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Chapter 22: Associations and Causes - Dane Starbuck, The Goodriches: An American Family [2001]

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The Goodriches: An American Family (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2001).

About Liberty Fund:

Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals.


Chapter 22

Associations and Causes

Americans of all ages, all stations in life, and all types of disposition are forever forming associations. There are not only commercial and industrial associations in which all take part, but others of a thousand different types—religious, moral, serious, futile, very general and very limited, immensely large and very minute. . . . In every case, at the head of any undertaking, where in France you would find the government or in England some territorial magnate, in the United States you are sure to find an association.

alexis de tocqueville, Democracy in America

The swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung observed that most people experience two halves of life. The first half, ending sometime near middle age, is when an individual is concerned with choosing a career, finding a mate, establishing a family, and becoming financially secure. The second half is when a person begins to grow more aware of his or her own mortality. Later life is often occupied in the pursuit of previously undeveloped interests in religion, relationships, social causes, and matters beyond strictly self-interested concerns.1

It appears that Pierre Goodrich experienced such a transformation in middle age. Up until that time, Goodrich had been focused on his numerous business interests, working hard to build his family’s companies into profitable enterprises. Work was his consuming passion, and he worked with an emotional drive that far exceeded what was necessary to obtain any personal comforts.

Sometime in the mid 1940s (and after the death of his father), Pierre’s interests turned decidedly intellectual and associational. While he had always been an avid reader and discussant of ideas, he began to devote large blocks of time to probing those ideas that are at the heart of a society. Thus, the years after James Goodrich’s death marked a definite turning point in Pierre’s priorities. Pierre was still a force to be reckoned with when any major decision was made pertaining to his family’s business empire. Yet, beginning in the mid 1940s, he had the luxury of spending hours reading and thinking about intellectual matters.

From a practical perspective, he was able to devote so much time and energy to these interests because he had surrounded himself with extremely capable business partners and operating lieutenants: Robert Koenig and, later, Norman Kelb at the Ayrshire Collieries Corporation; Irwin H. Reiss at Meadowlark Farms; E. S. Welch and William Scheidler at the Indiana Telephone Corporation; Dwight Peterson and Noble Biddinger at City Securities; Eugene C. Pulliam and his son Eugene S. Pulliam, at Central Newspapers; Don Welch at Peoples Loan and Trust Company; William H. Fletcher of Arthur Andersen and Company; and Albert Campbell, Claude Warren, and, in later life, Helen Schultz at his law offices.

While Goodrich was not a typical businessman-Rotarian type, he did not oppose membership in organizations altogether. Over the course of his life he took on the quiet support and occasional leadership of many organizations, associations whose missions he supported through substantial contributions of time and money. Membership in these associations were deep and lasting commitments for Goodrich. They also provided him with a forum in which to vent his strong opinions and to communicate with others who had basically the same ideological beliefs.

As Tocqueville would have agreed, the idea of “getting involved” is a “peculiarly American notion of the relationship between self and society.”2 It was one that Goodrich took a much greater interest in as he sought to look outside himself, to have a greater understanding of the public good, and to influence others’ understanding of the freedoms and obligations of responsible citizenship.

One of the first educational organizations that Goodrich became active with was the Great Books Foundation, based in Chicago, Illinois. Pierre served on its national board from the time of its founding in April 1947 until November 1955.3 The Great Books Foundation is an independent, nonprofit educational corporation whose stated mission is to provide people of all ages with the opportunity to read, discuss, and learn from outstanding works of literature.4

The Great Books Foundation was established in 1947 by Dr. Robert M. Hutchins, then chancellor of the University of Chicago and previously the university’s president, and Mortimer Adler, at the time a professor of philosophy of law at the University of Chicago. The original board of directors was made up of a blue-ribbon panel of national educators, librarians, publishers, and businessmen such as Pierre Goodrich and Lynn A. Williams. Williams was a friend of Goodrich and had been vice-president of Stewart-Warner Corporation in Chicago. In the early years, Henry Regnery’s publishing company published the shortened paperback editions of classics of which the Great Books reading list was composed. These works included Plato’s Republic, Sophocles’ Antigone, Marx’s Communist Manifesto, Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations, and dozens of other classic works.5 By mid 1948, the Great Books Foundation had thirty thousand readers in two hundred American cities. Today, its basic program still consists of twice-monthly meetings at which participants discuss the works of Plato, Aristophanes, Aristotle, Marx, Kant, Freud, Shakespeare, and dozens of other influential writers and thinkers of Western culture.

Goodrich took a special interest in promoting the Great Books Foundation in Indiana. In 1947, he formed the Indiana State Temporary Committee of the Great Books Foundation in which he served as chairman.6 The presidents or deans of several Indiana colleges, including Butler, Wabash, Earlham, Hanover, DePauw, and Notre Dame, served on the committee. Before Goodrich established the temporary committee, only Indianapolis, South Bend, and Goodrich’s hometown of Winchester had Great Books programs in the state,7 but Goodrich undertook to establish dozens of chapters in Indiana. There may have been more than thirty such chapters established throughout the state at Goodrich’s instigation.8 He advertised in newspapers throughout Indiana seeking qualified Great Books leaders to head chapters in small towns. He also contacted friends and acquaintances, especially friends in smaller communities such as Anderson, Crawfordsville, Columbus, Huntington, Liberty, Lawrenceville, Lynn, Richmond, and Sullivan. Goodrich apparently thought that citizens from these smaller towns might benefit most by having a forum to discuss great literary works.9 Moreover, Goodrich partially underwrote the cost of training conferences for discussion leaders—at Wabash College in August 1948 and September 1949, and one at Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana.10

During the summer of 1947, Goodrich hired Dale Braun, then principal of Winchester High School and later superintendent of schools, to meet with community and business leaders. Braun’s task was to attempt to create an interest in establishing Great Books chapters in other towns and cities throughout the state.11 “Pierre saw in the Great Books program and the Socratic method the opportunity to get people to think,” said Braun. Goodrich also employed Professor Jack Charles of Wabash College to lead discussion groups.12

Another friend of Goodrich’s, D. Elton Trueblood, also helped Pierre start several chapters. Dr. Trueblood was then professor of religion at Earlham College and a nationally known speaker and author. He had become acquainted with Goodrich when Trueblood had taught briefly at Wabash College in 1946.13

One of the most successful, if short-lived, Indiana Great Books chapters was in Goodrich’s hometown of Winchester. It was funded anonymously by Goodrich through the Winchester Foundation, which Goodrich had established in 1945. The foundation purchased the books for the chapter. At the chapter’s height, approximately fifty adults and two dozen teenagers met in three subgroups every Monday night at the old Winchester High School gymnasium. Goodrich would often attend, driving from Indianapolis especially for the meetings or extending one of his frequent weekend visits to Winchester.

Elton Trueblood often led the discussions, and John Barden, an assistant dean at the University of Chicago, was also an invited discussion leader. Later, members of the Winchester group led their own discussions. The success of the chapter, in a small blue-collar midwestern town reminiscent of communities in Sinclair Lewis’s and Sherwood Anderson’s novels, was featured in the Indianapolis Star Magazine in 1947. In August 1948, it even caught the attention of Parade magazine, meriting a feature article in the national publication.14

By the mid 1950s, Goodrich had become somewhat impatient with the Great Books program. He also questioned the convictions of many of his fellow promoters of the Great Books concept. Goodrich saw in the Great Books program the thinking that “[a]ny idea is as good as another,” said William C. Dennis, a senior program officer of Liberty Fund. “That wasn’t Goodrich’s way of looking at the world. He thought some ideas were better than others and [he thought] he understood why.”15

Goodrich finally resigned from the Great Books national board in November 1955; he did, however, continue to support the foundation through gifts from the Winchester Foundation and Liberty Fund. Although Goodrich ceased to be a board member, he did take from the Great Books Foundation two important concepts he would later incorporate into his establishment of Liberty Fund seminars: readings from original texts and the Socratic discussion seminar.

No other organization that Goodrich was affiliated with was as closely aligned with his philosophical beliefs about individual liberty as the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE). FEE, based in Irvington-on-Hudson, New York, about thirty miles north of New York City, was established in 1946 by Leonard E. Read, who had the idea of an organization set up to proclaim the ideals of liberty. Read had been employed in city chamber of commerce work for most of his working life before establishing FEE. In 1939, he was appointed director of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce. Both before and during his tenure there, he traveled widely around the country speaking passionately about the virtues of liberty, free enterprise, and entrepreneurship.

Read eventually tired of chamber of commerce work because he was always at the beck and call of its business members.16 He decided to begin a small organization that would research and discuss the ideals of liberty, one that would be beholden to no other individual institution or interest group.17

Read bought the building that FEE still occupies for forty thousand dollars in 1946 and sought out several scholars to read, research, write, and speak.18 An amazing range of talent passed through FEE’s doors during its early years of existence: Fred Fairchild, former economist at Yale University, and economist Henry Hazlitt served as founding trustees; Ludwig von Mises was on FEE’s payroll as an adviser; Friedrich Hayek lectured on occasion; and F. A. “Baldy” Harper, who would later establish and serve as president of the Institute for Humane Studies, served on FEE’s staff.

FEE’s early success in publishing also helped establish it as an institution of far-ranging influence. FEE promoted and later republished Hazlitt’s Economics in One Lesson, subsidized the first printing of Mises’s Human Action, republished a new translation of Frederic Bastiat’s The Law, and published a revised edition of Henry Grady Weaver’s The Mainspring of Human Progress. The three books by Hazlitt, Bastiat, and Weaver have, together, sold more than two million copies.19

Read, like Goodrich, possessed an incredible breadth of interests and talents. He wrote twenty-seven books during his life, lectured to thousands of audiences, corresponded widely, and was a lifetime learner.20 Goodrich was on FEE’s board of trustees for more than twenty years (1952–73). As a trustee, he served with dozens of other distinguished businessmen and academics.21 Goodrich would often bring to FEE board meetings an array of gourmet cheeses and a selection of fine wines.22 In addition to making direct financial contributions to FEE, Goodrich sent dozens of employees from his coal company, farming operations, bank, and other businesses to various FEE seminars.23

In Leonard Read, Goodrich found a man who was as devoted to the causes of liberty and free enterprise as he was. Read’s book, Government—An Ideal Concept, made a tremendous impression on Pierre. The two men would often talk for hours about ideas, and Read was the recipient of many of Goodrich’s infamous late-night telephone calls.24 Goodrich had a great fondness for Read and hosted a dinner in Read’s honor in Indianapolis at the Woodstock Country Club. Goodrich was also responsible for Read’s speaking at Wabash College and in Winchester. Next to Benjamin Rogge, Leonard Read probably had the greatest intellectual influence on Goodrich of any contemporary mind. Goodrich remained a lifelong supporter of FEE initiatives. Even today, the Winchester Foundation and Liberty Fund, established by Goodrich, contribute financially to FEE operations.25

From 1949 until the mid 1960s, Goodrich served as a trustee of the China Institute of America in New York City.26 The China Institute, whose predecessor was the China Foundation, was founded in 1926 by American educators John Dewey and Paul Monroe of Columbia University. The China Foundation’s primary objective had been to dispense monies that had been set aside for the United States out of the Boxer Indemnity Fund as a result of the Boxer Rebellion.27

The China Institute’s purposes were primarily fourfold: to disseminate information concerning Chinese and American education, to promote a closer relationship between Chinese and American educational institutions through the exchange of professors and students, to assist Chinese students in America in their education, and to stimulate interest in America in the study of Chinese culture.28

Goodrich first became involved with the China Institute in 1948 as a contributor.29 The following year, he was not only elected as a trustee but served as one of three vice-presidents of the China Institute. Another of the vice-presidents was Thomas J. Watson, Jr., then president of International Business Machines (IBM). Henry R. Luce, founder of Time, Life, and Fortune magazines, served as president during that time. Children of Christian missionaries, Luce and his sister, Elisabeth Luce Moore, were reared in China, and Moore remains a trustee even today.30

Beginning in 1949, Goodrich served on the institute’s finance committee. Charles Edison—son of the inventor Thomas A. Edison and former secretary of the navy and governor of New Jersey—was chairman of the committee in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The years from 1949 to 1953 were critical for the very survival of the China Institute. Chinese-American relations had deteriorated during the late 1940s. Until 1945, the Chinese government, banks, and private Chinese individuals had contributed substantial sums toward educating Chinese students in America. The political upheaval in China after 1945, however, culminating in the Communist Revolution in 1949, cut off practically all funds from China. Soon after that, the Korean War complicated and strained relations between America and China even more.

By the end of 1949, more than 12,000 Chinese academics, scientists, and writers had managed to escape to the United States. As of October 1952, 5,406 Chinese students or teachers were stranded in America. The United States Congress had passed legislation prohibiting from leaving America any Chinese who had scientific or technical skills that could be useful to an enemy of the United Nations. This was meant to apply to Communist China, which was then not a member of the United Nations. Therefore, many recent Chinese graduates with M.D.’s and Ph.D.’s were forced to take unsuitable positions merely to survive. They became perfect targets for Communist promises of utopia in Red China.31

At that time, the China Institute, and specifically the Finance Committee on which Goodrich served, took on the monumental task of raising money to help these Chinese students and recent graduates find employment. By the end of 1949, some 1,500 Chinese had registered with the China Institute’s job placement bureau. Within a few months, some 2,000 had been referred to employers and 250 had received jobs.32

During the years in which Goodrich served as trustee, the institute played host to dozens of American and foreign dignitaries, including Eleanor Roosevelt, Nobel Prize–winning novelist Pearl Buck (author of The Good Earth), Mrs. Wendell Willkie, former United States secretary of state George C. Marshall, and Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek. In the mid 1950s, Pierre arranged for Roscoe Pound, his former law professor at Harvard, to address the institute. Pound had become an expert in Chinese constitutional law after spending three years as an adviser both on the Mainland before the 1949 revolution and in Formosa (Taiwan) after the revolution.

Goodrich was known as a generous contributor to the institute, full of ideas and an innovative thinker.33 “There are so many members on boards who don’t want to rock the boat,” said Mrs. Elisabeth Luce Moore, “but Pierre rocked!”34

Goodrich and Chih Meng, China Institute director from 1927 to 1967, corresponded and talked regularly. They were both stubborn men and often strongly disagreed about institute policy.35 Shortly before Meng retired as director, he and Goodrich apparently had a falling out that resulted in Pierre’s resignation from the board in the mid 1960s. But he did not leave before he had contributed significantly to the institute’s mission.36

Goodrich passionately loved music, as both an amateur violinist and a listener. He had been exposed to church and choir music as a boy in the Presbyterian Church and played in community orchestras as a youth. His father had supported the talents of young Winchester musicians by providing scholarship money and loans for college music instruction.

Pierre also financially supported young musicians, especially at Wabash College. No doubt Goodrich’s intense feeling for music was encouraged by his parents at a very early age. He began playing the violin as a youth. When he was a young man, his mother bought him a Stradivarius violin, which was valued at forty thousand dollars at the time of Pierre’s death.37 Goodrich loved opera, and most business trips to New York were not complete unless Goodrich and his guests went to the Metropolitan Opera.38 In Indianapolis, he faithfully attended the Starlight Musical programs on Butler University’s campus and was a leading supporter of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra and of the Indianapolis Choral Society.39

Goodrich served on the board of directors of the Indiana State Symphony Society from 1939 to 1954. The society was the organization responsible for establishing and maintaining the operations of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra (ISO).40 These were fifteen critical years in the life of the young Indianapolis Symphony. From 1940 to 1951, the violin virtuoso Jascha Heifetz performed with the ISO on five occasions.41 On at least one of these visits to Indianapolis, Heifetz visited Goodrich’s home at 4220 Central Avenue to play Pierre’s Stradivarius.42

The institutions and causes that Goodrich was involved with numbered in the dozens. Some of the more important ones were the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, now based in Wilmington, Delaware; the Institute for Humane Studies, formerly located at Menlo Park, California (now located at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia); the Committee for Monetary Research and Education at Harriman, New York; the Philadelphia Society; the Foundation for Foreign Affairs; the National Foundation for Education in American Citizenship; the Institute of Paper Chemistry at Appleton, Wisconsin; and Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Gamma Delta, educational honor and fraternal societies, respectively. Goodrich either served as a trustee of or was a contributor to each of these organizations. His scholarship contributions to the Institute for Humane Studies, for example, made it possible for several students to work toward graduate degrees.43

Goodrich created educational and grant-making organizations of his own. The first was the Winchester Foundation, established in 1945 for “the encouragement and stimulation of interest in and study of the arts, music, philosophy and religion.” Another was a foundation he named simply Thirty Five Twenty, which was the street address of his business offices on Washington Boulevard in Indianapolis. The most important institutions to Goodrich, however, were Wabash College, the Mont Pelerin Society, and his own foundation, Liberty Fund.

[1. ]Jolande Jacobi, The Psychology of C. G. Jung (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 148–49.

[2. ]Quote from Robert N. Bellah, ed., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 167.

[3. ]The minutes of the directors’ meeting of the Great Books Foundation reveal that Goodrich was elected unanimously to the board of directors on April 3, 1947. The foundation met at its headquarters on 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois. Letter from Leslie A. Simmer, editorial assistant, the Great Books Foundation, to author, December 12, 1991; letter from Sharon Crowley, assistant to the president, the Great Books Foundation, to author, May 23, 1996.

[4. ]Fact Sheet, Great Books Foundation, 35 East Wacker Drive, Suite 2300, Chicago, IL 60601-2298.

[5. ]Because of the controversy that surrounded Regnery’s publication of William Buckley’s God and Man at Yale, Regnery lost the contract to publish the Great Books works. See Henry Regnery, Life of a Dissident Publisher (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), pp. 170–73.

[6. ]Formal members of the committee were Dr. M. O. Ross of Butler University, Lynn A. Williams, Jr., and Frank Sparks, then president of Wabash College.

[7. ]See Lowell Parker, “Winchester, Indiana: Literary Guinea Pig,” Indianapolis Star Magazine, September 28, 1947, pp. 16–17.

[8. ]The author was unable to determine precisely how many Great Books discussion chapters were established as a result of Goodrich’s initiation; however, according to material at Wabash College, participants from as many as thirty-five Indiana towns and cities attended the three-day training sessions for discussion leaders. Presumably, most of these towns and cities had Great Books chapters. See letter from Robert S. Harvey, Wabash College registrar, to Pierre F. Goodrich, August 31, 1948, Great Books Collection, Archives, Wabash College.

[9. ]For instance, Goodrich contacted Will Hays, Jr., and Norman and Mary Johnson to start Great Books chapters in their towns of Sullivan and Liberty, respectively. Both chapters met for a while (Hays claims that the one at Sullivan was quite successful) before interest finally waned. Will Hays, interview, May 8, 1992; Norman and Mary Johnson, interview, January 1, 1992.

[10. ]The 1948 seminar was held in August. The 1949 seminar was held from August 31 to September 3. Information about Goodrich’s advertising in small-town newspapers to locate chapters and leaders was contained in a letter from Roy Schukman to William C. Dennis, Liberty Fund, April 29, 1996 (copy in author’s possession).

[11. ]Dale Braun, interview, July 17, 1992. Braun recalled visiting and even hosting dinners in several Indiana towns, including Fort Wayne, Columbus, and Columbia City.

[12. ]Letter from Jack Charles to author, January 28, 1993.

[13. ]According to Dale Braun, the Great Books program in Indiana cities and towns never did catch on as Goodrich had hoped. Only a handful of communities had chapters that lasted more than a year. Dale Braun, interview, July 17, 1992. Elton Trueblood’s memories of the success of Great Books were different: “You can quote me as saying that the program was a tremendous success, made so partly by the influence of Mr. Goodrich. . . . We met because of the close connection with Wabash College to which he was devoted. I often visited him in his office in Indianapolis” (letter to author, December 3, 1991).

[14. ]See Lowell Parker, “Winchester, Indiana: Literary Guinea Pig,” pp. 16–17; Ernest La France, “Winchester and the Great Books: Indiana Town Reads the Classics for Recreation and Self-improvement,” Parade, August 1, 1948, pp. 5–7. By 1949, there had been some loss of enthusiasm for Great Books discussions in Winchester, but the death knell came to the local chapter with the polio epidemic. Voluntary public meetings were avoided for good reason. Harry Fraze, interview, October 26, 1991. Fraze was co-leader of the Winchester chapter (along with Anna Marie Gibbons). Fraze, a mortician by profession, was the town’s mayor at the time, and Gibbons was a reporter for the local newspaper.

[15. ]William C. Dennis, interview, October 25, 1991.

[16. ]Edmund Opitz, telephone interview, October 10, 1992.

[17. ]Ibid. Opitz, a minister, served as a senior staff member, editor of The Freeman (a monthly magazine produced by FEE), and “resident theologian” for FEE from 1955 until 1992. For a more complete examination of Read and FEE, see Mary Sennholz, Leonard Read: Philosopher of Liberty (Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education, 1993).

[18. ]Sennholz, Leonard Read: Philosopher of Liberty, p. 72.

[19. ]Telephone interview, Bettina Bien Greaves, Foundation for Economic Education, December 5, 1997.

[20. ]“The Foundation: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow” (pamphlet prepared for the new chairman of FEE’s board of trustees), FEE’s offices, Irvington-on-Hudson, New York. Read had hoped that Rogge would be his successor, and Rogge had even been added to FEE’s payroll before he decided to remain at Wabash College. For more about Read, see Mary Sennholz, Leonard E. Read: Philosopher of Liberty.

[21. ]These men included B. E. Hutchinson, vice-president and treasurer of Chrysler Corporation; Ben Moreell, president of Jones and Laughlin Steel Company in Pittsburgh and a former United States Navy admiral; J. Howard Pew, chairman of Sun Oil Company; Jasper Crane, vice-president of DuPont Corporation; Leo Wolman, a professor of economics at Columbia University; and Goodrich’s close friend Dr. Benjamin Rogge.

[22. ]Edmund Opitz, telephone interview, October 10, 1992. Goodrich also arranged for the accounting firm of Arthur Andersen to conduct an annual independent audit of FEE (Hans Sennholz, interview, October 16, 1992).

[23. ]Paul L. Poirot, emeritus editor of The Freeman, letter to author, November 8, 1992.

[24. ]Edmund Opitz said that Leonard Read would often come into work and report that Goodrich had called him the night before as late as 2:00 a.m. Read said that the conversations were more like monologues by Goodrich than discussions, since Goodrich often called to share whatever was bothering him (telephone interview, October 10, 1992).

[25. ]Ruth Connolly, interview, October 25, 1991.

[26. ]The China Institute of America, 125 E. 65 Street, New York, N.Y.

[27. ]See Chih Meng, Chinese American Understanding: A Sixty-Year Search (New York: China Institute of America, 1967), p. 121.

[28. ]Ibid., p. 142. In pursuit of this last goal, an Indiana project affiliated with the China Institute was initiated by Floy Hurlbut, who was a professor of science at Ball State College in Muncie. It is not known if Goodrich was involved, although his participation in some form is highly likely. In 1950, Hurlbut persuaded Ball State president John R. Emens to invite China Institute director Chih Meng and other Chinese scholars to Ball State to form a China Institute of the Midwest. The resulting workshop inspired a number of Indiana colleges to introduce their own courses or workshops on China.

[29. ]According to China Institute records, the first mention of Goodrich was in 1948 as an “associate,” meaning a benefactor. See “Annual Report of the Director for 1948,” China Institute of America, Mansfield Freeman Center for East Asian Studies, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.

[30. ]Although Henry R. Luce died in 1973, his son Henry Luce III serves as a trustee. Elisabeth Luce Moore, although well into her nineties, continues to serve as a trustee and has done so for nearly fifty years.

[31. ]These observations were made by Elisabeth Luce Moore and Chih Meng. See speech by Elisabeth Luce Moore, vice-president of China Institute, “China Institute’s ‘Double Ten’ Dinner,” held in the Grand Ballroom, Waldorf-Astoria, October 9, 1952; see also memorandum from Chih Meng, director of China Institute, to General Edwin N. Clark, president of the China Institute, December 29, 1952. Both documents are located in “Miscellaneous Documents Related to China Institute” (1991.3.45), Mansfield Freeman Center for East Asian Studies, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.

[32. ]Address by Elisabeth Luce Moore, October 9, 1952.

[33. ]Goodrich’s generosity was noted by Mrs. Elisabeth Luce Moore, telephone interview, October 9, 1992.

[34. ]Ibid.

[35. ]Ibid.

[36. ]Ibid.; Rosanna Amos, interview, December 10, 1991. The falling out between Goodrich and Meng must not have been too great, since Goodrich and his wife attended Meng’s retirement dinner in 1967 in New York City. See “Minutes of the Board of Directors of the Liberty Fund, Inc.,” April 24, 1967, p. 119 (in the possession of Liberty Fund).

[37. ]Roy Barnes said that Cora Goodrich had paid thirty-five thousand dollars for the violin (interview, February 8, 1992); see also “Goodrich Property Sale to Be Private,” Indianapolis Star, December 3, 1975, p. 43, col. 7 (reports the sale of a Stradivarius violin appraised at forty thousand dollars and a Vangelisti violin appraised at three thousand dollars).

[38. ]Don Welch, interview, December 16, 1991.

[39. ]Ibid. A number of Goodrich’s friends said that Goodrich often invited them to Indianapolis to attend Starlight Musical productions.

[40. ]This information was provided to the author by Lorri Church, Public Relations Office, Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, December 7, 1992.

[41. ]Ibid. The occasions when Heifetz performed with ISO were January 5 and 6, 1940; January 31 and February 1, 1941; December 16 and 17, 1944; February 26 and 27, 1949; and January 27 and 28, 1951.

[42. ]Roy Barnes, interview, February 8, 1992.

[43. ]Letter from B. A. Rogge to Kenneth S. Templeton, Jr., regarding a Special Loan and Scholarship grant from the Winchester Foundation to Gary North for graduate study, May 6, 1969; letter from Kenneth S. Templeton, Jr., to Don E. Welch, secretary, the Winchester Foundation, acknowledging grants of fifteen hundred dollars for graduate students Arthur N. Chamberlain III and Gus diZerega, July 18, 1967, Benjamin Rogge Collection, Institute for Humane Studies file, Archives, Wabash College.