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GENEVA CONVENTION, 1906 1 - A. Pearce Higgins, The Hague Peace Conferences and Other International Conferences concerning the Laws and Usages of War [1909]Edition used:The Hague Peace Conferences and Other International Conferences concerning the Laws and Usages of War. Texts of Conventions with Commentaries, by A. Pearce Higgins, LL.D. (Cambridge University Press, 1909).
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GENEVA CONVENTION, 19061Convention pour l’Amélioration du Sort des Blessés et Malades dans les Armées en Campagne.Sa Majesté le Roi du Royaume-Uni de la Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande, Empereur des Indes; Sa Majesté l’Empereur d’Allemagne, Roi de Prusse; Son Excellence le Président de la République Argentine; Sa Majesté l’Empereur d’Autriche, Roi de Bohême, &c., et Roi Apostolique de Hongrie; Sa Majesté le Roi des Belges; Son Altesse Royale le Prince de Bulgarie; Son Excellence le Président de la République du Chili; Sa Majesté l’Empereur de Chine; Sa Majesté le Roi des Belges, Souverain de l’État indépendant du Congo; Sa Majesté l’Empereur de Corée2 ; Sa Majesté le Roi de Danemark; Sa Majesté le Roi d’Espagne; le Président des États-Unis d’Amérique; le Président des États-Unis du Brésil; le Président des États-Unis Mexicains; le Président de la République Française; Sa Majesté le Roi des Hellènes; le Président de la République de Guatémala; le Président de la République de Honduras; Sa Majesté le Roi d’Italie; Sa Majesté l’Empereur du Japon; Son Altesse Royale le Grand-Duc de Luxembourg, Duc de Nassau; Son Altesse Royale le Prince de Monténégro; Sa Majesté le Roi de Norvège; Sa Majesté la Reine des Pays-Bas; le Président de la République du Pérou; Sa Majesté Impériale le Schah de Perse; Sa Majesté le Roi de Portugal et des Algarves, &c.; Sa Majesté le Roi de Roumanie; Sa Majesté l’Empereur de Toutes les Russies; Sa Majesté le Roi de Serbie; Sa Majesté le Roi de Siam; Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède; le Conseil Fédéral Suisse; le Président de la République Orientale de l’Uruguay, Également animés du désir de diminuer, autant qu’il dépend d’eux, les maux inséparables de la guerre, et voulant, dans ce but, perfectionner et compléter les dispositions convenues à Genève, le 22 août, 1864, pour l’amélioration du sort des militaires blésses ou malades dans les armées en campagne; Ont résolu de conclure une nouvelle Convention à cet effet, et ont nommé pour leurs Plénipotentiaires, savoir: (Suivent les noms des Plénipotentiaires.) Lesquels, après s’être communiqué leurs pleins pouvoirs, trouvés en bonne et due forme, sont convenus de ce qui suit: Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field.His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Emperor of India; His Majesty the German Emperor, King of Prussia; His Excellency the President of the Argentine Republic; His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, &c., and Apostolic King of Hungary; His Majesty the King of the Belgians; His Royal Highness the Prince of Bulgaria; His Excellency the President of the Republic of Chile; His Majesty the Emperor of China; His Majesty the King of the Belgians, Sovereign of the Independent State of the Congo; His Majesty the Emperor of Corea; His Majesty the King of Denmark; His Majesty the King of Spain; the President of the United States of America; the President of the United States of Brazil; the President of the United States of Mexico; the President of the French Republic; His Majesty the King of the Hellenes; the President of the Republic of Guatemala; the President of the Republic of Honduras; His Majesty the King of Italy; His Majesty the Emperor of Japan; His Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Luxemburg, Duke of Nassau; His Royal Highness the Prince of Montenegro; His Majesty the King of Norway; Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands; the President of the Republic of Peru; His Imperial Majesty the Shah of Persia; His Majesty the King of Portugal and the Algarves, &c.; His Majesty the King of Roumania; His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias; His Majesty the King of Servia; His Majesty the King of Siam; His Majesty the King of Sweden; the Swiss Federal Council; the President of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, Being equally animated by the desire of mitigating, as far as possible, the evils inseparable from war, and desiring, with this end in view, to improve and to complete the arrangements agreed upon at Geneva on the 22nd August, 1864, for the amelioration of the condition of wounded or sick soldiers in armies in the field; Have resolved to conclude for this purpose a new Convention, and have named as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say: (Here follow the names of the Plenipotentiaries.) Who, after having communicated to each other their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed as follows: Chapitre Premier.—Des Blessés et Malades.Article Premier.Les militaires et les autres personnes officiellement attachées aux armées, qui seront blessés ou malades, devront êtrerespectés et soignés, sans distinction de nationalité, par le belligérant qui les aura en son pouvoir. Toutefois, le belligérant, obligé d’abandonner des malades ou des blessés à son adversaire, laissera avec eux, autant que les circonstances militaires le permettront, une partie de son personnel et de son matériel sanitaires pour contribuer à les soigner. Chapter I.—The Wounded and Sick.Article 1.Soldiers, and other persons officially attached to armies, shall be respected and taken care of when wounded or sick, by the belligerent in whose power they may be, without distinction of nationality. (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 6.) Nevertheless, a belligerent who is compelled to abandon sick or wounded to the enemy shall, as far as military exigencies permit, leave with them a portion of his medical personnel and material to contribute to the care of them. (New.) Art. 2.Sous réserve des soins à leur fournir en vertu de l’article précédent, les blessés ou malades d’une armée tombés au pouvoir de l’autre belligérant sont prisonniers de guerre et les règles générales du droit des gens concernant les prisonniers leur sont applicables. Cependant, les belligérants restent libres de stipuler entre eux, à l’égard des prisonniers blessés ou malades, telles clauses d’exception ou de faveur qu’ils jugeront utiles; ils auront, notamment, la faculté de convenir: De se remettre réciproquement, après un combat, les blessés laissés sur le champ de bataille; De renvoyer dans leur pays, après les avoir mis en état d’être transportés ou après guérison, les blessés ou malades qu’ils ne voudront pas garder prisonniers; De remettre à un État neutre, du consentement de celui-ci, des blessés ou malades de la partie adverse, à la charge par l’État neutre de les interner jusqu’à la fin des hostilités. Art. 2.Except as regards the treatment to be provided for them in virtue of the preceding Article, the wounded and sick of an army who fall into the hands of the enemy are prisoners of war, and the general provisions of international law concerning prisoners are applicable to them. (New.) Belligerents are, however, free to arrange with one another such exceptions and mitigations with reference to sick and wounded prisoners as they may judge expedient; in particular they will be at liberty to agree— To restore to one another the wounded left on the field after a battle; To repatriate any wounded and sick whom they do not wish to retain as prisoners, after rendering them fit for removal or after recovery; To hand over to a neutral State, with the latter’s consent, the enemy’s wounded and sick to be interned by the neutral State until the end of hostilities. (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 6. Add. Art. 1868, Art. 5.) Art. 3.Après chaque combat, l’occupant du champ de bataille prendra des mesures pour rechercher les blessés et pour les faire protéger, ainsi que les morts, contre le pillage et les mauvais traitements. Il veillera à ce que l’inhumation ou l’incinération des morts soit précédée d’un examen attentif de leurs cadavres. Art. 3.After each engagement the Commander in possession of the field shall take measures to search for the wounded, and to insure protection against pillage and maltreatment both for the wounded and for the dead. He shall arrange that a careful examination of the bodies is made before the dead are buried or cremated. (New.) (Cp. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 16.) Art. 4.Chaque belligérant enverra, dès qu’il sera possible, aux autorités de leur pays ou de leur armée les marques ou pièces militaires d’identité trouvées sur les morts et l’état nominatif des blessés ou malades recueillis par lui. Les belligérants se tiendront réciproquement au courant des internements et des mutations, ainsi que des entrées dans les hôpitaux et des décès survenus parmi les blessés et malades en leur pouvoir. Ils recueilleront tous les objets d’un usage personnel, valeurs, lettres, etc., qui seront trouvés sur les champs de bataille ou délaissés par les blessés ou malades décédés dans les établissements et formations sanitaires, pour les faire transmettre aux intéressés par les autorités de leur pays. Art. 4.Each belligerent shall send as soon as possible to the authorities of the country or army to which they belong the military identification marks or tokens found on the dead, and a nominal roll of the wounded or sick who have been collected by him. The belligerents shall keep each other mutually informed of any internments and changes, as well as of admissions into hospital and deaths among the wounded and sick in their hands. They shall collect all the articles of personal use, valuables, letters, &c., which are found on the field of battle or left by the wounded or sick who have died in the medical establishments or units, in order that such objects may be transmitted to the persons interested by the authorities of their own country. (New.) (Cp. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 17.) Art. 5.L’autorité militaire pourra faire appel au zèle charitable des habitants pour recueillir et soigner, sous son contrôle, des blessés ou malades des armées, en accordant aux personnes ayant répondu à cet appel une protection spéciale et certaines immunités. Art. 5.The military authority may appeal to the charitable zeal of the inhabitants to collect and take care of, under his direction, the wounded or sick of armies, granting to those who have responded to this appeal special protection and certain immunities. (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 5. Add. Art. 1868, Art. 4. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 9.) Chapitre II.—Des Formations et Établissements Sanitaires.Art. 6.Les formations sanitaires mobiles (c’est-à-dire celles qui sont destinées à accompagner les armées en campagne) et les établissements fixes du service de santé seront respectés et protégés par les belligérants. Chapter II.—Medical Units and Establishments.Art. 6.Mobile medical units (that is to say, those which are intended to accompany armies into the field) and the fixed establishments of the medical service shall be respected and protected by the belligerents. (New nomenclature.) (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 1. Add. Art. 1868, Art. 3. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 1.) Art. 7.La protection due aux formations et établissements sanitaires cesse si l’on en use pour commettre des actes nuisibles à l’ennemi. Art. 7.The protection to which medical units and establishments are entitled ceases if they are made use of to commit acts harmful to the enemy. (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 1. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 8 (1).) Art. 8.Ne sont pas considérés comme étant de nature à priver une formation ou un établissement sanitaire de la protection assurée par l’article 6: 1°. Le fait que le personnel de la formation ou de l’établissement est armé et qu’il use de ses armes pour sa propre défense ou celle de ses malades et blessés; 2°. Le fait qu’à défaut d’infirmiers armés, la formation ou l’établissement est gardé par un piquet ou des sentinelles munis d’un mandat régulier; 3°. Le fait qu’il est trouvé dans la formation ou l’établissement des armes et cartouches retirées aux blessés et n’ayant pas encore été versées au service compétent. Art. 8.The following facts are not considered to be of a nature to deprive a medical unit or establishment of the protection guaranteed by Article 6:— 1. That the personnel of the unit or of the establishment is armed, and that it uses its arms for its own defence or for that of the sick and wounded under its charge. 2. That in default of armed orderlies the unit or establishment is guarded by a piquet or by sentinels furnished with an authority in due form. 3. That weapons and cartridges taken from the wounded and not yet handed over to the proper department are found in the unit or establishment. (New.) (Cp. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 8 (2).) Chapitre III.—Du Personnel.Art. 9.Le personnel exclusivement affecté à l’enlèvement, au transport et au traitement des blessés et des malades, ainsi qu’à l’administration des formations et établissements sanitaires, les aumôniers attachés aux armées, seront respectés et protégés en toute circonstance; s’ils tombent entre les mains de l’ennemi, ils ne seront pas traités comme prisonniers de guerre. Ces dispositions s’appliquent au personnel de garde des formations et établissements sanitaires dans le cas prévu à l’article 8, n° 2. Chapter III.—Personnel.Art. 9.The personnel engaged exclusively in the collection, transport, and treatment of the wounded and the sick, as well as in the administration of medical units and establishments, and the Chaplains attached to armies, shall be respected and protected under all circumstances. If they fall into the hands of the enemy they shall not be treated as prisoners of war. These provisions apply to the guard of medical units and establishments under the circumstances indicated in Article 8 (2). (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 2. Add. Art. 1868, Art. 1. 3 H. C. 1899, Art. 7. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 10.) Art. 10.Est assimilé au personnel visé à l’article précédent le personnel des Sociétés de secours volontaires dûment reconnues et autorisées par leur Gouvernement, qui sera employé dans les formations et établissements sanitaires des armées, sous la réserve que ledit personnel sera soumis aux lois et règlements militaires. Chaque État doit notifier à l’autre soit dès le temps de paix, soit à l’ouverture ou au cours des hostilités, en tout cas avant tout emploi effectif, les noms des Sociétés qu’il a autorisées à prêter leur concours, sous sa responsabilité, au service sanitaire officiel de ses armées. Art. 10.The personnel of Voluntary Aid Societies, duly recognized and authorized by their Government, who may be employed in the medical units and establishments of armies, is placed on the same footing as the personnel referred to in the preceding Article, provided always that the first-mentioned personnel shall be subject to military law and regulations. (New.) Each State shall notify to the other, either in time of peace or at the commencement of or during the course of hostilities, but in every case before actually employing them, the names of the Societies which it has authorized, under its responsibility, to render assistance to the regular medical service of its armies. (Cp. 3 H. C. 1899, Art. 2. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 2.) Art. 11.Une Société reconnue d’un pays neutre ne peut prêter le concours de ses personnels et formations sanitaires à un belligérant qu’avec l’assentiment préalable de son propre Gouvernement et l’autorisation du belligérant luimême. Le belligérant qui a accepté le secours est tenu, avant tout emploi, d’en faire la notification à son ennemi. Art. 11.A recognized Society of a neutral country can only afford the assistance of its medical personnel and units to a belligerent with the previous consent of its own Government and the authorization of the belligerent concerned. A belligerent who accepts such assistance is bound before making any use of it to notify the fact to his adversary. (New.) (Cp. 3 H. C. 1899, Art. 3. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 3.) Art. 12.Les personnes désignées dans les articles 9, 10 et 11 continueront, après qu’elles seront tombées au pouvoir de l’ennemi, à remplir leurs fonctions sous sa direction. Lorsque leur concours ne sera plus indispensable, elles seront renvoyées à leur armée ou à leur pays dans les délais et suivant l’itinéraire compatibles avec les nécessités militaires. Elles emporteront, alors, les effets, les instruments, les armes et les chevaux qui sont leur propriété particulière. Art. 12.The persons designated in Articles 9, 10, and 11, after they have fallen into the hands of the enemy, shall continue to carry on their duties under his direction. When their assistance is no longer indispensable, they shall be sent back to their army or to their country at such time and by such route as may be compatible with military exigencies. They shall then take with them such effects, instruments, arms, and horses as are their private property. (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 3, 4. Add. Art. 1868, Art. 1. 3 H. C. 1899, Art. 7. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 10.) Art. 13.L’ennemi assurera au personnel visé par l’article 9, pendant qu’il sera en son pouvoir, les mêmes allocations et la même solde qu’au personnel des mêmes grades de son armée. Art. 13.The enemy shall secure to the persons mentioned in Article 9, while in his hands, the same allowances and the same pay as are granted to the persons holding the same rank in his own army. (Cp. Add. Art. 1868, Art. 2. 3 H. C. 1899, Art. 7. 4 H. C. 1907, Art. 17. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 10.) Chapitre IV.—Du Matériel.Art. 14.Les formations sanitaires mobiles conserveront, si elles tombent au pouvoir de l’ennemi, leur matériel, y compris les attelages, quels que soient les moyens de transport et le personnel conducteur. Toutefois, l’autorité militaire compétente aura la faculté de s’en servir pour les soins des blessés et malades; la restitution du matériel aura lieu dans les conditions prévues pour le personnel sanitaire, et, autant que possible, en même temps. Chapter IV.—Material.Art. 14.If mobile medical units fall into the hands of the enemy they shall retain their material, including their teams, whatever may be the means of transport and whoever may be the drivers employed. (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 4 (2).) Nevertheless, the competent military authority shall be free to use the material for the treatment of the wounded and sick. It shall be restored under the conditions laid down for the medical personnel, and so far as possible at the same time. (New.) Art. 15.Les bâtiments et le matériel des établissements fixes demeurent soumis aux lois de la guerre, mais ne pourront être détournés de leur emploi, tant qu’ils seront nécessaires aux blessés et aux malades. Toutefois, les commandants des troupes d’opérations pourront en disposer, en cas de nécessités militaires importantes, en assurant au préalable le sort des blessés et malades qui s’y trouvent. Art. 15.The buildings and material of fixed establishments remain subject to the laws of war, but may not be diverted from their purpose so long as they are necessary for the wounded and the sick. (New.) (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 4 (1).) Nevertheless, the Commanders of troops in the field may dispose of them, in case of urgent military necessity, provided they make previous arrangements for the welfare of the wounded and sick who are found there. (Cp. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 7.) Art. 16.Le matériel des Sociétés de secours, admises au bénéfice de la Convention conformément aux conditions déterminées par celle-ci, est considéré comme propriété privée et, comme tel, respecté en toute circonstance, sauf le droit de réquisition reconnu aux belligérants selon les lois et usages de la guerre. Art. 16.The material of Voluntary Aid Societies which are admitted to the privileges of the Convention under the conditions laid down therein is considered private property, and, as such, to be respected under all circumstances, saving only the right of requisition recognized for belligerents in accordance with the laws and customs of war. (New.) Chapitre V.—Des Convois d’Évacuation.Art. 17.Les convois d’évacuation seront traités comme les formations sanitaires mobiles, sauf les dispositions spéciales suivantes: 1°. Le belligérant interceptant un convoi pourra, si les nécessités militaires l’exigent, le disloquer en se chargeant des malades et blessés qu’il contient. 2°. Dans ce cas, l’obligation de renvoyer le personnel sanitaire, prévue à l’article 12, sera étendue à tout le personnel militaire préposé au transport ou à la garde du convoi et muni à cet effet d’un mandat régulier. L’obligation de rendre le matériel sanitaire, prévue à l’article 14, s’appliquera aux trains de chemins de fer et bateaux de la navigation intérieure spécialement organisés pour les évacuations, ainsi qu’au matériel d’aménagement des voitures, trains et bateaux ordinaires appartenant au service de santé. Les voitures militaires, autres que celles du service de santé, pourront être capturées avec leurs attelages. Le personnel civil et les divers moyens de transport provenant de la réquisition, y compris le matériel de chemin de fer et les bateaux utilisés pour les convois, seront soumis aux règles générales du droit des gens. Chapter V.—Convoys of Evacuation.Art. 17.Convoys of evacuation shall be treated like mobile medical units, subject to the following special provisions:— (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 6 (5).) 1. A belligerent intercepting a convoy may, if military exigencies demand, break it up, provided he takes charge of the sick and wounded who are in it. (New.) 2. In this case, the obligation to send back the medical personnel, provided for in Article 12, shall be extended to the whole of the military personnel detailed for the transport or the protection of the convoy and furnished with an authority in due form to that effect. (New.) The obligation to restore the medical material, provided for in Article 14, shall apply to railway trains, and boats used in internal navigation, which are specially arranged for evacuations, as well as to the material belonging to the medical service for fitting up ordinary vehicles, trains, and boats. (New.) Military vehicles, other than those of the medical service, may be captured with their teams. (New.) The civilian personnel and the various means of transport obtained by requisition, including railway material and boats used for convoys, shall be subject to the general rules of international law. (New.) Chapter VI.—Du Signe Distinctif.Art. 18.Par hommage pour la Suisse, le signe héraldique de la croix rouge sur fond blanc, formé par interversion des couleurs fédérales, est maintenu comme emblème et signe distinctif du service sanitaire des armées. Chapter VI.—The Distinctive Emblem.Art. 18.As a compliment to Switzerland, the heraldic device of the red cross on a white ground, formed by reversing the Federal colours, is retained as the emblem and distinctive sign of the medical service of armies. (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 7.) Art. 19.Cet emblème figure sur les drapeaux, les brassards, ainsi que sur tout le matériel se rattachant au service sanitaire, avec la permission de l’autorité militaire compétente. Art. 19.With the permission of the competent military authority this emblem shall be shown on the flags and armlets (brassards), as well as on all the material belonging to the Medical Service. (New.) Art. 20.Le personnel protégé en vertu des articles 9, alinéa 1er, 10 et 11 porte, fixé au bras gauche, un brassard avec croix rouge sur fond blanc, délivré et timbré par l’autorité militaire compétente, accompagné d’un certificat d’identité pour les personnes rattachées au service de santé des armées et qui n’auraient pas d’uniforme militaire. Art. 20.The personnel protected in pursuance of Articles 9 (paragraph 1), 10, and 11 shall wear, fixed to the left arm, an armlet (brassard) with a red cross on a white ground, delivered and stamped by the competent military authority, and accompanied by a certificate of identity in the case of persons who are attached to the medical service of armies, but who have not a military uniform. (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 7.) Art. 21.Le drapeau distinctif de la Convention ne peut être arboré que sur les formations et établissements sanitaires qu’elle ordonne de respecter et avec le consentement de l’autorité militaire. Il devra être accompagné du drapeau national du belligérant dont relève la formation ou l’établissement. Toutefois, les formations sanitaires tombées au pouvoir de l’ennemi n’arboreront pas d’autre drapeau que celui de la Croix-Rouge, aussi longtemps qu’elles se trouveront dans cette situation. Art. 21.The distinctive flag of the Convention shall only be hoisted over those medical units and establishments which are entitled to be respected under the Convention, and with the consent of the military authorities. It must be accompanied by the national flag of the belligerent to whom the unit or establishment belongs. (New.) Nevertheless, medical units which have fallen into the hands of the enemy, so long as they are in that situation, shall not fly any other flag than that of the Red Cross. (New.) Art. 22.Les formations sanitaires des pays neutres qui, dans les conditions prévues par l’article 11, auraient été autorisées à fournir leurs services, doivent arborer, avec le drapeau de la Convention, le drapeau national du belligérant dont elles relèvent. Les dispositions du deuxième alinéa de l’article précédent leur sont appliables. Art. 22.The medical units belonging to neutral countries which may be authorized to afford their services under the conditions laid down in Article 11 shall fly, along with the flag of the Convention, the national flag of the belligerent to whose army they are attached. (New.) The provisions of the second paragraph of the preceding Article are applicable to them. (New.) Art. 23.L’emblème de la croix rouge sur fond blanc et les mots Croix-Rouge ou Croix de Genève ne pourront être employés, soit en temps de paix, soit en temps de guerre, que pour protéger ou désigner les formations et établissements sanitaires, le personnel et le matériel protégés par la Convention. Art. 231 .The emblem of the red cross on a white ground and the words “Red Cross” or “Geneva Cross” shall not be used, either in time of peace or in time of war, except to protect or to indicate the medical units and establishments and the personnel and material protected by the Convention. (New.) Chapitre VII.—De l’Application et de l’Exécution de la Convention.Art. 24.Les dispositions de la présente Convention ne sont obligatoires que pour les Puissances contractantes, en cas de guerre entre deux ou plusieurs d’entre elles. Ces dispositions cesseront d’être obligatoires du moment où l’une des Puissances belligérantes ne serait pas signataire de la Convention. Chapter VII.—Application and Carrying out of the Convention.Art. 24.The provisions of the present Convention are only binding upon the Contracting Powers in the case of war between two or more of them. These provisions shall cease to be binding from the moment when one of the belligerent Powers is not a party to the Convention. (New.) (Cp. 3 H. C. 1899, Art. 11.) Art. 25.Les commandants en chef des armées belligérantes auront à pourvoir aux détails d’exécution des articles précédents, ainsi qu’aux cas non prévus, d’après les instructions de leurs Gouvernements respectifs et conformément aux principes généraux de la présente Convention. Art. 25.The Commanders-in-chief of belligerent armies shall arrange the details for carrying out the preceding Articles, as well as for cases not provided for, in accordance with the instructions of their respective Governments and in conformity with the general principles of the present Convention. (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 8. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 19.) Art. 26.Les Gouvernements signataires prendront les mesures nécessaires pour instruire leurs troupes, et spécialement le personnel protégé, des dispositions de la présente Convention et pour les porter à la connaissance des populations. Art. 26.The Signatory Governments will take the necessary measures to instruct their troops, especially the personnel protected, in the provisions of the present Convention, and to bring them to the notice of the civil population. (Cp. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 20.) Chapitre VIII.—De la Répression des Abus et des Infractions.Art. 27.Les Gouvernements signataires, dont la législation ne serait pas dès à présent suffisante, s’engagent à prendre ou à proposer à leurs législatures les mesures nécessaires pour empêcher en tout temps l’emploi, par des particuliers ou par des sociétés autres que celles y ayant droit en vertu de la présente Convention, de l’emblème ou de la dénomination de Croix-Rouge ou Croix de Genève, notamment, dans un but commercial, par le moyen de marques de fabrique ou de commerce. L’interdiction de l’emploi de l’emblème ou de la dénomination dont il s’agit produira son effet à partir de l’époque déterminée par chaque législation et, au plus tard, cinq ans après la mise en vigueur de la présente Convention. Dès cette mise en vigueur, il ne sera plus licite de prendre une marque de fabrique ou de commerce contraire à l’interdiction. Chapter VIII.—Prevention of Abuses and Infractions.Art. 271 .The Signatory Governments, in countries the legislation of which is not at present adequate for the purpose, undertake to adopt or to propose to their legislative bodies such measures as may be necessary to prevent at all times the employment of the emblem or the name of Red Cross or Geneva Cross by private individuals or by Societies other than those which are entitled to do so under the present Convention, and in particular for commercial purposes as a trade-mark or trading mark. (New.) The prohibition of the employment of the emblem or the names in question shall come into operation from the date fixed by each legislature, and at the latest five years after the present Convention comes into force. From that date it shall no longer be lawful to adopt a trade-mark or trading mark contrary to this prohibition. (New.) Art. 28.Les Gouvernements signataires s’engagent également à prendre ou à proposer à leurs législatures, en cas d’insuffisance de leurs lois pénales militaires, les mesures nécessaires pour réprimer, en temps de guerre, les actes individuels de pillage et de mauvais traitements envers des blessés et malades des armées, ainsi que pour punir, comme usurpation d’insignes militaires, l’usage abusif du drapeau et du brassard de la Croix-Rouge par des militaires ou des particuliers non protégés par la présente Convention. Ils se communiqueront, par l’intermédiaire du Conseil fédéral suisse, les dispositions relatives à cette répression, au plus tard dans les cinq ans de la ratification de la présente Convention. Art. 281 .The Signatory Governments also undertake to adopt, or to propose to their legislative bodies, should their military law be insufficient for the purpose, the measures necessary for the repression in time of war of individual acts of pillage and maltreatment of the wounded and sick of armies, as well as for the punishment, as an unlawful employment of military insignia, of the improper use of the Red Cross flag and armlet (brassard) by officers and soldiers or private individuals not protected by the present Convention. They shall communicate to one another, through the Swiss Federal Council, the provisions relative to these measures of repression at the latest within five years from the ratification of the present Convention. (New.) (Cp. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 21.) Dispositions Générales.Art. 29.La présente Convention sera ratifiée aussi tôt que possible. Les ratifications seront déposées à Berne. Il sera dressé du dépôt de chaque ratification un procès-verbal dont une copie, certifiée conforme, sera remise par la voie diplomatique à toutes les Puissances contractantes. General Provisions.Art. 29.The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible. The ratifications shall be deposited at Berne. When each ratification is deposited a procès-verbal shall be drawn up, and a copy thereof certified as correct shall be forwarded through the diplomatic channel to all the Contracting Powers. (Cp. G. C. 1864, Art. 10.) Art. 30.La présente Convention entrera en vigueur pour chaque Puissance six mois après la date du dépôt de sa ratification. Art. 30.The present Convention shall come into force for each Power six months after the date of the deposit of its ratification. (Cp. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 26.) Art. 31.La présente Convention, dûment ratifiée, remplacera la Convention du 22 août 1864 dans les rapports entre les États contractants. La Convention de 1864 reste en vigueur dans les rapports entre les Parties qui l’ont signée et qui ne ratifieraient pas également la présente Convention. Art. 31.The present Convention, duly ratified, shall replace the Convention of the 22nd August, 1864, in relations between the Contracting States. The Convention of 1864 remains in force between such of the parties who signed it who may not likewise ratify the present Convention. (Cp. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 25.) Art. 32.La présente Convention pourra, jusqu’au 31 décembre prochain, être signée par les Puissances représentées à la Conférence qui s’est ouverte à Genève le 11 juin 1906, ainsi que par les Puissances non représentées à cette Conférence qui ont signé la Convention de 1864. Celles de ces Puissances qui, au 31 décembre 1906, n’auront pas signé la présente Convention, resteront libres d’y adhérer par la suite. Elles auront à faire connaître leur adhésion au moyen d’une notification écrite adressée au Conseil fédéral suisse et communiquée par celui-ci à toutes les Puissances contractantes. Les autres Puissances pourront demander à adhérer dans la même forme, mais leur demande ne produira effet que si, dans le délai d’un an à partir de la notification au Conseil fédéral, celui-ci n’a reçu d’opposition de la part d’aucune des Puissances contractantes. Art. 32.The present Convention may be signed until the 31st December next by the Powers represented at the Conference which was opened at Geneva on the 11th June, 1906, as also by the Powers, not represented at that Conference, which signed the Convention of 1864. Such of the aforesaid Powers as shall not have signed the present Convention by the 31st December, 1906, shall remain free to accede to it subsequently. They shall notify their accession by means of a written communication addressed to the Swiss Federal Council, and communicated by the latter to all the Contracting Powers. Other Powers may apply to accede in the same manner, but their request shall only take effect if within a period of one year from the notification of it to the Federal Council no objection to it reaches the Council from any of the Contracting Powers. (New.) (Cp. 3 H. C. 1899, Art. 13.) Art. 33.Chacune des Parties contractantes aura la faculté de dénoncer la présente Convention. Cette dénonciation ne produira ses effets qu’un an après la notification faite par écrit au Conseil fédéral suisse; celui-ci communiquera immédiatement la notification à toutes les autres Parties contractantes. Cette dénonciation ne vaudra qu’à l’égard de la Puissance qui l’aura notifiée. En foi de quoi, les Plénipotentiaires ont signé la présente Convention et l’ont revêtue de leurs cachets. Fait à Genève, le six juillet mil neuf cent six, en un seul exemplaire, qui restera déposé dans les archives de la Confédération suisse, et dont des copies, certifiées conformes, seront remises par la voie diplomatique aux Puissances contractantes. Art. 33.Each of the Contracting Powers shall be at liberty to denounce the present Convention. The denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the written notification of it has reached the Swiss Federal Council. The Council shall immediately communicate the notification to all the other Contracting Parties. (New.) (Cp. Add. Art. 1868, Art. 13. 3 H. C. 1899, Art. 14. 10 H. C. 1907, Art. 27.) The denunciation shall only affect the Power which has notified it. In faith whereof the Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Convention and have affixed thereto their seals. Done at Geneva the 6th July, 1906, in a single copy, which shall be deposited in the archives of the Swiss Confederation, and of which copies certified as correct shall be forwarded to the Contracting Powers through the diplomatic channel. Protocole Final de la Conférence de Revision de la Convention de Genève.La Conférence convoquée par le Conseil fédéral suisse, en vue de la revision de la Convention internationale, du 22 août 1864, pour l’amélioration du sort des militaires blessés dans les armées en campagne, s’est réunie à Genève le 11 Juin 1906. Les Puissances dont l’énumération suit ont pris part à la Conférence, pour laquelle Elles avaient désigné les Délégués nommés ci-après: [Dénomination des Délégués.] Dans une série de réunions tenues du 11 juin au 5 juillet 1906, la Conférence a discuté et arrêté, pour être soumis à la signature des Plénipotentiaires, le texte d’une Convention qui portera la date du 6 juillet 1906. En outre, et en conformité de l’article 16 de la Convention pour le règlement pacifique des conflits internationaux, du 29 juillet 1899, qui a reconnu l’arbitrage comme le moyen le plus efficace et en même temps le plus équitable de régler les litiges qui n’ont pas été résolus par les voies diplomatiques, la Conférence a émis le vœu suivant: La Conférence exprime le vœu que, pour arriver à une interprétation et à une application aussi exactes que possible de la Convention de Genève, les Puissances contractantes soumettent à la Cour Permanente de La Haye, si les cas et les circonstances s’y prêtent, les différends qui, en temps de paix, s’élèveraient entre elles relativement à l’interprétation de ladite Convention. Ce vœu a été voté par les États suivants: Allemagne, République Argentine, Autriche-Hongrie, Belgique, Bulgarie, Chili, Chine, Congo, Danemark, Espagne (ad ref.), États-Unis d’Amérique, États-Unis du Brésil, États-Unis Mexicains, France, Grèce, Guatémala, Honduras, Italie, Luxembourg, Monténégro, Nicaragua, Norvège, Pays-Bas, Pérou, Perse, Portugal, Roumanie, Russie, Serbie, Siam, Suède, Suisse et Uruguay. Ce vœu a été rejeté par les États suivants: Corée, Grande-Bretagne et Japon. En foi de quoi, les Délégués ont signé le présente Protocole. Fait à Genève, le six juillet mil neuf cent six, en un seul exemplaire, qui sera déposé aux archives de la Confédération suisse et dont des copies, certifiées conformes, seront délivrées à toutes les Puissances représentées à la Conférence. Final Protocol of the Conference for the Revision of the Geneva Convention.The Conference convoked by the Swiss Federal Council with a view to the revision of the International Convention of the 22nd August, 1864, for the amelioration of the condition of soldiers wounded in armies in the field has assembled at Geneva on the 11th June, 1906. The Powers enumerated below have taken part in the Conference, for which purpose they had designated the under-mentioned Delegates: [Names of Delegates.] In a series of meetings held from the 11th June to the 5th July, 1906, the Conference has discussed and drawn up, with a view to its being signed by the Plenipotentiaries, the text of a Convention which shall bear the date 6th July, 1906. In addition, and in accordance with Article 16 of the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes of the 29th July, 1899, which recognizes arbitration as the most efficacious and the most equitable means for the settlement of disputes which have not been determined diplomatically, the Conference has framed the following Resolution:— The Conference expresses the desire that, in order to arrive at an interpretation and application as exact as possible of the Geneva Convention, the Contracting Powers should submit to the Permanent Court at The Hague, if the cases and the circumstances permit, any differences which may, in time of peace, arise between them relative to the interpretation of the said Convention. This Resolution has been voted by the following States:— Germany, Argentine Republic, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Congo, Denmark, Spain (ad ref.), United States of America, United States of Brazil, United States of Mexico, France, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Italy, Luxemburg, Montenegro, Nicaragua, Norway, Netherlands, Peru, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Siam, Sweden, Switzerland, and Uruguay. This Resolution has been declined by the following States: Corea, Great Britain, and Japan. In witness whereof the Delegates have signed the present Protocol. Done at Geneva, the 6th July, 1906, in a single copy, which shall be deposited in the archives of the Swiss Confederation, and of which copies, certified as correct, shall be delivered to all the Powers represented at the Conference. The following states have up to the present ratified this Convention: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, the Congo, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain (under reserve of Articles 23, 27, 28), Italy, Japan and Corea, Luxemburg, Mexico, Russia, Siam, Spain, Switzerland, the United States of America. The following have acceded (under the provisions of Art. 32, par. 3): Colombia, Cuba, Nicaragua, Turkey and Venezuela. The Convention of 1864 remains in force at present between the following Powers who signed it, and who have not ratified or adhered to the Convention of 1906: the Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Chili, China, Dominica, Ecuador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Hayti, Holland, Honduras, Montenegro, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Salvador, Servia, Sweden and Uruguay. With regard to the position of Corea the following note is appended to the signature of the Japanese Plenipotentiary on behalf of Corea in the British Blue Book on this subject: “His Majesty’s Government have received from the Swiss Minister a notification that by a Declaration dated the 15th October, 1906, the Japanese Chargé d’Affaires at Berne stated that, in virtue of the Agreement between Japan and Corea of the 17th November, 1905, the Imperial Japanese Government has the right of entirely controlling the foreign relations and affairs of Corea. Consequently the inclusion of Corea in the preamble of the Convention and the signature of the latter by the Japanese Plenipotentiary on behalf of Corea as a separate Contracting Party, being erroneous and incompatible with the aforesaid arrangement, are considered by the Japanese Government as null and void1 .” It is important to notice that Great Britain ratified the Convention under reserves of Arts. 23, 27, 28. These Articles, it will be seen, provide that the emblem of the Red Cross shall not be used in peace or war, except to protect or indicate medical units and establishments and the personnel and material protected by the Convention, and that the signatory Powers whose legislation is insufficient to prevent the abuse of the name or sign of the Red Cross or Geneva Cross, particularly for commercial purposes as trade marks or commercial labels, shall adopt or propose to their legislative bodies such measures as may be necessary to secure the name and emblem from abuse in peace or war. Several Powers had, previous to the Conference, legislated with this object2 , but the British delegates in signing, and the British Government in their ratification were unable to accept these Articles, though approving of their principles, by reason of the uncertainties of Parliamentary proceedings in this country. The Hague Conference of 1899 left the initiative in the matter of a Conference for the revision of the Geneva Convention of 1864 to the Swiss Government. This Government, as early as 1901, took steps with a view of calling together a Conference, but owing partly to the dilatoriness of some of the states, and partly to the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war, it was not until the 11th June, 1906, that the Conference met. The number of Powers represented was larger than that at the Hague in 1899, some of the Powers appearing at an International Conference for the first time. The Conference terminated its labours on the 6th July. The new Convention contains 33 Articles as against 10 in the Convention of 1864, and is divided into eight chapters dealing with the whole subject. The terminology of the new Convention now harmonises with current usage; the words “neutral” and “neutrality” are no longer used to signify inviolability or immunity from capture, but are restricted to cases of internment, and the personnel of Voluntary Aid Societies of a neutral country whose service is accepted by a belligerent. The terms “ambulances” and “hospitals” are replaced by “mobile sanitary units” or “sanitary formations” and “fixed establishments of the medical service.” The position of Voluntary Aid or Red Cross Societies is made clear. In the case of Societies belonging to one of the belligerents, only when the personnel is recognised by their Government and subject to military laws and regulations do they become entitled to the privileges of the Convention. The position of neutral Societies when rendering assistance to a belligerent is also clearly defined and full protection afforded to their material (Arts. 16, 21 and 22). Such Societies are not entitled to fly the flag of the state to which they belong, but must fly that of the belligerent to which they are attached together with the flag adopted by the Convention, except when they have fallen into the hands of the enemy. The details of the organisation of such Societies and the regulations for their work are not dealt with by the Convention. The Convention of 1864 left untouched the question of the position of sick and wounded who fell into the hands of the enemy; the Convention of 1906 is explicit on this point, and declares them to be prisoners of war (Art. 2). They thus fall under the régime provided by Chapter ii. of the Regulations of the Hague Conventions on the laws of war on land. Provision is made for the identification of the dead, and the return of property found on them, and for the notification of the names of dead, sick and wounded by one belligerent to the other. This had been partially provided for by 2 H. C. 1899 (Regulations), Art. 14. The Convention makes it clear that not only officers and soldiers, but other persons officially attached to armies, are also to be respected and taken care of, when sick or wounded, by the belligerent in whose power they may be, without distinction of nationality. The subject of convoys of evacuation, which in 1864 was but slightly dealt with, is made the subject of detailed regulations (Art. 17). Article 5 of the Convention of 1864, and Article 4 of the unratified Convention of 1868, had in practice been found to be unsatisfactory, and in lieu thereof Article 5 now leaves to the discretion of the military authorities appeals to the charitable zeal of the inhabitants to collect and take care of the sick and wounded, as well as the special immunities which may be granted to those who comply with the request. The Convention also makes it clear that the “Red Cross” has no religious significance (Art. 10), and contains provisions stringently limiting its use (Arts. 18-23). Article 26 is similar to 2 H. C. 1899, Art. 1, and binds the signatory Powers to take measures to instruct their troops in the provisions of the present Convention, but it goes farther than this, for the Powers also agree to “bring them to the notice of the civil population.” The Convention of 1864 left the Protocol open unconditionally for the accession of Powers (Art. 9). Article 32 of the new Convention limits the freedom of accession and under it any of the Powers mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 of that Article may object to the application of a new Power for leave to accede in cases where its military organisation does not afford sufficient guarantees of its ability to carry out the obligations imposed by the Convention1 . Great Britain declined to be a party to the Vœu that “if the cases and the circumstances permit” any differences “which may in time of peace” arise between the contracting Powers relative to the interpretation of the Convention should be submitted to the Permanent Court at the Hague2 . [1 ]British State Papers, Treaty Series, 1907, No. 15 [Cd. 3502]; Papers relating to the Geneva Convention, 1906 [1908, Cd. 3933]; G. B. Davis, The Geneva Convention of 1906, American Journal of International Law, Vol. i. p. 400; T. E. Holland, The New Geneva Convention, Fortnightly Review, August, 1907; Idem, The Laws of War on Land, Section vi., contains a concise commentary on the articles of this Convention; J. Delpech, La Conférence de la revision de la Convention de Genève, Rev. gén. de droit int. pub. Vol. xiii. p. 629; L. Vannutelli, La revisione della Convenzione di Ginevra, Rivista di diritto internazionale, Vol. i. p. 421; Actes de la Conférence de Genève, 1906; Sir T. Barclay, Problems, etc. pp. 52, 261; Chr. Meurer, Die neue Genfer Konvention, Zeitschrift für Völkerrecht und Bundesstaatsrecht, Vol. i. (1906), p. 521. [2 ]See post, p. 35. [1 ]Great Britain made reservations in regard to Arts. 23, 27 and 28. See post, p. 36. [1 ]See note, supra, p. 29. [1 ]See note, supra, p. 29. [1 ]Treaty Series, 1907, No. 15 [Cd. 3502], p. 39. [2 ]See two Articles by Prof. Gustave de Roszkowski, Rev. de dr. int. (2nd series), Vol. vi. pp. 76, 188. The Powers in question are: The Argentine Republic, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain and the United States. See Papers relating to the Geneva Convention, 1906 [1908, Cd. 3933], pp. 64-73. [1 ]See J. Delpech, La nouvelle convention de Genève, pp. 35-7. [2 ]Prof. Holland, K.C., who was one of the British Plenipotentiaries at the Conference, states the reasons for the refusal of Great Britain on p. 239 of the Article in the Fortnightly Review previously cited. |

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