, and drenched in slaughter,
  • His horse’s hoofs wet with Patrician9 blood!
  • Oh, Portius! is there not some chosen curse,
  • Some hidden thunder in the stores of heaven,
  • Red with uncommon wrath, to blast the man
  • Who owes his greatness to his country’s ruin?

Portius

  • Believe me, Marcus, ’tis an impious greatness,
  • And mixt with too much horror to be envied.
  • How does the lustre of our father’s actions,
  • Through the dark cloud of ills that cover him,
  • Break out, and burn with more triumphant brightness!
  • His sufferings shine, and spread a glory round him;
  • Greatly unfortunate, he fights the cause
  • Of honour, virtue, liberty, and Rome.
  • His sword ne’er fell but on the guilty head;
  • Oppression, tyranny, and power usurped,
  • Draw all the vengeance of his arm upon ’em.

Marcus

  • Who knows not this? but what can Cato do
  • Against a world, a base, degenerate world,
  • That courts the yoke, and bows the neck to Caesar?
  • Pent up in Utica10 he vainly forms
  • A poor epitome of Roman greatness,
  • And, covered with Numidian11 guards, directs
  • A feeble army, and an empty senate,
  • Remnants of mighty battles fought in vain.
  • By heavens, such virtues, joined with such success,
  • Distract my very soul: our father’s fortune
  • Would almost tempt us to renounce his precepts.12

Portius

  • Remember what our father oft has told us:
  • The ways of heaven are dark and intricate,
  • Puzzled in mazes, and perplexed with errors:
  • Our understanding traces ’em in vain,
  • Lost and bewildered in the fruitless search;
  • Nor sees with how much art the windings run,
  • Nor where the regular confusion ends.

Marcus

  • These are suggestions of a mind at ease:
  • Oh, Portius! didst thou taste but half the griefs
  • That wring my soul, thou couldst not talk thus coldly.
  • Passion unpitied, and successless love,
  • Plant daggers in my heart, and aggravate
  • My other griefs. Were but my Lucia kind!—

Portius

  • Thou seest not that thy brother is thy rival:
  • But I must hide it, for I know thy temper.  [Aside.]
  •   Now, Marcus, now, thy virtue’s on the proof:13
  • Put forth thy utmost strength, work every nerve,
  • And call up all thy father in thy soul:
  • To quell the tyrant Love, and guard thy heart
  • On this weak side, where most our nature fails,
  • Would be a conquest worthy Cato’s son.

Marcus

  • Portius, the counsel which I cannot take,
  • Instead of healing, but upbraids my weakness.
  • Bid me for honour plunge into a war
  • Of thickest foes, and rush on certain death,
  • Then shalt thou see that Marcus is not slow
  • To follow glory, and confess his father.
  • Love is not to be reasoned down, or lost
  • In high ambition, and a thirst of greatness;
  • ’Tis second life, it grows into the soul,
  • Warms every vein, and beats in every pulse,
  • I feel it here: my resolution melts—

Portius

  • Behold young Juba, the Numidian prince!
  • With how much care he forms himself to glory,
  • And breaks the fierceness of his native temper
  • To copy out our father’s bright example.
  • He loves our sister Marcia, greatly loves her,
  • His eyes, his looks, his actions all betray it:
  • But still the smothered fondness burns within him.
  • When most it swells, and labours for a vent,
  • The sense of honour and desire of fame14
  • Drive the big passion back into his heart.
  • What! shall an African, shall Juba’s heir,15
  • Reproach great Cato’s son, and show the world
  • A virtue wanting in a Roman soul?

Marcus

  • Portius, no more! your words leave stings behind ’em.
  • Whene’er did Juba, or did Portius, show
  • A virtue that has cast me at a distance,
  • And thrown me out in the pursuits of honour?

Portius

  • Marcus, I know thy generous temper well;
  • Fling but the appearance of dishonour on it,
  • It straight takes fire, and mounts into a blaze.

Marcus

  • A brother’s sufferings claim a brother’s pity.

Portius

  • Heaven knows I pity thee: behold my eyes
  • Ev’n whilst I speak—Do they not swim in tears?
  • Were but my heart as naked to thy view,
  • Marcus would see it bleed in his behalf.

Marcus

  • Why then dost treat me with rebukes, instead
  • Of kind, condoling cares, and friendly sorrow?

Portius

  • O Marcus! did I know the way to ease
  • Thy troubled heart, and mitigate thy pains,
  • Marcus, believe me, I could die to do it.

Marcus

  • Thou best of brothers, and thou best of friends!
  • Pardon a weak, distempered soul, that swells
  • With csudden gusts, and sinks as soon in calms,
  • The sport of passions:—but Sempronius comes:
  • He must not find this softness hanging on me.  [Exit.]

SCENE II

Sempronius, solus.

Sempronius

  • Conspiracies no sooner should be formed
  • Than executed.16 What means Portius here?
  • I like not that cold youth. I must dissemble,
  • And speak a language foreign to my heart.

Sempronius, Portius.

  • Good-morrow, Portius! let us once embrace,
  • Once more embrace; whilst yet we both are free.
  • To-morrow should we thus express our friendship,
  • Each might receive a slave into his arms:
  • This sun, perhaps, this morning sun’s the last,
  • That e’er shall rise on Roman liberty.

Portius

  • My father has this morning called together
  • To this poor hall his little Roman senate,17
  • (The leavings of Pharsalia,) to consult
  • If yet he can oppose the mighty torrent
  • Thou bears down Rome, and all her gods, before it,
  • Or must at length give up the world to Caesar.

Sempronius

  • Not all the pomp and majesty of Rome
  • Can raise her senate more than Cato’s presence.
  • His virtues render our assembly awful,18
  • They strike with something like religious fear,
  • And make ev’n Caesar tremble at the head
  • Of armies flushed with conquest: O my Portius!
  • Could I but call that wondrous man my father,
  • Would but thy sister Marcia be propitious
  • To thy friend’s vows, I might be blessed indeed!

Portius

  • Alas! Sempronius, wouldst thou talk of love
  • To Marcia, whilst her father’s life’s in danger?
  • Thou might’st as well court the pale trembling vestal,
  • When she beholds the holy flame expiring.

Sempronius

  • The more I see the wonders of thy race,
  • The more I’m charmed. Thou must take heed, my Portius!
  • The world has all its eyes on Cato’s son.
  • Thy father’s merit sets thee up to view,
  • And shows thee in the fairest point of light,
  • To make thy virtues, or thy faults, conspicuous.

Portius

  • Well dost thou seem to check my lingering here
  • On this important hour!—I’ll straight away,
  • And while the fathers of the senate meet
  • In close debate to weigh the events of war,
  • I’ll animate the soldiers’ drooping courage,
  • With love of freedom, and contempt of life:
  • I’ll thunder in their ears their country’s cause,
  • And try to rouse up all that’s Roman in ’em.
  • ’Tis not in mortals to command success,19
  • But we’ll do more, Sempronius; we’ll deserve it.  [Exit.]

Sempronius, solus

  • Curse on the stripling! how he apes his sire!
  • Ambitiously sententious!20 —but I wonder
  • Old Syphax comes not; his Numidian genius
  • Is well disposed to mischief, were he prompt
  • And eager on it; but he must be spurred,
  • And every moment quickened to the course.
  • —Cato has used me ill: he has refused
  • His daughter Marcia to my ardent vows.
  • Besides, his baffled21 arms, and ruined cause,
  • Are bars to my ambition. Caesar’s favour,
  • That showers down greatness on his friends, will raise me
  • To Rome’s first honours. If I give up Cato,
  • I claim in my reward his captive daughter.
  • But Syphax comes!—

SCENE III

Syphax, Sempronius.

Syphax

  •     Sempronius, all is ready,
  • I’ve sounded my Numidians, man by man,
  • And find ’em ripe for a revolt: they all
  • Complain aloud of Cato’s discipline,
  • And wait but the command to change their master.

Sempronius

  • Believe me, Syphax, there’s no time to waste;
  • Ev’n whilst we speak, our conqueror comes on,
  • And gathers ground upon us every moment.
  • Alas! thou know’st not Caesar’s active soul,22
  • With what a dreadful course he rushes on
  • From war to war: in vain has nature formed
  • Mountains and oceans to oppose his passage;
  • He bounds o’er all, victorious in his march;
  • The Alps and Pyreneans23 sink before him,
  • Through winds and waves and storms he works his way,
  • Impatient for the battle: one day more
  • Will set the victor thundering at our gates.
  • But tell me, hast thou yet drawn o’er young Juba?
  • That still would recommend thee more to Caesar,
  • And challenge better terms.

Syphax

  •     Alas! he’s lost,
  • He’s lost, Sempronius; all his thoughts are full
  • Of Cato’s virtues:—but I’ll try once more
  • (For every instant I expect him here)
  • If yet I can subdue those stubborn principles
  • Of faith, of honour, and I know not what,
  • That have corrupted his Numidian temper,
  • And struck the infection into all his soul.

Sempronius

  • Be sure to press upon him every motive.
  • Juba’s surrender, since his father’s death,
  • Would give up Afric into Caesar’s hands,
  • And make him lord of half the burning zone.

Syphax

  • But is it true, Sempronius, that your senate
  • Is called together? Gods! thou must be cautious!
  • Cato has piercing eyes, and will discern
  • Our frauds, unless they’re covered thick with art.24

Sempronius

  • Let me alone, good Syphax, I’ll conceal
  • My thoughts in passion (’tis the surest way);
  • I’ll bellow out for Rome and for my country,
  • And mouth at Caesar till I shake the senate.
  • Your cold hypocrisy’s a stale device,
  • A worn-out trick: wouldst thou be thought in earnest?
  • Clothe thy feigned zeal in rage, in fire, in fury!

Syphax

  • In troth, thou ’rt able to instruct grey-hairs,
  • And teach the wily African deceit!

Sempronius

  • Once more, be sure to try thy skill on Juba.
  • Meanwhile I’ll hasten to my Roman soldiers,
  • Inflame the mutiny, and underhand
  • Blow up their discontents, till they break out
  • Unlooked for, and discharge themselves on Cato.
  • Remember, Syphax, we must work in haste:
  • Oh think what anxious moments pass between
  • The birth of plots and their last fatal periods.
  • Oh! ’tis a dreadful interval of time,
  • Filled up with horror all, and big with death!
  • Destruction hangs on every word we speak,
  • On every thought, till the concluding stroke
  • Determines all, and closes our design.  [Exit.]

Syphax, solus

  • I’ll try if yet I can reduce to reason
  • This head-strong youth, and make him spurn at Cato.
  • The time is short, Caesar comes rushing on us—
  • But hold! young Juba sees me, and approaches.

SCENE IV

Juba, Syphax.

Juba

  • Syphax, I joy to meet thee thus alone.
  • I have observed of late thy looks are fallen,
  • O’ercast with gloomy cares and discontent;
  • Then tell me, Syphax, I conjure25 thee, tell me,
  • What are the thoughts that knit thy brow in frowns,
  • And turn thine eye thus coldly on thy prince?

Syphax

  • ’Tis not my talent to conceal my thoughts,
  • Or carry smiles and sunshine in my face,
  • When discontent sits heavy at my heart.
  • I have not yet so much the Roman in me.

Juba

  • Why dost thou cast out such ungenerous terms
  • Against the lords and sovereigns of the world?
  • Dost thou not see mankind fall down before them,
  • And own the force of their superior virtue?
  • Is there a nation in the wilds of Afric,
  • Amidst our barren rocks and burning sands,
  • That does not tremble at the Roman name?

Syphax

  • Gods! where’s the worth that sets this people up
  • Above your own Numidia’s tawny sons!
  • Do they with tougher sinews bend the bow?
  • Or flies the javelin swifter to its mark,
  • Launched from the vigour of a Roman arm?
  • Who like our active African instructs
  • The fiery steed, and trains him to his hand?
  • Or guides in troops the embattled elephant,
  • Loaden with war? these, these are arts, my prince,
  • In which your Zama26 does not stoop to Rome.

Juba

  • These all are virtues of a meaner rank,
  • Perfections that are placed in bones and nerves.
  • A Roman soul is bent on higher views:27
  • To civilize the rude, unpolished world,
  • And lay it under the restraint of laws;
  • To make man mild, and sociable to man;
  • To cultivate the wild, licentious savage
  • With wisdom, discipline, and liberal arts—
  • The embellishments of life; virtues like these
  • Make human nature shine, reform the soul,
  • And break our fierce barbarians28 into men.

Syphax

  • Patience, kind heavens!—excuse an old man’s warmth!
  • What are these wondrous civilizing arts,
  • This Roman polish, and this smooth behaviour,
  • That render man thus tractable and tame?
  • Are they not only to disguise our passions,
  • To set our looks at variance with our thoughts,
  • To check the starts and sallies of the soul,
  • And break off all its commerce with the tongue;
  • In short, to change us into other creatures,
  • Than what our nature and the gods designed us?

Juba

  • To strike thee dumb, turn up thy eyes to Cato!
  • There may’st thou see to what a godlike height
  • The Roman virtues lift up mortal man.
  • While good, and just, and anxious for his friends,
  • He’s still severely bent against himself;
  • Renouncing sleep, and rest, and food, and ease,
  • He strives with thirst and hunger, toil and heat;
  • And when his fortune sets before him all
  • The pomps and pleasures that his soul can wish,
  • His rigid virtue will accept of none.

Syphax

  • Believe me, prince, there’s not an African
  • That traverses our vast Numidian deserts
  • In quest of prey, and lives upon his bow,
  • But better practises these boasted virtues.
  • Coarse are his meals, the fortune of the chase,
  • Amidst the running stream he slakes his thirst,
  • Toils all the day, and at the approach of night
  • On the first friendly bank he throws him down,
  • Or rests his head upon a rock till morn:
  • Then rises fresh, pursues his wonted29 game,
  • And if the following day he chance to find
  • A new repast, or an untasted spring,
  • Blesses his stars, and thinks it luxury.

Juba

  • Thy prejudices, Syphax, won’t discern
  • What virtues grow from ignorance and choice,30
  • Nor how the hero differs from the brute.
  • But grant that others could with equal glory
  • Look down on pleasures, and the baits of sense;
  • Where shall we find the man that bears affliction,
  • Great and majestic in his griefs, like Cato?
  • Heavens! with what strength, what steadiness of mind,
  • He triumphs in the midst of all his sufferings!
  • How does he rise against a load of woes,
  • And thank the gods that throw the weight upon him!

Syphax

  • ’Tis pride, rank pride, and haughtiness of soul:
  • I think the Romans call it stoicism.31
  • Had not your royal father thought so highly
  • Of Roman virtue, and of Cato’s cause,
  • He had not fallen by a slave’s hand, inglorious:
  • Nor would his slaughtered army now have lain
  • On Afric’s sands, disfigured with their wounds,
  • To gorge the wolves and vultures of Numidia.

Juba

  • Why dost thou call my sorrows up afresh?
  • My father’s name brings tears into my eyes.

Syphax

  • Oh! that you’d profit by your father’s ills!

Juba

  • What wouldst thou have me do?

Syphax

  •     Abandon Cato.

Juba

  • Syphax, I should be more than twice an orphan
  • By such a loss.

Syphax

  •     Ay, there’s the tie that binds you!
  • You long to call him father. Marcia’s charms
  • Work in your heart unseen, and plead for Cato.
  • No wonder you are deaf to all I say.

Juba

  • Syphax, your zeal becomes importunate;32
  • I’ve hitherto permitted it to rave,
  • And talk at large; but learn to keep it in,
  • Lest it should take more freedom than I’ll give it.

Syphax

  • Sir, your great father never used me thus.
  • Alas! he’s dead! but can you e’er forget
  • The tender sorrows, and the pangs of nature,
  • The fond embraces, and repeated blessings,
  • Which you drew from him in your last farewell?
  • Still must I cherish the dear, sad remembrance,
  • At once to torture and to please my soul.
  • The good old king at parting wrung my hand,
  • (His eyes brimful of tears,) then sighing cried,
  • Prithee, be careful of my son!—his grief
  • Swelled up so high, he could not utter more.

Juba

  • Alas! thy story melts away my soul.
  • That best of fathers! how shall I discharge
  • The gratitude and duty which I owe him!

Syphax

  • By laying up his counsels in your heart.

Juba

  • His counsels bade me yield to thy directions:
  • Then, Syphax, chide me in severest terms,
  • Vent all thy passion, and I’ll stand its shock,
  • Calm and unruffled as a summer sea,
  • When not a breath of wind flies o’er its surface.

Syphax

  • Alas! my prince, I’d guide you to your safety.

Juba

  • I do believe thou wouldst: but tell me how?

Syphax

  • Fly from the fate that follows Caesar’s foes.

Juba

  • My father scorned to do it.

Syphax

  •     And therefore died.

Juba

  • Better to die ten thousand thousand deaths,
  • Than wound my honour.33

Syphax

  •     Rather say, your love.

Juba

  • Syphax, I’ve promised to preserve my temper.
  • Why wilt thou urge me to confess a flame
  • I long have stifled, and would fain conceal?

Syphax

  • Believe me, prince, though hard to conquer love,
  • ’Tis easy to divert and break its force:
  • Absence might cure it, or a second mistress
  • Light up another flame, and put out this.
  • The glowing dames of Zama’s royal court
  • Have faces flusht with more exalted charms;
  • The sun, that rolls his chariot o’er their heads,
  • Works up more fire and colour in their cheeks:
  • Were you with these, my prince, you’d soon forget
  • The pale, unripened beauties of the north.

Juba

  • ’Tis not a set of features, or complexion,
  • The tincture of a skin, that I admire.
  • Beauty soon grows familiar to the lover,
  • Fades in his eye, and palls upon the sense.
  • The virtuous Marcia towers above her sex:
  • True, she is fair, (oh how divinely fair!)
  • But still the lovely maid improves her charms
  • With inward greatness, unaffected wisdom,
  • And sanctity of manners. Cato’s soul
  • Shines out in everything she acts or speaks,
  • While winning mildness and attractive smiles
  • Dwell in her looks, and with becoming grace
  • Soften the rigour of her father’s virtues.

Syphax

  • How does your tongue grow wanton in her praise!
  • But on my knees I beg you would consider—
  •     [Enter Marcia and Lucia.]

Juba

  • Hah! Syphax, is’t not she?—she moves this way:
  • And with her Lucia, Lucius’s fair daughter.
  • My heart beats thick—I prithee, Syphax, leave me.

Syphax

  • Ten thousand curses fasten on ’em both!
  • Now will this woman, with a single glance,
  • Undo what I’ve been labouring all this while.  [Exit.]

SCENE V

Juba, Marcia, Lucia.

Juba

  • Hail, charming maid! how does thy beauty smooth
  • The face of war, and make ev’n horror smile!
  • At sight of thee my heart shakes off its sorrows;
  • I feel a dawn of joy break in upon me,
  • And for a while forget the approach of Caesar.

Marcia

  • I should be grieved, young prince, to think my presence
  • Unbent your thoughts, and slackened ’em to arms,
  • While, warm with slaughter, our victorious foe
  • Threatens aloud, and calls you to the field.

Juba

  • O Marcia, let me hope thy kind concerns
  • And gentle wishes follow me to battle!
  • The thought will give new vigour to my arm,
  • Add strength and weight to my descending sword,
  • And drive it in a tempest on the foe.

Marcia

  • My prayers and wishes always shall attend
  • The friends of Rome, the glorious cause of virtue,
  • And men approved of by the gods and Cato.

Juba

  • That Juba may deserve thy pious cares,
  • I’ll gaze for ever on thy godlike father,
  • Transplanting, one by one, into my life,
  • His bright perfections, till I shine like him.

Marcia

  • My father never, at a time like this,
  • Would lay out his great soul in words, and waste
  • Such precious moments.

Juba

  •     Thy reproofs are just,
  • Thou virtuous maid; I’ll hasten to my troops,
  • And fire their languid souls with Cato’s virtue.
  • If e’er I lead them to the field, when all
  • The war shall stand ranged in its just array,
  • And dreadful pomp; then will I think on thee!
  • O lovely maid, then will I think on thee!
  • And, in the shock of charging hosts, remember
  • What glorious deeds should grace the man who hopes
  • For Marcia’s love.  [Exit.]

SCENE VI

Lucia, Marcia.

Lucia

  •     Marcia, you’re too severe:
  • How could you chide the young good-natured prince,
  • And drive him from you with so stern an air;
  • A prince that loves and dotes on you to death?

Marcia

  • ’Tis therefore, Lucia, that I chide him from me.
  • His air, his voice, his looks, and honest soul
  • Speak all so movingly in his behalf,
  • I dare not trust myself to hear him talk.

Lucia

  • Why will you fight against so sweet a passion,
  • And steel your heart to such a world of charms?

Marcia

  • How, Lucia! wouldst thou have me sink away
  • In pleasing dreams, and lose myself in love,
  • When every moment Cato’s life’s at stake?
  • Caesar comes armed with terror and revenge,
  • And aims his thunder at my father’s head:
  • Should not the sad occasion swallow up
  • My other cares, and draw them all into it?

Lucia

  • Why have not I this constancy of mind,
  • Who have so many griefs to try its force?
  • Sure, nature formed me of her softest mould,
  • Enfeebled all my soul with tender passions,
  • And sunk me ev’n below my own weak sex:
  • Pity and love, by turns, oppress my heart.

Marcia

  • Lucia, disburthen all thy cares on me,
  • And let me share thy most retired34 distress;
  • Tell me who raises up this conflict in thee?

Lucia

  • I need not blush to name them, when I tell thee
  • They’re Marcia’s brothers, and the sons of Cato.

Marcia

  • They both behold thee with their sister’s eyes;
  • And often have revealed their passion to me.
  • But tell me whose address thou favourest most;
  • I long to know, and yet I dread to hear it.

Lucia

  • Which is it Marcia wishes for?

Marcia

  •     For neither—
  • And yet for both;—the youths have equal share
  • In Marcia’s wishes, and divide their sister:
  • But tell me, which of them is Lucia’s choice?

Lucia

  • Marcia, they both are high in my esteem,
  • But in my love—why wilt thou make me name him?
  • Thou know’st it is a blind and foolish passion,
  • Pleased and disgusted with it knows not what—

Marcia

  • O Lucia, I’m perplexed, oh tell me which
  • I must hereafter call my happy brother?

Lucia

  • Suppose ’twere Portius, could you blame my choice?
  • —O Portius, thou hast stolen away my soul!
  • With what a graceful tenderness he loves!
  • And breathes the softest, the sincerest vows!
  • Complacency, and truth, and manly sweetness
  • Dwell ever on his tongue, and smooth his thoughts.
  • Marcus is over-warm, his fond complaints
  • Have so much earnestness and passion in them,
  • I hear him with a secret kind of horror,
  • And tremble at his vehemence of temper.

Marcia

  • Alas, poor youth! how canst thou throw him from thee?
  • Lucia, thou know’st not half the love he bears thee;
  • Whene’er he speaks of thee, his heart’s in flames,
  • He sends out all his soul in every word,
  • And thinks, and talks, and looks like one transported.
  • Unhappy youth! how will thy coldness raise
  • Tempests and storms in his afflicted bosom!
  • I dread the consequence.

Lucia

  •     You seem to plead
  • Against your brother Portius.

Marcia

  •     Heaven forbid!
  • Had Portius been the unsuccessful lover,
  • The same compassion would have fallen on him.

Lucia

  • Was ever virgin love distressed like mine!
  • Portius himself oft falls in tears before me,
  • As if he mourned his rival’s ill success,
  • Then bids me hide the motions of my heart,
  • Nor show which way it turns. So much he fears
  • The sad effects that it would have on Marcus.

Marcia

  • He knows too well how easily he’s fired,
  • And would not plunge his brother in despair,
  • But waits for happier times, and kinder moments.

Lucia

  • Alas! too late I find myself involved
  • In endless griefs, and labyrinths of woe,
  • Born to afflict my Marcia’s family,
  • And sow dissension in the hearts of brothers.
  • Tormenting thought! it cuts into my soul.

Marcia

  • Let us not, Lucia, aggravate our sorrows,
  • But to the gods permit the event of things.
  • Our lives, discoloured with our present woes,
  • May still grow white, and smile with happier hours.
  •   So the pure limpid stream, when foul with stains
  • Of rushing torrents and descending rains,
  • Works itself clear, and as it runs, refines;
  • Till, by degrees, the floating mirror shines,
  • Reflects each flower that on the border grows,
  • And a new heaven in its fair bosom shows.  [Exeunt.]

[5. ]The Roman civil war (49–45 b.c.) began with Caesar crossing the Rubicon to invade Italy. Having fled Rome as Caesar advanced, Pompey and the republican forces were defeated at Pharsalus in 48 b.c. Soon after he fled Pharsalus, Pompey was assassinated in Egypt by Ptolemy XII’s men, while Cato and the other republicans scattered and re-massed in Africa. The play’s action takes place just after Caesar’s 46 b.c. victory at Thapsus.

[6. ]Gaius Julius Caesar (100–44 b.c.) was created dictator for life in 44 b.c., the same year in which he was assassinated by supporters of the Roman Republic. Caesar’s opposition to Cato predates the civil war, going back to the Catiline conspiracy of 63 b.c.

[7. ]Stoicism; see note at I.4 (p. 20, n. 31).

[8. ]Small trading city in Thessaly. The 48 b.c. battle of Pharsalus, in which Caesar’s outnumbered forces routed the Pompeians, was the decisive battle of the civil war.

[9. ]Roman privileged class, whose membership was based on birth.

[10. ]Ancient Phoenician settlement along the coast of present-day Tunisia. In the second century b.c., Utica was made the capital of Roman Africa and was accorded the privileged status of free city, which allowed it local autonomy and perhaps tax immunity. Utica’s sympathy toward Caesar’s opponents led to an eventual decline of its influence.

[11. ]Numidia was a Roman province in North Africa, in present-day Algeria.

[12. ]See I.4, p. 20, n. 31.

[13. ]See Spectator 257.

[14. ]See Spectator 255–57.

[15. ]Juba I (85 b.c.–46 b.c.), king of Numidia who sided with Pompey’s forces against Caesar. Juba was victorious against Caesar’s general Curio in 49 b.c., but he was defeated at Thapsus and committed suicide.

[16. ]In Discourses III.6, Machiavelli offers an extensive treatment of conspiracies.

[17. ]A reference to a group of 300 Romans in Utica—businessmen as well as several senators and their sons—used by Cato as his council of war. After Cato’s suicide, Caesar put to death all of the members of “Cato’s senate” he could find.

[18. ]Reverential.

[19. ]John Adams paraphrases this passage in a letter to his wife, dated February 18, 1776. The passage was apparently quite well known, for George Washington also paraphrased it in an October 29, 1775, letter to Nicholas Cooke and in a December 5, 1775, letter to Benedict Arnold.

[20. ]Given to excessive moralizing.

[21. ]Disgraced; dishonored.

[22. ]A not uncommon characterization of Caesar; e.g. Lucan, Pharsalia I.143–51, II.439.44.

[23. ]The Alps and Pyrenees represented the farthest reaches of the civilized Roman world.

[24. ]See Spectator 231.

[25. ]Beseech; implore.

[26. ]Town in present-day Tunisia; Zama was the principal city of Numidia.

[27. ]Stoicism retained the ancient hierarchy of goods, in which those of the body (such as wealth, health, beauty, and strength) are of a lower order than the goods of the soul (such as prudence, justice, moderation, and courage).

[28. ]Derogatory term for all non-Romans, occasionally used figuratively to describe political rivals, both Roman and non-Roman.

[29. ]Customary, habitual.

[30. ]The Stoics adopted the Aristotelian notion that virtue consists in choosing the right action for the right reasons (see Diogenes Laertius The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers VII.89, and Aristotle Nichomachean Ethics II.4).

[31. ]The Stoic understood himself as both an individual and as one part of a larger design. This is reflected in a twofold conception of human flourishing, which Stoics believed consisted in comprehension and contemplation of the design of the universe, as well as in the individual’s ability to act appropriately according to a correct understanding of his place within that system. Through proper education, discipline, and knowledge, the individual sought self-sufficiency, hoping to minimize his exposure to chance and to better secure his happiness by placing it within his own power to the greatest extent possible.

[32. ]Inappropriate, excessive.

[33. ]The Athenian orator Demosthenes (384–322 b.c.) declared, “Better to die a thousand times than pay court to Philip [of Macedon]” (Third Philippic, 65).

[34. ]Inward, inner, hidden.