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Subject Area: Law
Topic: Property
Collection: Laws, Charters, Constitutions, Bills of Right

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS - Gaius, Institutes of Roman Law [160 AD]

Edition used:

Gai Institutiones or Institutes of Roman Law by Gaius, with a Translation and Commentary by the late Edward Poste, M.A. Fourth edition, revised and enlarged by E.A. Whittuck, M.A. B.C.L., with an historical introduction by A.H.J. Greenidge, D.Litt. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1904).

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EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS

Inst. Institutes of Justinian.

Dig. Digest or Pandects of Justinian.

Cod. Code of Justinian.

Nov. Novellae Constitutiones or Novels of Justinian.

The meaning of the numbers that follow these abbreviations will be obvious to any one who opens a volume of the Corpus Juris.

Pr. stands for principio, meaning, in the first paragraph of a title of the Institutes, or of a fragment of a title of the Digest, or of a ‘lex’ of a title of the Code.

The Commentaries of Gaius are referred to by numbers indicating the book and the paragraph: e.g. 2 § 5, indicates the 5th paragraph of Book 2. When the reference is to another paragraph in the same book, the book is omitted.

When Ulpian or Paulus are quoted, the works referred to are the Ulpiani Fragmenta or Excerpta ex Ulpiani Libro singulari Regularum, and the Sententiae Receptae of Paulus.

Fragm. Vat. Fragmenta Juris Romani Vaticana.

(For the Jus antejustinianum see Huschke’s or Krueger’s Collections of ante-Justinian legal writings.)

When Savigny, Vangerow, Keller, Bethmann-Hollweg, Ihering, Kuntze, Windscheid, Dernburg, Lenel, Sohm, Muirhead, and Roby are simply cited, the references are to Savigny, System des heutigen römischen Rechts; Vangerow, Lehrbuch der Pandekten; Keller, Der römische Civilprocess und die Actionen; Bethmann-Hollweg, Der römische Civilprozess; Ihering, Geist des römischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwicklung; Kuntze, Institutionen und Geschichte des römischen Rechts; Windscheid, Lehrbuch des Pandekten-Rechts; Dernburg, Pandekten; Lenel, Das Edictum Perpetuum, ein Versuch zu dessen Wiederherstellung; Sohm, The Institutes—A Text-book of the History and System of Roman Private Law (translated by J. C. Ledlie), 2nd ed.; Muirhead, Historical Introduction to the Private Law of Rome, 2nd ed.; Roby, Roman Private Law in the times of Cicero and of the Antonines.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
B. C 753Traditional Date of Foundation of Rome.
578-535Servius Tullius. Division into thirty Tribes. Military Organization of Centuries. Institution of Census.
509Office of Consuls instituted.
494First Secession of Plebs. Institution of Tribuni Plebis.
451-448Law of the Twelve Tables.
449Second Secession of Plebs—Leges Valeriae Horatiae.
445Lex Canuleia, legalizing marriages between Patricians and Plebeians.
443Censorship established.
366Office of Praetor established.
326Lex Poetelia about this time.
304Cnaeus Flavius publishes forms of actions and calendar of dies fasti and nefasti.
300Lex Ogulnia, admitting Plebeians to College of Pontiffs.
287Last Secession of Plebs—
Lex Hortensia.
Lex Aquilia.
280Tiberius Coruncanius (subsequently first Plebeian Pontifex Maximus), Consul.
242First appointment of a Praetor Peregrinus about this time.
204Lex Cincia.
198Sextus Aelius Paetus (earliest commentator on the Twelve Tables), Consul.
170-150Lex Aebutia probably enacted within this period.
169Lex Voconia.
105P. Rutilius Rufus, Consul.
95Q. Mucius Scaevola (pontifex), Consul.
92Sulla, Dictator.
89End of Social War.
Leges Corneliae.
66C. Aquilius Gallus, Praetor.
63Cicero, Consul.
59Julius Caesar, Consul.
51Servius Sulpicius, Consul.
49Accession of Julius Caesar to supreme power.
Lex Rubria.
45Lex Julia municipalis.
44Assassination of Caesar.
40Lex Falcidia.
27Caesar Octavianus receives title of Augustus (first Constitution of the Principate).
23Second and final Constitution of the Principate.
27-14A D. Principate of Augustus.
M. Antistius Labeo.
C. Ateius Capito.
18Lex Julia de adulteriis et de maritandis ordinibus.
A.D.
4Lex Aelia Sentia.
6Lex Julia de vicesima hereditatium
9Lex Papia Poppaea.
14-37Tiberius, Emp.
Masurius Sabinus.
Proculus.
19Date to which Lex Junia (Norbana) is generally ascribed.
30C. Cassius Longinus, Consul.
37-41Caligula, Emp.
41-54Claudius, Emp.—
Lex Claudia.
S. C. Claudianum.
46S. C. Vellaeanum or Velleianum.
54-68Nero, Emp.—
S. C. Neronianum.
62S. C. Trebellianum.
68Galba, Emp.
Vitellius, Emp.
68-79Vespasian, Emp.
70S. C. Pegasianum.
79-81Titus, Emp
81-96Domitian, Emp.
96-98Nerva, Emp.
98-117Trajan, Emp.
117-138Hadrian, Emp.
Edictum Perpetuum of Salvius Julianus.
138-161Antoninus Pius, Emp.
First and part of second book of Gaius probably written at this time.
161-180M. Aurelius Antoninus, Emp.
Institutes of Gaius probably completed under this Emperor.
178S. C. Orfitianum.
180-193Commodus, Emp.
193Pertinax and Julianus successively Emperors.
193-211Septimius Severus, Emp.
204Papinian, praefectus praetorio.
211-217Caracalla, Emp —
Papinian killed.
Edict of Caracalla—extending citizenship.
217-218Macrinus, Emp.
218-222Elagabalus, Emp.
222-235Severus Alexander, Emp.
222Ulpian, praefectus praetorio.
228Ulpian killed.
235-238Maximinus, Emp.
238Gordianus I and II, Emp.
238-244Gordianus III, Emp.
244-249Philippus, Emp.
249-251Decius, Emp.
251-253Trebonianus Gallus, Emp.
253Aemilianus, Emp.
253-260Valerian and Gallienus, joint Emperors.
260-268Gallienus, sole Emperor.
268-270Claudius II, Emp.
270-275Aurelian, Emp.
275-276Tacitus, Emp.
276Florianus, Emp.
276-282Probus, Emp.
282-283Carus, Emp.
283-284Carinus and Numerianus, joint Emperors.
285Carinus, sole Emperor.
285-286Diocletian, sole Emperor.
286-305Diocletian and Maximian, joint Emperors
305-306Constantius I and Galerius, joint Emperors.
306Constantius I, Galerius, and Constantine the Great, joint Emperors.
307-311Galerius, Constantine the Great, and Licinius, joint Emperors.
311-323Constantine the Great and Licinius, joint Emperors.
323-337Constantine the Great, sole Emperor.
330Constantinople, the seat of government.
337-340Constantius II, Constantine II, and Constans I, joint Emperors.
340-350Constantius II and Constans I, joint Emperors.
350-361Constantius II, sole Emperor.
361-363Julian, Emperor.
363-364Jovian, Emperor.
364Valentinian I and Valens, joint Emperors. They divided the Empire into the Western and Eastern.
WESTERN EMPIRE.
A. D.
364-367Valentinian I, Emp.
367-375Valentinian I and Gratian, Emp.
375-383Gratian and Valentinian II, Emp.
383-392Valentinian II, sole Emperor.
392-395Theodosius I, Emperor of East and West.
395-423Honorius, Emp.
423-425Theodosius II, Emperor of East and West.
425-455Valentinian III, Emp.
426Law of Citations.
439Codex Theodosianus.
455Petronius Maximus, Emp.
Sack of Rome by the Vandals.
455-456Avitus, Emp.
457-461Majorian, Emp.
461-467Government practically in hands of the barbarian Ricimer.
467-472Anthemius, Emp.
472Olybrius, Emp.
472-475Julius Nepos, Emp.
475-476Romulus Augustulus, Emp.
End of Western Empire.
500Lex Romana Burgundionum.
506Lex Romana Visigothorum, or Breviarium Alarici, containing Epitome of Gaius.
511-515Edictum Theodorici (Lex Romana Ostrogothorum).
EASTERN EMPIRE.
A. D.
364-378Valens, Emp.
378-392Theodosius I, Emp.
395-408Arcadius, Emp.
408-423Theodosius II, Emp.
425-450Theodosius II, Emp.
450-457Marcian, Emp.
457-474Leo I, Emp.
474Leo II, Emp.
474-491Zeno, Emp.
491-518Anastasius I, Emp.
518-527Justin, Emp.
527-565Justinian, Emp.
Tribonian.
528Code ordered.
529Code published.
530Digest ordered.
533Digest and Institutes published.
534Revised edition of Code published.