The Online Library of Liberty

A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.

• Publisher’s Preface to the Liberty Fund Edition
• Foreword By F.a. Hayek
• Preface to the Second English Edition
• Translator’s Note
• Preface to the Second German Edition
• Introduction
• Part I: Liberalism and Socialism
• Chapter 1: Ownership
• 1: The Nature of Ownership
• 2: Violence and Contract
• 3: The Theory of Violence and the Theory of Contract
• 4: Collective Ownership of the Means of Production
• 5: Theories of the Evolution of Property
• Chapter 2: Socialism
• 1: The State and Economic Activity
• 2: The “fundamental Rights” of Socialist Theory
• 3: Collectivism and Socialism
• Chapter 3: The Social Order and the Political Constitution
• 1: The Policy of Violence and the Policy of Contract
• 2: The Social Function of Democracy
• 3: The Ideal of Equality
• 4: Democracy and Social-democracy
• 5: The Political Constitution of Socialist Communities
• Chapter 4: The Social Order and the Family
• 1: Socialism and the Sexual Problem
• 2: Man and Woman In the Age of Violence
• 3: Marriage Under the Influence of the Idea of Contract
• 4: The Problems of Married Life
• 5: Free Love
• 6: Prostitution
• Part II: The Economics of a Socialist Community
• Section I.: The Economics of an Isolated Socialist Community
• Chapter 5: The Nature of Economic Activity
• 1: A Contribution to the Critique of the Concept “economic Activity”
• 2: Rational Action
• 3: Economic Calculation
• 4: The Capitalist Economy
• 5: The Narrower Concept of the “economic”
• Chapter 6: The Organization of Production Under Socialism
• 1: The Socialization of the Means of Production
• 2: Economic Calculation In the Socialist Community
• 3: Recent Socialist Doctrines and the Problems of Economic Calculation
• 4: The Artificial Market As the Solution of the Problem of Economic Calculation
• 5: Profitability and Productivity
• 6: Gross and Net Product
• Chapter 7: The Distribution of Income
• 1: The Nature of Distribution Under Liberalism and Socialism
• 2: The Social Dividend
• 3: The Principles of Distribution
• 4: The Process of Distribution
• 5: The Costs of Distribution
• Chapter 8: The Socialist Community Under Stationary Conditions
• 1: Stationary Conditions
• 2: The Disutilities and Satisfactions of Labour
• 3: The “joy of Labour”
• 4: The Stimulus to Labour
• 5: The Productivity of Labour
• Chapter 9: The Position of the Individual Under Socialism
• 1: Selection of Personnel and Choice of Occupation
• 2: Art and Literature, Science and Journalism
• 3: Personal Liberty
• Chapter 10: Socialism Under Dynamic Conditions
• 1: The Nature of the Dynamic Forces
• 2: Changes In Population
• 3: Changes In Demand
• 4: Changes In the Amount of Capital
• 5: The Element of Change In the Socialist Economy
• 6: Speculation
• 7: Joint Stock Companies and the Socialist Economy
• Chapter 11: The Impracticability of Socialism
• 1: The Fundamental Problems of a Socialist Economy Under Conditions of Change
• 2: Attempted Solutions
• 3: Capitalism the Only Solution
• Section II.: The Foreign Relations of a Socialist Community
• Chapter 12: National Socialism and World Socialism
• 1: The Spatial Extent of the Socialist Community
• 2: Marxian Treatment of This Problem
• 3: Liberalism and the Problem of the Frontiers
• Chapter 13: The Problem of Migration Under Socialism
• 1: Migration and Differences In National Conditions
• 2: The Tendency Towards Decentralization Under Socialism
• Chapter 14: Foreign Trade Under Socialism
• 1: Autarky and Socialism
• 2: Foreign Trade Under Socialism
• 3: Foreign Investment
• Section III.: Particular Forms of Socialism and Pseudo-socialism
• Chapter 15: Particular Forms of Socialism
• 1: The Nature of Socialism
• 2: State Socialism
• 3: Military Socialism
• 4: Christian Socialism
• 5: The Planned Economy
• 6: Guild Socialism
• Chapter 16: Pseudo-socialist Systems
• 1: Solidarism
• 2: Various Proposals For Expropriation
• 3: Profit-sharing
• 4: Syndicalism
• 5: Partial Socialism
• Part III: The Alleged Inevitability of Socialism
• Section I.: Social Evolution
• Chapter 17: Socialistic Chiliasm
• 1: The Origin of Chiliasm
• 2: Chiliasm and Social Theory
• Chapter 18: Society
• 1: The Nature of Society
• 2: The Division of Labour As the Principle of Social Development
• 3: Organism and Organization
• 4: The Individual and Society
• 5: The Development of the Division of Labour
• 6: Changes In the Individual In Society
• 7: Social Regression
• 8: Private Property and Social Evolution
• Chapter 19: Conflict As a Factor In Social Evolution
• 1: The Cause of Social Evolution
• 2: Darwinism
• 3: Conflict and Competition
• 4: National War
• 5: Racial War
• Chapter 20: The Clash of Class Interests and the Class War
• 1: The Concept of Class and of Class Conflict
• 2: Estates and Classes
• 3: Class War
• 4: The Forms of Class War
• 5: Class War As a Factor In Social Evolution
• 6: The Theory of the Class War and the Interpretation of History
• 7: Summary
• Chapter 21: The Materialist Conception of History
• 1: Thought and Being
• 2: Science and Socialism
• 3: The Psychological Presuppositions of Socialism
• Section II.: The Concentration of Capital and the Formation of Monopolies As Preliminary Steps to Socialism
• Chapter 22: The Problem
• 1: The Marxian Theory of Concentration
• 2: The Theory of Anti-monopolistic Policy
• Chapter 23: The Concentration of Establishments
• 1: The Concentration of Establishments As the Complement of the Division of Labour
• 2: The Optimal Size of Establishments In Primary Production and In Transport
• 3: The Optimal Size of Establishments In Manufacturing
• Chapter 24: The Concentration of Enterprises
• 1: The Horizontal Concentration of Enterprises
• 2: The Vertical Concentration of Enterprises
• Chapter 25: The Concentration of Fortunes
• 1: The Problem
• 2: The Foundation of Fortunes Outside the Market Economy
• 3: The Formation of Fortunes Within the Market Economy
• 4: The Theory of Increasing Poverty
• Chapter 26: Monopoly and Its Effects
• 1: The Nature of Monopoly and Its Significance For the Formation of Prices
• 2: The Economic Effects of Isolated Monopolies
• 3: The Limits of Monopoly Formation
• 4: The Significance of Monopoly In Primary Production
• Part IV: Socialism As a Moral Imperative
• Chapter 27: Socialism and Ethics
• 1: The Socialist Attitude to Ethics
• 2: Eudaemonistic Ethics and Socialism
• 3: A Contribution to the Understanding of Eudaemonism
• Chapter 28: Socialism As an Emanation of Asceticism
• 1: The Ascetic Point of View
• 2: Asceticism and Socialism
• Chapter 29: Christianity and Socialism
• 1: Religion and Social Ethics
• 2: The Gospels As a Source of Christian Ethics
• 3: Primitive Christianity and Society
• 4: The Canon Law Prohibition of Interest
• 5: Christianity and Property
• 6: Christian Socialism
• Chapter 30: Ethical Socialism, Especially That of the New Criticism
• 1: The Categorical Imperative As a Foundation For Socialism
• 2: The Duty of Work As a Foundation For Socialism
• 3: The Equality of Incomes As an Ethical Postulate
• 4: The Ethical-aesthetic Condemnation of the Profit-motive
• 5: The Cultural Achievements of Capitalism
• Chapter 31: Economic Democracy
• 1: The Slogan “economic Democracy”
• 2: The Consumer As the Deciding Factor In Production
• 3: Socialism As Expression of the Will of the Majority
• Chapter 32: Capitalist Ethics
• 1: Capitalist Ethics and the Impracticability of Socialism
• 2: The Alleged Defects of Capitalist Ethics
• Part V: Destructionism
• Chapter 33: The Motive Powers of Destructionism
• 1: The Nature of Destructionism
• 2: Demagogy
• 3: The Destructionism of the Literati
• Chapter 34: The Methods of Destructionism
• 1: The Means of Destructionism
• 2: Labour Legislation
• 3: Compulsory Social Insurance
• 4: Trade Unions
• 5: Unemployment Insurance
• 6: Socialization
• 7: Taxation
• 8: Inflation
• 9: Marxism and Destructionism
• Chapter 35: Overcoming Destructionism
• 1: The “interest” As an Obstacle to Destructionism
• 2: Violence and Authority
• 3: The Battle of Ideas
• Conclusion the Historical Significance of Modern Socialism
• 1: Socialism In History
• 2: The Crisis of Civilization
• Appendix a Contribution to the Critique of Attempts to Construct a System of Economic Calculation For the Socialist Community
• Epilogue
• Introductory Remarks
• 1: The Failure of Interventionism
• 2: The Dictatorial, Anti-democratic and Socialist Character of Interventionism
• 3: Socialism and Communism
• 4: Russia’s Aggressiveness
• 5: Trotsky’s Heresy
• 6: The Liberation of the Demons
• 7: Fascism
• 8: Nazism
• 9: The Teachings of Soviet Experience
• 10: The Alleged Invitability of Socialism
• Biographical Note

FOREWORD

By F. A. Hayek

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